minnesota
carter
argued
october
decided
december
police
officer
looked
apartment
window
gap
closed
blind
observed
respondents
carter
johns
apartment
lessee
bagging
cocaine
respondents
arrested
moved
suppress
inter
alia
cocaine
evidence
obtained
apartment
car
arguing
officer
initial
observation
unreasonable
search
violation
fourth
amendment
respondents
convicted
state
drug
offenses
minnesota
trial
held
since
overnight
social
guests
entitled
fourth
amendment
protection
officer
observation
search
amendment
state
appeals
held
carter
standing
object
officer
actions
evidence
indicated
used
apartment
business
purpose
package
drugs
separately
affirmed
johns
conviction
without
addressing
standing
issue
reversing
state
held
respondents
standing
claim
fourth
amendment
protection
legitimate
expectation
privacy
invaded
place
officer
observation
constituted
unreasonable
search
held
search
may
occurred
violate
respondents
fourth
amendment
rights
state
courts
analysis
respondents
expectation
privacy
rubric
standing
doctrine
expressly
rejected
rakas
illinois
rather
claim
fourth
amendment
protection
defendant
must
demonstrate
personally
expectation
privacy
place
searched
expectation
reasonable
fourth
amendment
protects
persons
unreasonable
searches
persons
houses
thus
indicates
personal
right
must
invoked
individual
extent
amendment
protects
people
may
depend
upon
people
overnight
guest
may
legitimate
expectation
privacy
someone
else
home
see
minnesota
olson
one
merely
present
consent
householder
may
see
jones
expectation
privacy
commercial
property
different
less
similar
expectation
home
new
york
burger
purely
commercial
nature
transaction
relatively
short
period
time
respondents
premises
lack
previous
connection
householder
lead
conclusion
situation
closer
one
simply
permitted
premises
search
may
occurred
violate
fourth
amendment
rights
respondents
legitimate
expectation
privacy
need
decide
whether
officer
observation
constituted
search
pp
first
judgment
second
judgment
reversed
remanded
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
scalia
kennedy
thomas
joined
scalia
filed
concurring
opinion
thomas
joined
kennedy
filed
concurring
opinion
breyer
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
ginbsurg
filed
dissenting
opinion
stevens
souter
joined
minnesota
petitioner
wayne
thomas
carter
minnesota
melvin
johns
writ
certiorari
minnesota
december
chief
justice
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
respondents
lessee
apartment
sitting
one
rooms
bagging
cocaine
engaged
observed
police
officer
looked
drawn
window
blind
minnesota
held
officer
viewing
search
violated
respondents
fourth
amendment
rights
hold
violation
occurred
james
thielen
police
officer
twin
cities
suburb
eagan
minnesota
went
apartment
building
investigate
tip
confidential
informant
informant
said
walked
window
apartment
seen
people
putting
white
powder
bags
officer
looked
window
gap
closed
blind
observed
bagging
operation
several
minutes
notified
headquarters
began
preparing
affidavits
search
warrant
returned
apartment
building
two
men
left
building
previously
identified
cadillac
police
stopped
car
inside
respondents
carter
johns
police
opened
door
car
let
johns
observed
black
zippered
pouch
handgun
later
determined
loaded
vehicle
floor
carter
johns
arrested
later
police
search
vehicle
next
day
discovered
pagers
scale
grams
cocaine
plastic
sandwich
bags
seizing
car
police
returned
apartment
arrested
occupant
kimberly
thompson
party
appeal
search
apartment
pursuant
warrant
revealed
cocaine
residue
kitchen
table
plastic
baggies
similar
found
cadillac
thielen
identified
carter
johns
thompson
three
people
observed
placing
powder
baggies
police
later
learned
thompson
lessee
apartment
carter
johns
lived
chicago
come
apartment
sole
purpose
packaging
cocaine
carter
johns
never
apartment
apartment
approximately
hours
return
use
apartment
carter
johns
given
thompson
ounce
cocaine
carter
johns
charged
conspiracy
commit
controlled
substance
crime
first
degree
aiding
abetting
controlled
substance
crime
first
degree
violation
stat
subd
subd
moved
suppress
evidence
obtained
apartment
cadillac
well
suppress
several
incriminating
statements
made
argued
thielen
initial
observation
drug
packaging
activities
unreasonable
search
violation
fourth
amendment
evidence
obtained
result
unreasonable
search
inadmissible
fruit
poisonous
tree
minnesota
trial
held
since
unlike
defendant
minnesota
olson
carter
johns
overnight
social
guests
temporary
visitors
entitled
claim
protection
fourth
amendment
government
intrusion
apartment
trial
also
concluded
thielen
observation
search
within
meaning
fourth
amendment
trial
carter
johns
convicted
offenses
minnesota
appeals
held
respondent
carter
standing
object
thielen
actions
claim
predominantly
social
guest
inconsistent
evidence
concerning
stay
apartment
indicates
used
business
purpose
package
drugs
state
carter
separate
appeal
appeals
also
affirmed
johns
conviction
without
addressing
termed
standing
issue
state
johns
ct
june
app
unpublished
divided
minnesota
reversed
holding
respondents
standing
claim
protection
fourth
amendment
legitimate
expectation
privacy
invaded
place
quoting
rakas
illinois
noted
even
though
society
recognize
valuable
task
bagging
cocaine
conclude
society
recognize
valuable
right
property
owners
leaseholders
invite
persons
privacy
homes
conduct
common
task
legal
illegal
activity
therefore
hold
respondents
standing
bring
motion
suppress
evidence
gathered
result
thielen
observations
see
also
based
upon
conclusion
respondents
standing
raise
fourth
amendment
claims
went
hold
thielen
observation
constituted
search
apartment
fourth
amendment
search
