presley
etowah
county
argued
november
decided
january
together
mack
et
al
russell
county
commission
et
also
appeal
section
voting
rights
act
requires
covered
jurisdiction
obtain
either
judicial
administrative
preclearance
enforcing
new
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
various
alabama
counties
voters
elect
members
county
commissions
whose
principal
function
supervise
control
county
road
maintenance
repair
construction
etowah
county
commission
without
seeking
preclearance
passed
inter
alia
common
fund
resolution
altered
prior
practice
allowing
commissioner
full
authority
determine
spend
funds
allocated
road
district
resolution
passed
four
holdover
members
commission
shortly
appellant
presley
black
man
another
new
member
elected
districts
established
consent
decree
terms
precleared
attorney
general
russell
county
commission
adopted
unit
system
abolished
individual
road
districts
transferred
responsibility
road
operations
county
engineer
commission
appointee
neither
commission
resolution
implementing
state
legislation
submitted
preclearance
subsequent
litigation
led
consent
decree
precleared
justice
department
without
mention
unit
system
changes
terms
appellants
mack
gosha
elected
russell
county
first
black
county
commissioners
modern
times
along
presley
filed
suit
district
alleging
among
things
etowah
russell
counties
violated
failing
obtain
preclearance
respectively
common
fund
resolution
adoption
unit
system
convened
pursuant
held
neither
matter
subject
preclearance
held
neither
common
fund
resolution
adoption
unit
system
change
respect
voting
covered
pp
allen
state
board
elections
later
decisions
reveal
consistent
requirement
changes
subject
pertain
voting
without
implying
four
typologies
exhaust
statute
coverage
said
cases
fall
within
one
following
contexts
changes
manner
voting
changes
candidacy
requirements
qualifications
changes
composition
electorate
may
vote
candidates
given
office
changes
affecting
creation
abolition
elective
office
first
three
categories
involve
changes
election
procedures
examples
within
fourth
category
might
termed
substantive
changes
offices
elective
whether
changes
procedure
substance
direct
relation
voting
election
process
pp
etowah
county
commission
common
fund
resolution
subject
preclearance
requirement
change
within
categories
recognized
allen
later
cases
rather
concerns
internal
operations
elected
body
distribution
power
among
officials
thus
direct
relation
impact
voting
view
advanced
appellants
effect
act
diminishing
increasing
local
official
power
require
preclearance
work
unconstrained
expansion
coverage
beyond
statutory
language
congressional
intent
including
innumerable
enactments
budget
measures
alter
power
decisionmaking
authority
elected
officials
nothing
voting
fails
provide
workable
standard
distinguishing
governmental
decisions
involve
voting
standard
necessary
real
sense
every
decision
taken
government
implicates
voting
yet
one
contend
congress
meant
act
subject
even
government
decisions
covered
jurisdictions
federal
supervision
pp
russell
county
commission
adoption
unit
system
concomitant
transfer
operations
county
engineer
constitute
change
covered
even
arguable
basis
saying
unit
system
adoption
fits
within
first
three
categories
changes
voting
rules
recognized
fourth
category
argument
delegation
authority
appointed
official
similar
replacement
elected
official
appointed
one
therefore
subject
bunton
patterson
decided
allen
supra
ignores
rationale
bunton
holding
practice
question
changed
elective
office
appointive
one
citizens
russell
county
may
still
vote
members
county
commission
fact
commissioners
exercise
less
authority
routine
matter
governmental
administration
render
unit
system
rule
governing
voting
county
commission
retains
substantial
authority
including
power
appoint
county
engineer
set
budget
need
consider
whether
otherwise
uncovered
enactment
might
circumstances
rise
level
de
facto
replacement
elected
office
appointive
one
within
bunton
rule
pp
although
construction
placed
upon
act
attorney
general
ordinarily
entitled
considerable
deference
need
defer
interpretation
changes
issue
covered
since
section
unambiguous
respect
question
whether
covers
changes
changes
rules
governing
voting
see
chevron
natural
resources
defense
council
pp
kennedy
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
scalia
souter
thomas
joined
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
white
blackmun
joined
edward
still
argued
cause
appellants
cases
briefs
pamela
karlan
lani
guinier
james
blacksher
john
falkenberry
robert
long
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
brief
solicitor
general
starr
assistant
attorney
general
dunne
deputy
solicitor
general
roberts
deputy
assistant
attorney
general
clegg
david
flynn
paul
smith
argued
cause
appellees
cases
brief
appellee
etowah
county
commission
george
howell
jack
floyd
mary
ann
ross
stackhouse
james
webb
kendrick
webb
filed
brief
appellee
russell
county
fn
julius
chambers
charles
stephen
ralston
dayna
cunningham
filed
brief
naacp
legal
defense
educational
fund
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
justice
kennedy
delivered
opinion
various
alabama
counties
voters
elect
members
county
commissions
whose
principal
function
supervise
control
maintenance
repair
construction
county
roads
see
consolidated
appeals
us
concern
certain
changes
decisionmaking
authority
elected
members
two
different
county
commissions
question
decided
whether
changes
respect
voting
within
meaning
voting
rights
act
stat
amended
case
significance
well
beyond
two
county
commissions
appellants
amicus
curiae
ask
us
adopt
rule
embracing
routine
actions
state
local
governments
levels
must
interpret
provisions
require
jurisdiction
covered
act
obtain
either
judicial
administrative
preclearance
enforcing
new
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
determine
whether
changes
respect
voting
must
compare
challenged
practices
existence
adopted
absent
relevant
intervening
changes
act
requires
us
use
practices
existence
november
standard
comparison
consider
first
etowah
county
commission
november
commission
members
elected
large
residency
district
system
entire
electorate
etowah
county
voted
candidates
five
seats
four
seats
corresponded
four
residency
districts
county
candidates
required
reside
appropriate
district
fifth
member
chairman
subject
district
residency
requirement
though
residency
county
requirement
four
residency
districts
functioned
road
district
commissioner
residing
district
exercised
control
road
shop
equipment
road
crew
district
practice
commission
vote
collective
body
division
funds
among
road
districts
funds
divided
commissioner
exercised
individual
control
spending
priorities
within
district
chairman
responsible
overseeing
solid
waste
authority
preparing
budget
managing
courthouse
building
grounds
consent
