bowen
roy
argued
january
decided
june
appellees
applied
received
benefits
aid
families
dependent
children
afdc
program
food
stamp
program
refused
however
comply
federal
statutory
requirements
participants
programs
furnish
state
welfare
agencies
administer
programs
social
security
numbers
member
household
condition
receiving
benefits
state
agency
utilize
numbers
administering
programs
appellees
contended
obtaining
social
security
number
daughter
violate
native
american
religious
beliefs
thereafter
pennsylvania
department
public
welfare
terminated
afdc
benefits
payable
appellees
child
behalf
instituted
proceedings
reduce
level
food
stamps
appellees
household
receiving
appellees
filed
action
federal
district
claiming
free
exercise
clause
first
amendment
entitled
exemption
social
security
number
requirements
requesting
injunctive
relief
following
trial
disclosed
child
fact
assigned
social
security
number
held
public
interest
maintaining
efficient
system
met
without
requiring
social
security
number
child
enjoined
secretary
health
human
services
using
disseminating
social
security
number
issued
child
name
also
enjoined
federal
state
defendants
denying
appellees
benefits
child
birthday
refusal
provide
social
security
number
held
judgment
vacated
case
remanded
supp
vacated
remanded
chief
justice
burger
delivered
opinion
respect
parts
ii
concluding
statutory
requirement
state
agency
utilize
social
security
numbers
administering
programs
question
violate
free
exercise
clause
clause
affords
individual
protection
certain
forms
governmental
compulsion
afford
individual
right
dictate
conduct
government
internal
procedures
government
use
social
security
number
appellees
child
impair
appellees
freedom
exercise
religion
pp
chief
justice
burger
joined
justice
powell
justice
rehnquist
concluded
part
iii
statutory
requirement
applicants
provide
social
security
number
condition
eligibility
benefits
question
violate
free
exercise
clause
requirement
facially
neutral
religious
terms
applies
applicants
benefits
involved
clearly
promotes
legitimate
important
public
interest
preventing
fraud
benefit
programs
important
goal
social
security
number
requirement
reasonable
means
promoting
goal
government
regulation
indirectly
incidentally
calls
choice
securing
governmental
benefit
adherence
religious
beliefs
wholly
different
governmental
action
legislation
criminalizes
religiously
inspired
activity
compels
conduct
find
objectionable
religious
reasons
pp
deputy
solicitor
general
geller
argued
cause
appellants
briefs
solicitor
general
fried
acting
assistant
attorney
general
willard
kathryn
oberly
peter
maier
gary
gildin
argued
cause
appellees
brief
franklin
miles
stefan
presser
charles
sims
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
catholic
league
religious
civil
rights
steven
frederick
mcdowell
national
congress
american
indians
et
al
steven
moore
rutherford
institute
et
al
charles
bundren
guy
farley
john
whitehead
james
knicely
thomas
kotouc
wendell
bird
william
hollberg
chief
justice
burger
announced
judgment
delivered
opinion
respect
parts
ii
opinion
respect
part
iii
justice
powell
justice
rehnquist
join
question
presented
whether
free
exercise
clause
first
amendment
compels
government
accommodate
religiously
based
objection
statutory
requirements
social
security
number
provided
applicant
seeking
receive
certain
welfare
benefits
use
numbers
administering
benefit
programs
appellees
stephen
roy
karen
miller
applied
received
benefits
aid
families
dependent
children
program
food
stamp
program
refused
comply
however
requirement
contained
participants
programs
furnish
state
welfare
agencies
social
security
numbers
members
household
condition
receiving
benefits
appellees
contended
obtaining
social
security
number
daughter
little
bird
snow
violate
native
american
religious
beliefs
pennsylvania
department
public
welfare
thereafter
terminated
afdc
medical
benefits
payable
appellees
child
behalf
instituted
proceedings
reduce
level
food
stamps
appellees
household
receiving
appellees
filed
action
secretary
pennsylvania
department
public
welfare
secretary
health
human
services
secretary
agriculture
arguing
free
exercise
clause
entitled
exemption
social
security
number
requirement
complaint
appellees
stated
sole
basis
denial
welfare
benefits
roy
refusal
obtain
social
security
number
little
bird
snow
thus
requested
injunctive
relief
damages
benefits
statement
undisputed
facts
parties
agreed
little
bird
snow
social
security
number
trial
roy
testified
recently
developed
religious
objection
obtaining
social
security
number
little
bird
snow
roy
native
american
descended
abenaki
tribe
asserts
religious
belief
control
one
life
essential
spiritual
purity
indispensable
becoming
holy
person
based
recent
conversations
abenaki
chief
roy
believes
technology
robbing
spirit
man
order
prepare
daughter
greater
spiritual
power
therefore
roy
testified
belief
must
