city
los
angeles
alameda
books
et
argued
december
decided
may
based
study
concluding
concentrations
adult
entertainment
establishments
associated
higher
crime
rates
surrounding
communities
petitioner
city
enacted
ordinance
prohibiting
enterprises
within
feet
within
feet
religious
institution
school
public
park
los
angeles
municipal
code
ordinance
method
calculating
distances
created
loophole
permitting
concentration
multiple
adult
enterprises
single
structure
city
later
amended
ordinance
prohibit
one
adult
entertainment
business
building
respondents
two
adult
establishments
openly
operate
combined
arcades
violation
amended
sued
declaratory
injunctive
relief
alleging
ordinance
face
violates
first
amendment
finding
ordinance
regulation
speech
district
reasoned
neither
study
report
cited
hart
book
stores
edmisten
fourth
circuit
case
upholding
similar
statute
supported
reasonable
belief
adult
establishments
produce
secondary
effects
city
asserted
justifications
prohibition
subjecting
strict
scrutiny
granted
respondents
summary
judgment
felt
city
offered
evidence
demonstrating
prohibition
necessary
serve
compelling
government
interest
ninth
circuit
affirmed
different
ground
even
ordinance
content
neutral
city
failed
present
evidence
upon
reasonably
rely
demonstrate
regulation
establishments
designed
serve
substantial
interest
reducing
crime
therefore
held
ordinance
invalid
renton
playtime
theatres
held
judgment
reversed
case
remanded
reversed
remanded
justice
joined
chief
justice
justice
scalia
justice
thomas
concluded
los
angeles
may
reasonably
rely
study
demonstrate
present
ban
adult
establishments
serves
interest
reducing
crime
pp
study
central
component
los
angeles
police
department
report
indicating
crime
rates
robbery
prostitution
grew
much
faster
hollywood
city
largest
concentration
adult
establishments
city
whole
city
may
reasonably
rely
police
department
conclusions
regarding
crime
patterns
overcome
summary
judgment
finding
contrary
ground
study
focused
effect
crime
rates
concentration
establishments
concentration
operations
within
single
establishment
ninth
circuit
misunderstood
study
implications
study
reveals
areas
high
concentrations
adult
establishments
associated
high
crime
rates
areas
also
areas
high
concentrations
adult
operations
albeit
separate
establishments
therefore
consistent
study
findings
thus
reasonable
city
infer
reducing
concentration
adult
operations
neighborhood
whether
within
separate
establishments
one
large
establishment
reduce
crime
rates
neither
ninth
circuit
respondents
dissent
provides
reason
question
city
theory
accept
view
effectively
require
city
provide
evidence
supports
claim
ordinance
serves
important
government
interest
also
provide
support
approach
serve
interest
renton
specifically
refused
set
high
bar
municipalities
want
address
merely
secondary
effects
protected
speech
held
municipality
may
rely
evidence
reasonably
believed
relevant
demonstrating
connection
speech
substantial
independent
government
interest
case
early
stage
process
arrives
summary
judgment
motion
respondents
defended
complaints
study
fails
prove
city
justification
ordinance
necessarily
correct
therefore
must
concluded
city
stage
litigation
complied
renton
evidentiary
requirement
pp
need
resolve
parties
dispute
whether
city
rely
evidence
hart
book
stores
overcome
summary
judgment
respondents
alternative
argument
ordinance
time
place
manner
regulation
effectively
ban
adult
video
arcades
must
subjected
strict
scrutiny
pp
justice
kennedy
concluded
precedents
may
allow
los
angeles
impose
regulation
exercise
zoning
authority
city
least
foreclosed
summary
judgment
pp
renton
playtime
theatres
city
decrease
crime
blight
associated
adult
businesses
exercising
zoning
power
time
leave
quantity
accessibility
speech
substantially
undiminished
first
amendment
objection
even
measure
identifies
problem
outside
establishments
reference
speech
inside
even
measure
content
based
hand
city
may
regulate
secondary
effects
speech
suppressing
speech
example
may
impose
fee
tax
see
arkansas
writers
project
ragland
even
government
purports
justify
fee
reference
secondary
effects
see
forsyth
county
nationalist
movement
ordinance
issue
typical
restriction
law
suppressing
speech
suggested
fact
limited
expressive
activities
extends
massage
parlors
city
found
cause
undesirable
secondary
effects
also
one
part
elaborate
web
regulations
intended
promote
social
value
land
whole
without
suppressing
activities
favoring
others
thus
ordinance
suspect
must
subjected
strict
scrutiny
laws
demand
instances
rather
calls
intermediate
scrutiny
renton
held
pp
renton
description
ordinance
similar
los
angeles
content
neutral
something
fiction
ordinances
content
based
described