decree
issued
see
dillard
crenshaw
county
md
commission
restructured
transition
period
commission
members
elected
voters
different
district
changes
required
consent
decree
precleared
attorney
general
present
purposes
suffices
say
litigation
began
commission
consisted
four
holdover
members
commission
entry
consent
decree
two
new
members
elected
new
districts
commissioner
williams
white
elected
new
district
commissioner
presley
black
elected
new
district
presley
principal
appellant
etowah
county
case
complaint
relates
elections
actions
taken
four
holdover
members
williams
first
took
office
august
commission
passed
road
supervision
resolution
provided
holdover
commissioner
continue
control
workers
operations
assigned
respective
road
shop
must
remembered
accounted
road
shops
county
also
gave
four
holdovers
joint
responsibility
overseeing
repair
maintenance
improvement
roads
etowah
county
order
pick
roads
districts
new
commissioners
resided
new
commissioners
foreclosed
exercising
authority
roads
given
functions
resolution
presley
oversee
maintenance
county
courthouse
williams
operation
engineering
department
road
supervision
resolution
passed
margin
two
new
commissioners
dissenting
day
road
supervision
resolution
passed
commission
passed
second
common
fund
resolution
provides
part
monies
earmarked
budgeted
repair
maintenance
improvement
streets
roads
public
ways
etowah
county
shall
placed
maintained
common
accounts
shall
allocated
budgeted
designated
use
districts
shall
used
accordance
need
repair
maintenance
improvement
streets
roads
public
ways
etowah
county
jurisdiction
etowah
county
commission
app
juris
statement
turn
next
background
russell
county
commission
november
three
commissioners
like
members
etowah
county
commission
consent
decree
change
russell
county
commissioners
elected
large
entire
electorate
subject
requirement
candidate
commissioner
reside
district
corresponding
seat
sought
federal
order
see
anthony
russell
county
md
required
commission
expanded
include
five
members
two
new
members
elected
large
one
residency
district
phenix
city
largest
city
russell
county
following
implementation
order
three
rural
commissioners
individual
authority
road
shop
road
crew
equipment
three
rural
commissioners
also
individual
authority
road
bridge
repair
construction
within
separate
residency
districts
although
funding
new
construction
major
repair
projects
subject
vote
entire
commission
individual
commissioners
authorize
expenditures
routine
repair
maintenance
work
well
routine
purchase
orders
without
seeking
approval
entire
commission
following
indictment
one
commissioner
charges
corruption
russell
county
road
operations
may
commission
passed
resolution
delegating
control
road
construction
maintenance
personnel
inventory
county
engineer
official
appointed
entire
commission
responsible
engineer
previous
duties
limited
engineering
surveying
services
separate
road
shops
running
small
crew
devoted
pothole
repair
although
may
resolution
may
sufficed
necessary
delegation
authority
county
engineer
compare
commission
also
requested
state
legislature
pass
implementing
legislation
alabama
legislature
july
enacted
act
provides
pertinent
part
section
functions
duties
responsibilities
construction
maintenance
repair
public
roads
highways
bridges
ferries
russell
county
hereby
vested
county
engineer
shall
insofar
possible
construct
maintain
roads
highways
bridges
ferries
basis
county
whole
unit
without
regard
district
beat
lines
litigation
involving
russell
county
commission
led
consent
decree
see
sumbry
russell
county
md
march
enlarged
commission
seven
members
replaced
election
system
elections
basis
without
mention
unit
system
changes
consent
decree
precleared
department
justice
following
implementation
appellants
mack
gosha
elected
russell
county
first
black
county
commissioners
modern
times
may
appellants
cases
us
filed
single
complaint
district
middle
district
alabama
alleging
racial
discrimination
operation
etowah
russell
county
commissions
violation
prior
orders
constitution
title
vi
civil
rights
act
voting
rights
act
series
amended
complaints
appellants
added
claims
claims
alleged
etowah
county
violated
act
failing
obtain
preclearance
road
supervision
common
fund
resolutions
russell
county
failed
preclear
change
unit
system
pursuant
district
convened
hear
appellants
claims
claims
still
pend
district
respect
issues
us
majority
district
held
neither
common
fund
resolution
etowah
county
commission
adoption
unit
system
russell
county
subject
preclearance
held
changes
responsibilities
elected
officials
subject
preclearance
effect
significant
relative
change
powers
exercised
governmental
officials
elected
responsible
substantially
different
constituencies
voters
app
juris
statement
pp
applying
test
found
common
fund
resolution
etowah
county
effect
significant
change
adoption
unit
system
russell
county
transfer
authority
among
officials
responsible
different
constituencies
noted
probable
jurisdiction
affirm
district
adopt
different
interpretation
rationale
decision
ii
first
considered
voting
rights
act
south
carolina
katzenbach
although
acknowledged
suspension
new
voting
regulations
pending
preclearance
extraordinary
departure
traditional
course
relations
federal
government
held
constitutional
permitted
congressional
response
unremitting
attempts
state
local
officials
frustrate
citizens
equal
enjoyment
right
vote
see
south
carolina
katzenbach
upheld
voting
rights
act
constitutional
challenge
heard
allen
state
board
elections
called
upon
decide
whether
particular
changes
covered
rejected
narrow
construction
one
limited
state
rules
prescribing
may
register
vote
held
section
applies
also
state
rules
relating
qualifications
candidates
state
decisions
offices
shall
elective
observed
voting
rights
act
aimed
subtle
well
obvious
state
regulations
effect
denying
citizens
right
vote
race
decision
rationale
proven
sound
adhere
giving
broad
construction
allen
noted
congress
intended
reach
state
enactment
altered
election
law
covered
state
even
minor
way
relying
language
application
later
cases
appellants
argue
de
minimis
exception
changes
issue
must
subject
preclearance
brief
amicus
curiae
argument
however
assumes
answer
principal
question
case
whether
changes
issue
changes
voting
phrased
allen
election
law
agree
changes
voting
must
precleared
allen
holding
scope
expansive
within
sphere
operation
sphere
comprehends
changes
rules
governing
voting
changes
effected
mechanisms
described
statute
mechanisms
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
principle
covers
voting
changes
wide
range
well
illustrated
separate
cases
considered
single
opinion
allen
allen
involved
four
cases
eponymous
allen
state
board
elections
concerned
change
procedures
casting
ballots
whitley
williams
changes
requirements
independent
candidates
running
general
elections