keep
person
spirit
unique
uniqueness
social
security
number
identifier
coupled
uses
number
control
serve
rob
spirit
daughter
prevent
attaining
greater
spiritual
power
purposes
determining
breadth
roy
religious
concerns
trial
judge
raised
possibility
using
phonetics
daughter
name
derive
social
security
number
although
roy
saw
lot
good
suggestion
stated
violate
religious
beliefs
special
number
still
apply
uniquely
identify
roy
also
testified
religious
objection
satisfied
even
social
security
administration
appended
daughter
full
tribal
name
social
security
number
roy
testimony
emphasized
evil
flow
simply
obtaining
number
last
day
trial
however
federal
officer
inquired
whether
little
bird
snow
already
social
security
number
learned
number
assigned
first
name
little
middle
name
bird
snow
last
name
roy
government
point
suggested
case
become
moot
roy
beliefs
little
bird
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spirit
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use
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roy
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district
concluded
case
moot
roy
beliefs
regarding
use
number
see
roy
cohen
supp
md
finding
fact
roy
believes
establishment
social
security
number
little
bird
snow
without
robbed
spirit
widespread
use
social
security
number
federal
state
governments
computer
systems
effect
hearing
testimony
district
denied
appellees
request
damages
benefits
granted
injunctive
relief
based
testimony
government
experts
obvious
fact
many
people
share
certain
names
district
found
tilization
computer
system
name
benefit
recipient
alone
frequently
sufficient
ensure
proper
payment
benefits
nevertheless
concluded
public
interest
maintaining
efficient
fraud
resistant
system
met
without
requiring
use
social
security
number
little
bird
snow
elaborating
appears
harm
government
might
suffer
appellees
prevailed
case
worst
one
perhaps
individuals
fraudulently
obtain
welfare
benefits
result
obtain
little
bird
snow
attempted
fraudulently
obtain
welfare
benefits
someone
else
attempted
fraudulently
obtain
benefits
using
little
bird
snow
name
identification
procedures
available
defendants
require
utilization
social
security
number
failed
expose
fraud
possibility
appears
remote
noted
probable
jurisdiction
vacate
remand
ii
appellees
raise
constitutional
challenge
two
features
statutory
scheme
object
congress
requirement
state
afdc
plan
must
provide
condition
eligibility
plan
applicant
recipient
aid
shall
furnish
state
agency
social
security
account
number
emphasis
added
also
object
congress
requirement
state
agency
shall
utilize
account
numbers
administration
plan
ibid
emphasis
added
analyze
contentions
turning
latter
contention
first
cases
long
recognized
distinction
freedom
individual
belief
absolute
freedom
individual
conduct
absolute
case
implicates
latter
concern
roy
objects
statutory
requirement
state
agencies
shall
utilize
social
security
numbers
places
restriction
may
believe
may
believes
use
number
may
harm
daughter
spirit
never
knowledge
interpreted
first
amendment
require
government
behave
ways
individual
believes
spiritual
development
family
free
exercise
clause
simply
understood
require
government
conduct
internal
affairs
ways
comport
religious
beliefs
particular
citizens
government
may
insist
appellees
engage
set
form
religious
observance
appellees
may
demand
government
join
chosen
religious
practices
refraining
using
number
identify
daughter
free
exercise
clause
written
terms
government
individual
terms
individual
extract
government
sherbert
verner
douglas
concurring
result
roy
may
prevail
religious
objection
government
use
social
security
number
daughter
sincere
religious
objection
size
color
government
filing
cabinets
free
exercise
clause
affords
individual
protection
certain
forms
governmental
compulsion
afford
individual
right
dictate
conduct
government
internal
procedures
roy
points
eight
years
ago
congress
passed
joint
resolution
concerning
american
indian
religious
freedom
provides
guidance
respect
case
currently
codified
resolution
provides
august
shall
policy
protect
preserve
american
indians
inherent
right
freedom
believe
express
exercise
traditional
religions
american
indian
eskimo
aleut
native
hawaiians
including
limited
access
sites
use
possession
sacred
objects
freedom
worship
ceremonials
traditional
rites
iii
roy
also
challenges
congress
requirement
state
afdc
plan
must
provide
condition
eligibility
plan
applicant
recipient
aid
shall
furnish
state
agency
social
security
account
number
emphasis
added
first
amendment
guarantee
congress
shall
make
law
prohibiting
free
exercise
religion
holds
important
place
scheme
ordered
liberty
steadfastly
maintained
claims
religious
conviction
automatically
entitle
person
fix
unilaterally
conditions
terms
dealings
government
burdens
religion
unconstitutional
see
reynolds
treated
recently
lee
maintain