unreasonable
id
granted
certiorari
reverse
minnesota
courts
analyzed
whether
respondents
legitimate
expectation
privacy
rubric
standing
doctrine
analysis
expressly
rejected
years
ago
rakas
case
held
automobile
passengers
assert
protection
fourth
amendment
seizure
incriminating
evidence
vehicle
owned
neither
vehicle
evidence
ibid
central
analysis
idea
determining
whether
defendant
able
show
violation
someone
else
fourth
amendment
rights
definition
rights
properly
placed
within
purview
substantive
fourth
amendment
law
within
standing
thus
held
order
claim
protection
fourth
amendment
defendant
must
demonstrate
personally
expectation
privacy
place
searched
expectation
reasonable
one
source
outside
fourth
amendment
either
reference
concepts
real
personal
property
law
understandings
recognized
permitted
society
see
also
smith
maryland
fourth
amendment
guarantees
right
people
secure
persons
houses
papers
effects
unreasonable
searches
seizures
shall
violated
warrants
shall
issue
upon
probable
cause
supported
oath
affirmation
particularly
describing
place
searched
persons
things
seized
amendment
protects
persons
unreasonable
searches
persons
houses
thus
indicates
fourth
amendment
personal
right
must
invoked
individual
see
katz
fourth
amendment
protects
people
places
extent
fourth
amendment
protects
people
may
depend
upon
people
held
capacity
claim
protection
fourth
amendment
depends
upon
whether
person
claims
protection
amendment
legitimate
expectation
privacy
invaded
place
rakas
supra
see
also
rawlings
kentucky
text
amendment
suggests
protections
extend
people
houses
held
circumstances
person
may
legitimate
expectation
privacy
house
someone
else
minnesota
olson
example
decided
overnight
guest
house
sort
expectation
privacy
fourth
amendment
protects
said
hold
overnight
guest
legitimate
expectation
privacy
host
home
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recognizes
every
day
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privacy
share
staying
overnight
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home
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custom
serves
functions
recognized
valuable
society
stay
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homes
travel
strange
city
business
pleasure
visit
parents
children
distant
relatives
town
jobs
homes
friend
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guest
perspective
seeks
shelter
another
home
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provides
privacy
place
possessions
disturbed
anyone
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host
allows
inside
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asleep
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may
spend
day
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places
sleep
home
seek
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place
sleep
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hotel
room
home
friend
jones
defendant
seeking
exclude
evidence
resulting
search
apartment
given
use
apartment
friend
clothing
apartment
slept
maybe
night
time
sole
occupant
apartment
holding
jones
search
apartment
violated
defendant
fourth
amendment
rights
still
valid
statement
anyone
legitimately
premises
search
occurs
may
challenge
legality
expressly
repudiated
rakas
illinois
thus
overnight
guest
home
may
claim
protection
fourth
amendment
one
merely
present
consent
householder
may
respondents
obviously
overnight
guests
essentially
present
business
transaction
home
matter
hours
suggestion
previous
relationship
thompson
purpose
visit
anything
similar
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guest
relationship
olson
suggest
degree
acceptance
household
apartment
dwelling
place
thompson
respondents
simply
place
business
property
used
commercial
purposes
treated
differently
fourth
amendment
purposes
residential
property
expectation
privacy
commercial
premises
however
different
indeed
less
similar
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individual
home
new
york
burger
home
respondents
present
home
similarly
held
circumstances
worker
claim
fourth
amendment
protection
workplace
see
ortega
indication
respondents
case
nearly
significant
connection
thompson
apartment
worker
private
office
see
id
regard
overnight
guest
minnesota
olson
typifying
may
claim
protection
fourth
amendment
home
another
one
merely
legitimately
premises
typifying
may
present
case
obviously
somewhere
purely
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nature
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engaged
relatively
short
period
time
premises
lack
previous
connection
respondents
householder
lead
us
conclude
respondents
situation
closer
one
simply
permitted
premises
therefore
hold
search
may
occurred
violate
fourth
amendment
rights
conclude
respondents
legitimate
expectation
privacy
apartment
need
decide
whether
police
officer
observation
constituted
search
judgment
minnesota
accordingly
reversed
cause
remanded
proceedings
inconsistent
opinion
ordered
minnesota
petitioner
wayne
thomas
carter
minnesota
melvin
johns
writ
certiorari
minnesota
december
justice
scalia
justice
thomas
joins
concurring
join
opinion
believe
accurately
applies
recent
case
law
including
minnesota
olson
write
separately
express
view
case
law
like
submissions
parties
case
gives
short
shrift
text
fourth
amendment
well
long
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meaning
text
specifically
leaps
apply
fuzzy
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legitimate
expectation
privacy
consideration
often
relevant
whether
search
seizure
covered
fourth
amendment
unreasonable
threshold
question
whether