challenged
procedure
fairley
patterson
resulted
change
voting
voting
remaining
case
bunton
patterson
involved
statute
provided
officials
previous
years
elected
appointed
held
changes
four
cases
covered
cases
since
allen
reveal
consistent
requirement
changes
subject
pertain
voting
without
implying
four
typologies
exhaust
statute
coverage
say
later
cases
fall
within
one
four
factual
contexts
presented
allen
cases
first
held
applies
cases
like
allen
state
board
elections
changes
involved
manner
voting
see
perkins
matthews
location
polling
places
second
held
applies
cases
like
whitley
williams
involve
candidacy
requirements
qualifications
see
naacp
hampton
county
election
change
filing
deadline
hadnott
amos
dougherty
county
bd
educ
white
rule
requiring
board
education
members
take
unpaid
leave
absence
campaigning
office
third
applied
cases
like
fairley
patterson
concerned
changes
composition
electorate
may
vote
candidates
given
office
see
perkins
matthews
change
ward
elections
boundary
lines
voting
districts
city
richmond
fourth
made
clear
applies
changes
like
one
bunton
patterson
affecting
creation
abolition
elective
office
see
mccain
lybrand
appointed
officials
replaced
elected
officials
lockhart
increase
number
city
councilors
first
three
categories
involve
changes
election
procedures
examples
within
fourth
category
might
termed
substantive
changes
offices
elective
whether
changes
procedure
substance
direct
relation
voting
election
process
iii
comparison
changes
issue
prior
decisions
demonstrates
present
cases
involve
changes
covered
act
etowah
county
commission
common
fund
resolution
change
within
categories
recognized
allen
later
cases
connection
voting
procedures
affect
manner
holding
elections
alters
imposes
candidacy
qualifications
requirements
leaves
undisturbed
composition
electorate
also
bearing
substance
voting
power
increase
diminish
number
officials
electorate
may
vote
rather
common
fund
resolution
concerns
internal
operations
elected
body
appellants
argue
common
fund
resolution
covered
change
enactment
commissioner
less
individual
power
resolution
citizen
casting
ballot
commissioner
today
votes
individual
less
authority
resolution
said
value
vote
diminished
accept
appellants
proffered
reading
work
unconstrained
expansion
coverage
innumerable
state
local
enactments
nothing
voting
affect
power
elected
officials
state
local
body
adopts
new
governmental
program
modifies
existing
one
often
case
changes
powers
elected
officials
state
local
body
alters
internal
operating
procedures
example
modifying
subcommittee
assignment
system
implicate
elected
official
decisionmaking
authority
brief
amicus
curiae
emphasis
original
appellants
fail
provide
workable
standard
distinguishing
changes
rules
governing
voting
changes
routine
organization
functioning
government
standard
necessary
real
sense
every
decision
taken
government
implicates
voting
felicitous
consequence
democracy
power
derives
people
yet
one
contend
congress
enacted
voting
rights
act
meant
subject
even
decisions
government
covered
jurisdictions
federal
supervision
rather
act
terms
covers
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
faithful
effort
implement
design
statute
must
begin
drawing
lines
governmental
decisions
involve
voting
simple
example
shows
inadequacy
line
proffered
appellants
appellants
view
every
time
covered
jurisdiction
passed
budget
differed
previous
year
budget
required
obtain
preclearance
amount
funds
available
elected
official
profound
effect
power
exercised
vote
official
less
valuable
vote
one
doubt
recognition
unacceptable
consequences
views
appellants
take
position
budget
changes
may
affect
right
vote
particular
circumstances
subject
preclearance
budget
changes
letter
counsel
appellants
available
clerk
case
file
interpretation
however
appellants
fail
give
workable
standard
determine
preclearance
required
acknowledge
budget
adjustment
voting
change
even
instances
likely
consequence
every
budget
change
covered
well
settled
every
voting
change
potential
discrimination
must
precleared
dougherty
count
bd
educ
white
confronting
difficulty
oral
argument
suggested
draw
arbitrary
line
distinguishing
budget
changes
changes
tr
oral
arg
principled
basis
distinction
marked
departure
statutory
category
voting
diminution
increase
elected
official
powers
change
respect
voting
whether
accomplished
enactment
budget
shift
matter
even
willing
draw
unprincipled
line
excluding
budgetary
changes
changes
elected
official
decisionmaking
authority
result
expand
coverage
well
beyond
statutory
language
intention
congress
view
advanced
appellants
every
time
state
legislature
acts
diminish
increase
power
local
officials
preclearance
required
governmental
action
decreasing
power
local
officials
carry
potential
discrimination
represent
racial
minorities
local
level
time
increasing
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relation
impact
voting
etowah
county
commission
common
fund
resolution
subject
preclearance
requirement
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county
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system
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transfer
operations
county
engineer
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rules
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date
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system
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patterson
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patterson
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county
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county
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respect
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county
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official
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supervision
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governments
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power
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county
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system
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officials
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upon
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elected
officials
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purposes
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district
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enactment
jurisdiction
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voting
rights
act
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level
de
facto
replacement
elective
office
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one
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rule
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patterson
present
purposes