nevertheless
renton
central
holding
sound
pp
necessary
rationale
applying
intermediate
scrutiny
promise
zoning
ordinances
like
one
issue
may
reduce
costs
secondary
effects
without
substantially
reducing
speech
two
adult
businesses
roof
ordinance
requiring
separate
one
two
results
one
business
either
move
elsewhere
close
city
premise
latter
premise
must
businesses
even
always
one
roof
part
disperse
rather
shut
quantity
speech
substantially
undiminished
total
secondary
effects
significantly
reduced
whether
sufficient
evidence
support
proposition
consistently
held
city
must
latitude
experiment
least
outset
little
evidence
required
see
renton
supra
proposition
shown
supported
common
experience
study
showing
correlation
concentration
adult
establishments
crime
assuming
study
supports
city
original
dispersal
ordinance
necessary
analysis
follows
justify
ordinance
issue
city
may
infer
study
experience
two
adult
businesses
roof
better
two
next
door
knocking
wall
two
ameliorate
undesirable
secondary
effects
proximity
one
another
city
first
ordinance
justified
therefore
second
pp
considerations
seem
well
enough
established
common
experience
case
law
ordinance
survives
summary
judgment
announced
judgment
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
scalia
thomas
joined
scalia
filed
concurring
opinion
kennedy
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
souter
filed
dissenting
opinion
stevens
ginsburg
joined
breyer
joined
part
ii
city
los
angeles
petitioner
alameda
books
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
may
justice
announced
judgment
delivered
opinion
chief
justice
justice
scalia
justice
thomas
join
los
angeles
municipal
code
amended
prohibits
establishment
maintenance
one
adult
entertainment
business
building
structure
portion
thereof
respondents
two
adult
establishments
operated
adult
bookstore
adult
video
arcade
building
filed
suit
rev
stat
supp
alleging
violates
first
amendment
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
district
granted
summary
judgment
respondents
finding
city
los
angeles
prohibition
regulation
speech
failed
strict
scrutiny
appeals
ninth
circuit
affirmed
different
grounds
held
even
regulation
city
failed
demonstrate
prohibition
designed
serve
substantial
government
interest
specifically
appeals
found
city
failed
present
evidence
upon
reasonably
rely
demonstrate
link
adult
establishments
negative
secondary
effects
therefore
appeals
held
los
angeles
prohibition
establishments
invalid
renton
playtime
theatres
precedents
interpreting
case
reverse
remand
city
los
angeles
may
reasonably
rely
study
conducted
years
enacting
present
version
demonstrate
ban
adult
establishments
serves
interest
reducing
crime
city
los
angeles
conducted
comprehensive
study
adult
establishments
concluded
concentrations
adult
businesses
associated
higher
rates
prostitution
robbery
assaults
thefts
surrounding
communities
see
app
los
angeles
dept
city
planning
study
effects
concentration
adult
entertainment
establishments
city
los
angeles
city
plan
case
city
council
file
june
accordingly
city
enacted
ordinance
prohibiting
establishment
substantial
enlargement
transfer
ownership
adult
arcade
bookstore
cabaret
motel
theater
massage
parlor
place
sexual
encounters
within
feet
another
enterprise
within
feet
religious
institution
school
public
park
see
los
angeles
municipal
code
evidence
intent
city
council
enacting
prohibition
disperse
distinct
adult
establishments
housed
separate
buildings
also
disperse
distinct
adult
businesses
operated
common
ownership
housed
single
structure
see
app
los
angeles
dept
city
planning
amendment
proposed
ordinance
prohibit
establishment
one
adult
entertainment
business
single
location
city
plan
case
city
council
file
ordinance
city
enacted
however
directed
distance
two
adult
entertainment
businesses
shall
measured
straight
line
closest
exterior
structural
wall
business
los
angeles
municipal
code
subsequent
enactment
city
realized
method
calculating
distances
created
loophole
permitting
concentration
multiple
adult
enterprises
single
structure
concerned
allowing
department
store
replace
strip
adult
establishments
defeat
goal
original
ordinance
city
council
amended
adding
prohibition
establishment
maintenance
one
adult
entertainment
business
building
structure
portion
thereof
los
angeles
municipal
code
amended
ordinance
defines
adult
entertainment
business
adult
arcade
bookstore
cabaret
motel
theater
massage
parlor
place
sexual
encounters
notes
enterprises
shall
constitute
separate
adult
entertainment
business
even
operated
conjunction
another
adult
entertainment
business
establishment
ordinance
uses
term
business
refer
certain
types
goods
services
sold
adult
establishments
rather
establishment