search
seizure
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amendment
occurred
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question
addressed
first
analyzed
text
constitution
traditionally
understood
present
case
remotely
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fourth
amendment
protects
right
people
secure
persons
houses
papers
effects
unreasonable
searches
seizures
amdt
emphasis
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phrase
houses
provision
isolation
ambiguous
mean
respective
houses
protection
extends
person
house
also
mean
respective
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person
protected
even
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house
someone
else
today
opinion
suggests
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ante
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give
provision
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giving
interpretation
respect
nouns
parallel
houses
persons
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effects
give
constitutional
right
person
unreasonably
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absurd
knowledge
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person
right
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searches
seizures
person
house
papers
effects
materials
examined
confirm
understood
meaning
strangely
materials
went
unmentioned
state
amici
unmentioned
even
state
reply
brief
even
though
respondents
thrown
gauntlet
briefs
totaling
pages
state
minnesota
amici
attorneys
general
solicitor
general
america
mentioned
one
word
history
purposes
fourth
amendment
intent
framers
amendment
brief
respondents
like
provisions
bill
rights
fourth
amendment
derived
provisions
already
existing
state
constitutions
four
provisions
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language
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fourth
amendment
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used
ambiguous
terminology
see
pa
art
people
right
hold
houses
papers
possessions
free
search
seizure
vt
ch
people
right
hold
houses
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possessions
free
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seizure
two
however
avoided
ambiguity
using
singular
instead
plural
see
mass
pt
art
xiv
every
subject
right
secure
unreasonable
searches
seizures
person
houses
papers
possessions
const
every
subject
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right
secure
unreasonable
searches
seizures
person
houses
papers
possessions
new
york
convention
ratified
constitution
proposed
amendment
given
every
freeman
right
secure
unreasonable
searches
seizures
person
papers
property
schwartz
roots
bill
rights
reproducing
new
york
proposed
amendments
emphases
added
declaration
rights
north
carolina
convention
demanded
prior
ratification
contained
similar
provision
protecting
freeman
right
unreasonable
searches
seizures
person
papers
property
id
reproducing
north
carolina
proposed
declaration
rights
emphases
added
indication
anyone
believed
massachusetts
new
hampshire
new
york
north
carolina
texts
using
word
rather
narrowed
protections
contained
pennsylvania
vermont
constitutions
houses
understood
mean
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houses
clear
anyone
knew
english
early
american
law
arrest
trespass
underlay
fourth
amendment
people
protection
unreasonable
search
seizure
houses
drawn
english
maxim
man
home
castle
far
back
semayne
case
leading
english
case
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cited
coke
discussion
proposition
magna
carta
outlawed
general
warrants
based
mere
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bench
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house
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flies
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eng
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house
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house
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laws
england
added
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house
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say
fourth
amendment
protects
lord
manor
holds
estate
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people
call
house
home
legal
title
bank
rent
even
merely
occupy
long
actually
live
criterion
people
protection
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intrusion
houses
established
leading
american
case
oystead
shed
mass
held
trespass
sheriff
break
dwelling
capture
boarder
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reasoned
inviolability
described
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hale
coke
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occupier
family
domicile
ordinary
residence
including
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servant
made
house
home
emphasis
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added
house
shall
made
sanctuary
one
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perhaps
visitor
upon
pursuit
take
refuge
house
another
house
castle
officer
may
break
open
doors
windows
order
execute
process
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emphasis
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thus
deciding
question
presented
today
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upon
slate
far
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text
fourth
amendment
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understandings
consistently
displayed
adoption
make
answer
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right