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note
russell
county
commission
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authority
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power
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county
engineer
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budget
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county
covered
change
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urges
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provision
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construction
placed
upon
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rights
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attorney
general
entitled
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naacp
hampton
county
election
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board
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general
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qualification
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practice
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rules
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rules
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interpretation
fill
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supra
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general
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voting
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covers
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officials
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rules
governing
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argument
meet
express
requirement
statute
nothing
say
implies
conduct
issue
cases
actionable
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remedial
scheme
voting
rights
act
antidiscrimination
statute
fact
intrusive
mechanisms
act
apply
forms
pernicious
discrimination
undermine
utility
combating
specific
evils
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address
prior
cases
hold
reaffirm
today
every
change
rules
governing
voting
must
precleared
legislative
history
rehearsed
south
carolina
katzenbach
cited
demonstrate
congress
concern
protection
voting
rights
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appellants
pointed
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said
statutes
reenacting
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rights
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suggest
congress
meant
said
made
applicable
changes
respect
voting
rather
say
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respect
governance
federalism
operate
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system
governance
mere
poetic
ideal
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predictability
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governments
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adjustments
allocation
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officials
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purpose
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bear
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relation
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cases
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etowah
russell
counties
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power
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governmental
officials
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question
whether
particular
office
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procedural
question
election
conducted
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qualification
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practice
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judgment
district
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forth
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prohibitions
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forth
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title
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determinations
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sentence
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title
effect
shall
enact
seek
administer
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qualification
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practice
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force
effect
november
whenever
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respect
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forth
section
title
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determinations
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sentence
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title
effect
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enact
seek
administer
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respect
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force
effect
november
whenever
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political
subdivision
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set
forth
section
title
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upon
determinations
made
third
sentence
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title
effect
shall
enact
seek
administer
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qualification
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practice
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respect
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force
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november
state
subdivision
may
institute
action
district
district
columbia
declaratory
judgment
qualification
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practice
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purpose
effect
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abridging
right
vote
account
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forth
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title
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enters
judgment
person
shall
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right
vote
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proceeding
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practice
procedure
submitted
chief
legal
officer
appropriate
official
state
subdivision
attorney
general
attorney
general
interposed
objection
within
sixty
days
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upon
good
cause
shown
facilitate
expedited
approval
within
sixty
days
submission
attorney
general
affirmatively
indicated
objection
made