organized
society
guarantees
religious
freedom
great
variety
faiths
requires
religious
practices
yield
common
good
religious
beliefs
accommodated
point
accommodation
radically
restrict
operating
latitude
legislature
far
removed
historical
instances
religious
persecution
intolerance
gave
concern
drafted
free
exercise
clause
first
amendment
see
generally
malbin
religion
politics
intentions
authors
first
amendment
unmindful
importance
many
government
benefits
today
value
sincerely
held
religious
beliefs
however
believe
government
compulsion
involved
ignore
reality
denial
benefits
uniformly
applicable
statute
neutral
face
wholly
different
less
intrusive
nature
affirmative
compulsion
prohibition
threat
penal
sanctions
conduct
religious
implications
distinction
clearly
revealed
opinions
decisions
rejecting
religiously
based
challenges
often
recited
fact
mere
denial
governmental
benefit
uniformly
applicable
statute
constitute
infringement
religious
liberty
hamilton
regents
university
california
example
rejected
religious
challenge
students
military
courses
required
part
curriculum
explaining
fact
able
pay
way
university
institution
california
without
significance
upon
constitutional
question
involved
california
drafted
called
attend
university
seeking
education
offered
state
time
insisting
excluded
prescribed
course
solely
upon
grounds
religious
beliefs
conscientious
objections
war
dealing
compulsion
students
declare
belief
issue
prejudiced
previous
holding
state
without
compelling
attendance
extends
college
facilities
pupils
voluntarily
enroll
may
prescribe
military
training
part
course
without
offense
constitution
held
take
advantage
opportunities
may
ground
conscience
refuse
compliance
conditions
hamilton
regents
present
case
attendance
optional
different
results
hamilton
barnette
attributable
part
difference
strength
particular
state
interests
respective
statutes
designed
serve
far
significant
fact
hamilton
dealt
voluntary
attendance
college
young
adults
barnette
involved
compelled
attendance
young
children
elementary
secondary
schools
distinction
warrants
difference
constitutional
results
omitted
conclude
government
regulation
indirectly
incidentally
calls
choice
securing
governmental
benefit
adherence
religious
beliefs
wholly
different
governmental
action
legislation
criminalizes
religiously
inspired
activity
inescapably
compels
conduct
find
objectionable
religious
reasons
although
denial
government
benefits
religious
objection
raise
serious
free
exercise
problems
two
different
forms
government
action
governed
constitutional
standard
governmental
burden
religious
liberty
insulated
review
simply
indirect
thomas
review
board
indiana
employment
security
citing
sherbert
verner
nature
burden
relevant
standard
government
must
meet
justify
burden
general
governmental
interests
involved
buttress
conclusion
governments
today
grant
broad
range
benefits
inescapably
time
administration
complex
programs
requires
certain
conditions
restrictions
although
situations
mechanism
individual
consideration
created
policy
decision
government
wishes
treat
applicants
alike
wish
become
involved
inquiries
genuineness
religious
objection
condition
restrictions
entitled
substantial
deference
moreover
legitimate
interests
implicated
need
avoid
appearance
favoring
religious
nonreligious
applicants
test
applied
cases
like
wisconsin
yoder
appropriate
setting
enforcement
facially
neutral
uniformly
applicable
requirement
administration
welfare
programs
reaching
many
millions
people
government
entitled
wide
latitude
government
put
strict
test
applied
district
standard
required
government
justify
enforcement
use
social
security
number
requirement
least
restrictive
means
accomplishing
compelling
state
interest
absent
proof
intent
discriminate
particular
religious
beliefs
religion
general
government
meets
burden
demonstrates
challenged
requirement
governmental
benefits
neutral
uniform
application
reasonable
means
promoting
legitimate
public
interest
reject
appellees
contention
sherbert
thomas
compel
affirmance
statutory
conditions
issue
cases
provided
person
eligible
unemployment
compensation
benefits
without
good
cause
quit
work
refused
available
work
good
cause
standard
created
mechanism
individualized
exemptions
state
creates
mechanism
refusal
extend
exemption
instance
religious
hardship
suggests
discriminatory
intent
thus
urged
thomas
consider
religiously
motivated
resignation
without
good
cause
tends
exhibit
hostility
neutrality
towards
religion
see
brief
petitioner
brief
american
jewish
congress
amicus
curiae
thomas
review
board
indiana
employment
security
see
also
sherbert
supra
lee
stevens
concurring
judgment
thomas
sherbert
may
viewed
protection
unequal
treatment
rather
grant
favored
treatment
members
religious
sect
cases
therefore
appropriate
require
state
demonstrate
compelling
reason
denying
requested
exemption
nothing
whatever
suggesting