hold
chapman
fourth
amendment
protects
apartment
tenant
unreasonable
search
dwelling
even
though
leaseholder
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hold
bumper
north
carolina
unreasonable
search
grandmother
house
violated
resident
grandson
fourth
amendment
rights
area
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home
emphasis
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went
absolute
limit
text
tradition
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minnesota
olson
protected
mere
overnight
guest
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hosts
apartment
whereas
plausible
regard
person
overnight
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least
temporary
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uses
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cocaine
respondents
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hous
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bears
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fourth
amendment
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believes
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obligation
produce
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ignore
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text
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benchmar
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years
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katz
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past
three
decades
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katz
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come
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harlan
separate
concurrence
katz
see
unsurprisingly
actual
subjective
expectation
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society
prepared
recognize
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determine
whether
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seizure
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meaning
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opposed
whether
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seizure
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plausible
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text
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amendment
provision
guarantee
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right
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determine
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value
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society
prepared
recognize
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rather
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houses
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effects
objects
privacy
protection
constitution
extend
leaving
expansion
good
judgment
people
representatives
legislature
dissent
may
correct
person
invited
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engage
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speak
protected
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business
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invited
deliver
milk
pizza
dissent
dismisses
classroom
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opposed
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protected
government
searches
rooms
occupy
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answer
policy
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answer
remotely
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constitution
means
left
many
indeed
important
questions
left
judgment
state
federal
legislators
go
beyond
proper
role
judges
democratic
society
restrict
people
power
govern
full
range
policy
choices
constitution
left
available
minnesota
petitioner
wayne
thomas
carter
minnesota
melvin
johns
writ
certiorari
minnesota
december
justice
kennedy
concurring
join
opinion
reasoning
consistent
view
almost
social
guests
legitimate
expectation
privacy
hence
protection
unreasonable
searches
host
home
fourth
amendment
protects
right
people
secure
houses
beyond
dispute
home
entitled
special
protection
center
private
lives
people
security
home
must
guarded
law
world
privacy
diminished
enhanced
surveillance
sophisticated
communication
systems
well
established
however
fourth
amendment
protection
though
dependent
upon
spatial
definition
essence
personal
right
thus
held
rakas
illinois
limits
may
assert
dissent
interpret
question
rakas
principle
persons
company
property
owner
owner
right
assert
spatial
protection
rakas
true
involved
automobiles
necessities
law
enforcement
permit
latitude
police
extended
houses
analysis
rakas
conceived
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law
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premise
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fourth
amendment
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person
objects
search
place
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requisite
connection
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rakas
must
respected
reference
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principle
end
repudiated
english
authorities
historical
basis
fourth
amendment
observed
scholars
dispute
proper
interpretation
see
payton
new
york
semayne
case
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petitioner
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december
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ginsburg
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