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indication
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general
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general
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section
shall
bar
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action
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attorney
general
affirmatively
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objection
made
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period
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receipt
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general
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reserve
right
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information
comes
attention
remainder
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objection
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shall
heard
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judges
accordance
provisions
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title
appeal
shall
lie
important
event
occurred
two
alabama
counties
long
histories
political
processes
etowah
county
black
commissioner
elected
county
commission
first
time
recent
history
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county
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commissioners
elected
county
commission
first
time
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times
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juris
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presley
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resolutions
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adopted
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county
commissioner
presley
election
one
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russell
county
election
commissioners
mack
gosha
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authority
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associated
office
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explain
case
pages
history
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volumes
logic
hours
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problems
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impose
novel
significant
burden
jurisdictions
remain
covered
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rights
act
stat
amended
prior
cases
federal
courts
uniformly
agreed
attorney
general
interpretation
covered
transfers
decisionmaking
power
potential
discrimination
minority
voters
least
eight
occasions
since
department
justice
refused
preclear
changes
power
elected
officials
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impact
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voters
department
routinely
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transfers
authority
determining
discriminatory
purpose
effect
evidence
prevailing
practice
imposed
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burden
covered
jurisdictions
example
fiscal
year
attorney
general
processed
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requests
approved
percent
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undue
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simply
hyperbole
suggest
adopted
attorney
general
position
case
neither
state
local
governments
exercise
power
responsible
manner
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system
ante
prior
cases
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voting
rights
act
agreed
attorney
general
construction
important
statute
share
view
considerable
deference
attorney
general
construction
entitled
mean
automatic
acquiescence
ante
however
strongly
disagree
task
cases
formulate
workable
rules
confine
coverage
legitimate
sphere
voting
ante
reasons
shall
explain
even
attorney
general
participating
cases
amicus
curiae
asked
adopt
broader
rationale
necessary
appropriate
narrower
basis
decision
obviously
available
etowah
county
case
judgment
russell
county
case
well
original
enactment
interpretations
act
attorney
general
reenactment
statute
congress
light
interpretations
reveal
continuous
process
development
response
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conditions
covered
jurisdictions
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purpose
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act
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devices
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tests
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vouchers
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taxes
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black
voters
registration
voting
process
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mccain
lybrand
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rights
act
amended
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seq
ed
supp
enacted
congress
response
unremitting
ingenious
defiance
command
fifteenth
amendment
nearly
century
state
officials
certain
parts
nation
south
carolina
katzenbach
congress
concluded
litigation
previous
legislation
unsatisfactory
method
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remedy
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election
practices
certain
areas
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prepare
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tactics
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purposes
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concern
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remedy
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forth
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majorities
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political
power
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carolina
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experience
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sanchez
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lybrand
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county
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county
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wallace
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delegation
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county
council
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county
law
eliminated
legal
power
governor
general
assembly
local
affairs
vested
county
council
elected
large
county
voters
required
preclearance
robinson
alabama
state
department
education
md
transfer
authority
board
education
whose
members
elected
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members
appointed
city
council
required
preclearance
solicitor
general
advised
us