antagonism
congress
towards
religion
generally
towards
particular
religious
beliefs
requirement
applicants
provide
social
security
number
facially
neutral
applies
applicants
benefits
involved
congress
made
provision
individual
exemptions
requirement
two
statutes
question
indeed
contrary
congress
specified
state
afdc
plan
must
provide
condition
eligibility
plan
applicant
recipient
aid
shall
furnish
state
agency
social
security
account
number
emphasis
added
tate
agencies
shall
require
condition
eligibility
participation
food
stamp
program
household
member
furnish
state
agency
social
security
account
number
emphasis
added
requirements
relics
past
congress
made
requirement
mandatory
food
stamp
program
compare
supp
iv
state
agencies
may
require
household
member
furnish
social
security
number
shall
require
numbers
furnished
congress
also
recently
extended
several
aid
programs
mandatory
requirement
use
social
security
numbers
verifying
eligibility
benefits
see
deficit
reduction
act
pub
stat
social
security
number
requirement
clearly
promotes
legitimate
important
public
interest
one
doubt
preventing
fraud
benefits
programs
important
goal
representative
richmond
explained
support
bill
made
social
security
number
requirement
mandatory
food
stamp
program
know
however
generously
motivated
americans
may
furnish
resources
poor
enable
survive
understandably
object
believe
resources
abused
wasted
want
certain
food
stamp
program
run
efficiently
possible
want
applicants
recipients
alike
constantly
aware
congress
tolerate
refusal
disclose
earnings
accurately
underreporting
welfare
assistance
program
benefits
efforts
evade
work
requirement
attempts
take
advantage
program
dollars
intended
completely
satisfy
stringent
eligibility
requirements
set
forth
sections
food
stamp
act
tightened
year
bill
cong
rec
social
security
numbers
used
making
determination
benefits
programs
properly
paid
duplication
benefits
failure
payment
utilization
computer
system
name
benefit
recipient
alone
frequently
sufficient
ensure
proper
payment
benefits
importance
social
security
number
matching
techniques
illustrated
facts
case
district
found
efficient
operation
matching
programs
requires
use
computer
systems
utilize
unique
numerical
identifiers
social
security
number
found
exempting
even
appellees
alone
requirement
result
one
perhaps
individuals
fraudulently
obtain
ing
welfare
benefits
prospect
termed
remote
district
assessment
probability
seems
quite
dubious
event
know
case
obligating
government
tolerate
slight
risk
one
perhaps
individuals
fraudulently
obtaining
benefits
order
satisfy
religious
objection
requirement
designed
combat
risk
appellees
may
use
free
exercise
clause
demand
government
benefits
terms
particularly
insistence
works
demonstrable
disadvantage
government
administration
programs
recognized
given
diversity
beliefs
pluralistic
society
necessity
providing
governments
sufficient
operating
latitude
incidental
neutral
restraints
free
exercise
religion
inescapable
matter
legislative
policy
legislature
might
decide
make
religious
accommodations
general
neutral
system
awarding
benefits
ut
concern
wisdom
legislation
constitutional
limitation
braunfeld
brown
plurality
opinion
conclude
congress
refusal
grant
appellees
special
exemption
violate
free
exercise
clause
judgment
district
vacated
case
remanded
ordered
footnotes
roy
miller
social
security
numbers
also
obtained
social
security
number
daughter
renee
time
prior
present
dispute
roy
explain
obtaining
social
security
number
little
bird
snow
contrary
religious
beliefs
native
abenaki
yes
felt
number
used
rob
ability
greater
power
number
unique
number
serves
unique
purposes
applied
applied
offends
us
try
keep
person
unique
try
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spirit
unique
scared
use
number
lose
control
ability
protect
evil
number
might
used
app
also
raise
statutory
argument
government
denial
benefits
constitutes
illegal
discrimination
basis
religion
national
origin
see
find
claims
without
merit
food
stamp
program
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appellees
challenge
contain
restrictions
virtually
identical
afdc
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quoted
text
see
roy
religious
views
may
accept
distinction
individual
governmental
conduct
see
supra
clear
however
free
exercise
clause
constitution
generally
recognize
distinction
adjudication
constitutional
claim
constitution
rather
individual
religion
must
supply
frame
reference
issue
clearly
moot
light
discussion
part
ii
contrary
suggestion
two
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blackmun
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cites
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post
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security
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security
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law