department
objected
following
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authority
mobile
alabama
march
involving
transfer
administrative
duties
entire
commission
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commissioners
charleston
south
carolina
june
involving
transfer
taxing
authority
legislative
delegation
county
council
edgefield
county
south
carolina
february
involving
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increased
taxing
power
county
council
colleton
county
south
carolina
september
involving
transfer
authority
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school
purposes
legislative
delegation
county
council
brunswick
blynn
county
georgia
august
involving
abolition
separate
city
county
commissions
transfer
powers
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commission
hillsborough
county
florida
august
involving
transfer
power
municipalities
legislative
delegation
county
commission
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effect
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waycross
georgia
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duties
mayor
san
patricio
texas
may
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transfer
voter
registration
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county
clerk
county
tax
assessor
brief
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curiae
whether
change
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
must
precleared
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whether
change
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impairment
right
vote
whether
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rather
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challenged
alteration
potential
discrimination
naacp
hampton
county
election
see
mccain
lybrand
dougherty
county
bd
education
white
issue
whether
provision
fact
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matthews
allen
state
bd
elections
brief
amicus
curiae
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oral
arg
attorney
general
percentage
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change
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number
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time
example
allen
state
bd
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department
justice
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submissions
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approved
percent
submissions
figures
available
indicated
department
processed
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dougherty
county
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education
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past
various
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types
changes
require
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covered
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matthews
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justice
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state
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ante
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perkins
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location
polling
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municipal
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come
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draws
support
interpretation
followed
attorney
general
administration
statute
sheffield
bd
dougherty
county
bd
education
white
naacp
hampton
county
election
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devices
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person
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registration
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sheffield
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see
also
commission
civil
rights
voting
rights
act
ten
years
first
years
act
section
hardly
used
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argued
along
fairley
patterson
applied
change
district
election
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supervisors
runton
patterson
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change
position
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officer
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instead
elective
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williams
changes
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candidate
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position
general
election
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subject
appeal
district
southern
district
mississippi
although
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today
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ante
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case
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broad
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change
election
date
commission
civil
rights
voting
rights
act
ten
years
end
formal
barriers
brought
voting
rights
act
resulted
immediate
increase
minority
registration
prior
black
registration
rate
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alabama
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state
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percentage
points
voting
rights
cases
one
racial
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scope
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rights
act
allen
case
repeatedly
discussed
act
extended
five
years
without
substantive
modification
georgia
omitted
see
dougherty
county
bd
education
white
house
senate
judiciary
committees
recommending
extension
act
noted
approval
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scope
section
allen
perkins
matthews
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legislative
history
recent
extension
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rights
act
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congressional
commitment
continued
enforcement
firm
senate
committee
found
virtual
unanimity
among
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record
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previous
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act
congress
specifically
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broad
construction
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congress
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act
covered
jurisdictions
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right
vote
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devices
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minority
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strength
code