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security
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ripe
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cf
cantwell
connecticut
cf
follett
town
mccormick
murdock
pennsylvania
cf
kedroff
nicholas
cathedral
cf
nlrb
catholic
bishop
chicago
cf
prince
massachusetts
cox
new
hampshire
pierce
society
sisters
reynolds
lee
wisconsin
yoder
gillette
west
virginia
bd
ed
barnette
jacobson
massachusetts
concurring
mcgowan
maryland
justice
frankfurter
viewed
important
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statutes
make
criminal
place
onus
civil
criminal
disability
act
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religions
braunfeld
brown
plurality
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fully
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others
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different
legislation
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make
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practice
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wisconsin
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supra
similarly
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respondents
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wisconsin
law
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odds
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justice
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post
contrary
history
advanced
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revisionist
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holding
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university
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university
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campus
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open
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constitution
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norwood
harrison
readily
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libertarians
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verner
justice
blackmun
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august
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stephen
roy
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miller
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verner
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roy
miller
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lee
thomas
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board
indiana
employment
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roy
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md
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miller
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thomas
wisconsin
yoder
proves
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thomas
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blackmun
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arise
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see
argument
deputy
attorney
general
pennsylvania
argument
attorney
dept
justice
record
doc
federal
defendants
motion
dismiss
record
doc
pp
see
roy
cohen
supp
md
finding
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roy
believes
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provide
state
agency
ssn
state
agency
shall
consider
information
household
member
social
security
administration
state
agency
good
cause
include
delays
due
illness
lack
transportation
temporary
absences
ssa
makes
provisions
applications
lieu
applying
person
household
member
applying
ssn
unable
obtain
documents
required
ssa
state
agency
caseworker
make
every
effort
assist
individual
obtaining
documents
thomas
review
bd
indiana
employment
security
sherbert
verner
granting
religious
exemption
necessary
prevent
treatment
religious
claims
less
favorably
claims
see
lee
stevens
concurring
judgment
thomas
sherbert
treatment
religious
objection
new
job
requirements
though
tantamount
physical
impairment
made
impossible
employee
continue
work
changed
circumstances
viewed
protection
unequal
treatment
rather
grant
favored
treatment
members
religious
sect
see
rescue
army
municipal
onstitutional
issues
affecting
legislation
determined
broader
terms
required
precise
facts
ruling
applied
coffman
breeze
pass
upon
constitutionality
legislation
necessary
preserve
rights
parties
liverpool
new
york
philadelphia
commissioners
emigration
bound
two
rules
rigidly
adhered
one
never
anticipate
question
constitutional
law
advance
necessity
deciding
never
formulate
rule
constitutional
law
broader
required
precise
facts
applied
see
bender
williamsport
area
school
frequently
recognized
importance
facts
factfinding
process
constitutional
adjudication
minnick
california
dept
corrections
case
analysis
question