cong
admin
news
pp
intended
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registration
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array
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schemes
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cancel
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vote
elective
posts
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election
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majority
runoffs
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prevent
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prior
plurality
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elections
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election
districts
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rules
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vote
ingenuity
schemes
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purpose
effect
offset
gains
made
ballot
box
act
congress
anticipated
response
preclearance
provisions
section
designed
halt
efforts
september
department
justice
first
adopted
regulations
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provisions
code
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admin
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cfr
pt
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georgia
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district
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fund
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entire
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authority
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appellant
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clearly
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test
light
earlier
cases
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changes
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voting
must
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state
bd
elections
significant
congress
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include
even
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exceptions
thus
indicating
intention
changes
matter
small
subjected
scrutiny
see
also
perkins
matthews
example
said
preclearance
applies
transfer
polling
place
extension
city
limits
include
uninhabited
territory
pleasant
grove
even
though
changes
might
first
blush
appear
insignificant
district
mistakenly
blurred
distinction
whether
change
subject
preclearance
turns
whether
change
potential
discrimination
whether
change
fact
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change
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seemingly
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changes
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specific
facts
change
analyzed
context
present
coverage
formula
allows
factual
analysis
hearings
extension
voting
rights
act
subcommittee
civil
constitutional
rights
house
committee
judiciary
testimony
drew
days
professor
yale
law
school
former
assistant
attorney
general
civil
rights
division
department
justice
see
naacp
hampton
county
election
district
approved
consent
decree
provided
inter
alia
increase
number
etowah
county
commissioners
order
remedy
unlawful
dilution
black
voting
strength
caused
prior
election
system
see
dillard
crenshaw
county
ca
md
ante
decree
expanded
commission
six
members
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elected
districts
see
app
juris
statement
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presley
consent
decree
specified
commissioners
elected
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four
holdover
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ibid
decree
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two
new
commissioners
shall
rights
privileges
duties
immunities
commissioners
heretofore
elected
large
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however
commission
passed
road
supervision
resolution
authorized
four
holdover
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exercise
authority
road
operations
districts
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adopted
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resolution
common
fund
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practice
allocating
road
funds
districts
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fund
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authority
determining
funding
priorities
individual
commissioners
entire
commission
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fund
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contained
grandfather
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fund
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holdover
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four
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commissioners
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complete
control
road
bridge
funds
strangely
silent
first
half
etowah
county
majority
response
election
commissioner
presley
logic
analysis
lead
conclusion
even
road
supervision
resolution
covered
one
sure
recognizes
otherwise
uncovered
enactment
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circumstances
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level
de
facto
replacement
elective
office
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one
ante
despite
overriding
interest
formulating
workable
rules
confine
coverage
legitimate
sphere
ante
scope
exception
must
await
future
cases
according
one
judge
district
change
adopted
eliminate
practice
proved
inefficient
conducive
abuses
eventually
resulted
criminal
indictment
one
commissioners
app
juris
statement
appellant
presley
hobbs
concurring
addition
comment
congressman
mcculloch
quoted
supra
also
quoted
study
operation
voting
rights
act
civil
rights
commission
follows
history
white
domination
south
one
adaptiveness
passage
voting
rights
acts
increased
black
registration
followed
resulted
new
methods
maintain
white
control
political
process
example
state
legislatures
political
party
committees
alabama
mississippi
adopted
laws
rules
since
passage
act
purpose
effect
diluting
votes
newly
enfranchised
negro
voters
measures
taken
form
switching
elections
negro
voting
strength
concentrated
particular
election
districts
facilitating
consolidation
predominantly
negro
predominantly
white
counties
redrawing
lines
districts
divide
concentrations
negro
voting
strength
perkins
matthews
russell
county
voters
continue
elect
county
commissioners
significant
power
previously
held
commissioners
shifted
county
engineer
appointed
commission
effect
change
bunton
patterson
change
office
made
appointive
rather
elective
subject
preclearance
mccain
lybrand
less
power
voters
local
affairs