whether
federal
constitutional
issues
may
affected
additional
proceedings
state
courts
affected
ambiguities
record
england
louisiana
board
medical
examiners
facts
found
often
dictate
decision
federal
claims
townsend
sain
typical
rare
case
constitutional
claims
turn
upon
resolution
contested
factual
issues
wiener
versatility
circumstances
often
mocks
natural
desire
definitiveness
hammond
schappi
bus
line
questions
suggested
novel
far
reaching
importance
passed
upon
facts
essential
decision
definitely
found
lower
courts
upon
adequate
evidence
curiously
explaining
discourse
length
constitutional
questions
chief
justice
justice
appear
rely
factual
assumptions
compare
ante
burger
government
undoubtedly
happy
supply
number
appellees
fill
number
applications
wanted
post
concurring
part
dissenting
part
government
still
refuses
concede
provide
welfare
benefits
little
bird
snow
even
though
claims
possess
little
bird
snow
social
security
number
course
elementary
principle
judicial
restraint
uncertainty
facts
prevent
unnecessary
constitutional
disquisitions
justice
justice
brennan
justice
marshall
join
concurring
part
dissenting
part
join
parts
ii
chief
justice
opinion
vacate
portion
injunction
issued
district
believe
appellees
pursue
free
exercise
claim
based
solely
actions
government
respect
use
social
security
number
already
possession
respect
identification
number
government
may
wish
assign
use
connection
administration
welfare
assistance
program
accordingly
join
parts
ii
chief
justice
opinion
vacate
portion
district
judgment
enjoins
government
using
disseminating
social
security
number
already
assigned
little
bird
snow
eight
members
believe
district
injunction
overbroad
preventing
government
using
information
already
possession
see
ante
opinion
burger
joined
powell
rehnquist
jj
ante
stevens
concurring
part
concurring
result
ante
blackmun
concurring
part
supra
page
logical
next
step
facts
case
consider
whether
case
moot
two
members
believe
case
may
moot
see
ante
stevens
concurring
part
concurring
result
stating
case
moot
ripe
ante
blackmun
concurring
part
district
consider
whether
case
moot
agree
chief
justice
ante
case
moot
district
enjoined
government
disseminating
using
social
security
number
already
possession
denying
plaintiff
roy
cash
assistance
medical
assistance
benefits
little
bird
snow
plaintiffs
failure
provide
social
security
number
app
juris
statement
portion
district
injunction
continue
us
live
case
controversy
roy
sought
part
injunction
restrai
ns
government
denying
cash
assistance
medical
assistance
little
bird
snow
failure
provide
social
security
number
record
doc
proposed
orders
submitted
plaintiff
district
granted
relief
app
juris
statement
government
still
refuses
concede
provide
welfare
benefits
little
bird
snow
even
though
claims
possess
little
bird
snow
social
security
number
even
though
solicitor
general
advised
social
security
administration
agency
assigns
social
security
numbers
persons
required
federal
law
one
decline
complete
application
brief
appellants
government
contests
district
decision
government
may
deny
welfare
benefits
little
bird
snow
despite
acknowledgment
appellees
sincere
religious
objections
roy
may
properly
press
suit
although
government
properly
challenges
part
district
injunction
overbroad
seeks
overturn
rest
injunction
grounds
district
improperly
applied
substantive
standards
first
amendment
ii
given
majority
believes
government
may
use
disseminate
information
already
possession
given
case
moot
probably
less
remaining
case
meets
eye
interest
asserted
government
district
wholly
served
accommodating
appellees
sincere
religious
beliefs
interests
remaining
vacating
overbroad
portion
injunction
certainly
difficult
pursue
government
identified
goal
preventing
fraud
abuse
welfare
system
goal
laudable
compelling
district
however
soundly
rejected
government
assertion
provision
social
security
number
necessary
prevent
fraud
abuse
among
means
social
security
number
used
reduce
fraud
various
computerized
lists
compared
welfare
rolls
detect
unreported
income
individuals
claimed
part
one
household
fraudulent
practices
roy
cohen
supp
md
appears
government
social
security
number
wants
little
bird
snow
also
use
even
erroneous
assumption
district
number
available
use
found
fact
difficult
without
social
security
numbers
file
particular
benefit
recipient
identified
performed
recipient
full
name
date
birth
parents
names
entered
computerized
systems
district
generalized
evaluation
asserted
indispensability
social
security
number
similarly
undermines
government
claim
government
interest
preventing
little
bird
snow
fraudulently
receiving
welfare
benefits
satisfied
without
requiring
social
security
number
little
bird
snow
ibid
emphasis
added
stated
state
conditions
receipt
important
benefit
upon
conduct
proscribed
religious
faith
denies
benefit
conduct
mandated
religious
belief
thereby
putting
substantial
pressure
adherent
modify
behavior
violate
beliefs
burden
upon
religion
exists
thomas
review
bd
indiana
employment
security
shown
governmental
regulation
burdens
free
exercise
religion
interests
highest
order
otherwise
served
overbalance
legitimate
claims
free
exercise
religion
wisconsin
yoder
consistently
asked
government
demonstrate
unbending
application
regulation
religious
objector
essential
accomplish
overriding
governmental
interest
lee
represents
least
restrictive
means
achieving
compelling
state
interest
thomas
review
supra
see
also
braunfeld
brown
sherbert
verner
supra
especially
important
governmental
interest
pursued
narrowly
tailored
means
justify
exacting
sacrifice
first
amendment
freedoms
price
equal
share
rights
benefits
privileges
enjoyed
citizens
granting
exemption
little
bird
snow
handful
others
expected
make
similar
religious
objection
providing
social
security
number
conjunction
receipt
welfare
benefits
demonstrably
diminish
government
ability
combat
welfare
fraud
district
found
governmental
appellants
hardly
shown
significant
number
individuals
likely
make
claim
similar
issue
four
reported
cases
involving
challenges
social
security
number
requirement
welfare
benefits
based
upon
contention
number
violates
sincerely
held
religious
beliefs
welfare
recipient
bob
jones
university
support
chief
justice
analysis
stated
case
governmental
interest
stake
compelling
government
fundamental
overriding
interest
eradicating
racial
discrimination
education
discrimination
prevailed
official
approval
first
years
nation
constitutional
history
governmental
interest
substantially
outweighs
whatever
burden
denial
tax
benefits
places
petitioners
exercise
religious
beliefs
interests
asserted
petitioners
accommodated
compelling
governmental
interest
see
lee
supra
less
restrictive
means
see
thomas
review
board
indiana
employment
security
supra
available
achieve
governmental
interest
footnotes
omitted
hamilton
regents
university
california
also
fails
support
chief
justice
construction
new
test
decided
hamilton
yet
applied
hamilton
apply
free
exercise
clause
actions
cf
cantwell
connecticut
discussion
hamilton
state
university
decision
require
military
training
therefore
limited
generalized
analysis
fourteenth
amendment
whether
state
policy
deprived
students
life
liberty
property
see
concluded
deprivation
involved
state
ha
drafted
called
individuals
war
opinions
never
turned
slender
reed
whether
challenged
requirement
merely
reasonable
means
promoting
legitimate
public
interest
ante
opinion
burger
chief
justice
appears
believe
added
inconvenience
state
administering
selective
exemption
overbalances
burden
individual
religious
exercise
held
administrative
inconvenience
alone
sufficient
justify
burden
free
exercise
unless
creates
problems
substantial
magnitude
see
sherbert
verner
part
ii
chief
justice
opinion
makes
clear
essentially
administrative
burden
imposed
government
case
appellants
rested
case
vague
allegations
administrative
inconvenience
harm
public
fisc
wholly
unsubstantiated
record
findings
district
simply
consistent
precedents
distinguish
case
wide
variety
factual
situations
free
exercise
clause
indisputably
imposes
significant
constraints
upon
government
indeed
five
members
agree
sherbert
thomas
government
required
accommodate
sincere
religious
beliefs
control
outcome
case
extent
moot
see
ante
blackmun
concurring
part
post
white
dissenting
supra
chief
justice
distinction
case
previous
decisions
free
exercise
claims
appellees
seek
benefits
government
assert
excused
compliance
condition
binding
persons
seek
benefits
government
ante
directly
rejected
fact
underlying
dispute
involves
award
benefits
rather
exaction
penalties
grant
government
license
apply
different
version
constitution
welfare
benefits
matter
statutory
entitlement
persons
qualified
receive
termination
involves
state
action
adjudicates
important
rights
constitutional
challenge
answered
argument
public
assistance
benefits
privilege
right
shapiro
thompson
relevant
constitutional
restraints
apply
much
withdrawal
public
assistance
benefits
disqualification
unemployment
compensation
sherbert
verner
goldberg
kelly
omitted
precedents
long
required
government
show
compelling
state
interest
served
refusal
grant
religious
exemption
government
clearly
easily
met
burden
showing
prevention
welfare
fraud
compelling
governmental
goal
government
meet
compelling
needs
refusing
grant
religious
exemption
chose
narrowly
tailored
means
government
prevail
government
failed
show
granting
religious
exemption
legitimately
object
providing
social
security
number
harm
compelling
interest
preventing
welfare
fraud
merely
vacate
portion
injunction
issued
district
enjoins
government
using
disseminating
social
security
number
already
possession
justice
white
dissenting
view
thomas
review
bd
indiana
employment
security
sherbert
verner
control
case
join
opinion
judgment