relevant
purposes
case
also
ordinance
definitions
adult
bookstores
arcades
adult
bookstore
operation
substantial
portion
offers
sale
printed
matter
videocassettes
emphasize
depiction
specified
sexual
activities
adult
arcade
operation
form
consideration
five
fewer
patrons
together
may
view
films
videocassettes
emphasize
depiction
specified
sexual
activities
respondents
alameda
books
highland
books
two
adult
establishments
operating
los
angeles
neither
located
within
feet
another
adult
establishment
feet
religious
institution
public
park
school
establishment
occupies
less
square
feet
respondents
rent
sell
sexually
oriented
products
including
videocassettes
additionally
provide
booths
patrons
view
videocassettes
fee
although
respondents
located
different
buildings
operates
retail
sales
rental
operations
commercial
space
video
booths
located
physical
distinctions
different
operations
within
establishment
establishment
one
entrance
respondents
concede
openly
operating
violation
city
code
amended
brief
respondents
brief
petitioner
city
building
inspector
found
alameda
books
operating
adult
bookstore
adult
arcade
violation
city
adult
zoning
regulations
respondents
joined
plaintiffs
sued
declaratory
injunctive
relief
prevent
enforcement
ordinance
issue
case
count
complaint
alleges
facial
violation
first
amendment
city
respondents
filed
summary
judgment
district
central
district
california
initially
denied
motions
first
amendment
issues
count
concluding
genuine
issue
fact
whether
operation
combination
video
rental
video
viewing
business
leads
harmful
secondary
effects
associated
concentration
separate
businesses
single
urban
area
app
respondents
filed
motion
reconsideration
however
district
found
los
angeles
prohibition
adult
establishments
regulation
speech
app
pet
cert
reasoned
neither
city
study
report
cited
hart
book
stores
edmisten
upholding
north
carolina
statute
also
banned
adult
establishments
supported
reasonable
belief
adult
establishments
produced
secondary
effects
city
asserted
justifications
prohibition
app
pet
cert
therefore
district
proceeded
subject
los
angeles
ordinance
strict
scrutiny
felt
city
offer
evidence
demonstrate
prohibition
necessary
serve
compelling
government
interest
district
granted
summary
judgment
respondents
issued
permanent
injunction
enjoining
enforcement
ordinance
respondents
appeals
ninth
circuit
affirmed
although
different
grounds
appeals
determined
reach
district
decision
los
angeles
ordinance
content
based
even
ordinance
content
neutral
city
failed
present
evidence
upon
reasonably
rely
demonstrate
regulation
establishments
designed
serve
city
substantial
interest
reducing
crime
challenged
ordinance
therefore
invalid
renton
granted
certiorari
clarify
standard
determining
whether
ordinance
serves
substantial
government
interest
renton
supra
ii
renton
playtime
theatres
supra
considered
validity
municipal
ordinance
prohibited
adult
movie
theater
locating
within
feet
residential
zone
family
dwelling
church
park
school
analysis
ordinance
proceeded
three
steps
first
found
ordinance
ban
adult
theaters
altogether
merely
required
distanced
certain
sensitive
locations
ordinance
properly
analyzed
therefore
time
place
manner
regulation
next
considered
whether
ordinance
content
neutral
content
based
regulation
content
based
considered
presumptively
invalid
subject
strict
scrutiny
simon
schuster
members
state
crime
victims
arkansas
writers
project
ragland
held
however
renton
ordinance
aimed
content
films
shown
adult
theaters
rather
secondary
effects
theaters
surrounding
community
namely
crime
rates
property
values
quality
city
neighborhoods
therefore
ordinance
deemed
content
neutral
renton
supra
finally
given
finding
stated
ordinance
upheld
long
city
renton
showed
ordinance
designed
serve
substantial
government
interest
reasonable
alternative
avenues
communication
remained
available
concluded
renton
met
burden
upheld
ordinance
appeals
applied
analysis
evaluate
los
angeles
ordinance
challenged
case
first
appeals
found
los
angeles
ordinance
complete
ban
adult
entertainment
establishments
rather
sort
adult
zoning
regulation
renton
considered
time
place
manner
regulation
appeals
turned
second
step
renton
analysis
draw
conclusions
whether
los
angeles
ordinance
content
based
explained
even
los
angeles
ordinance
content
neutral
city
failed
demonstrate
required
third
step
renton
analysis
prohibition
adult
establishments
designed
serve
substantial
interest
reducing
crime
appeals
noted
primary
evidence
relied
upon
los
angeles
demonstrate
link
combination
adult
businesses
harmful
secondary
effects
study
conducted
city
planning
department
appeals
found
however
city
rely
study
suppor
reasonable
belief
combination
businesses
produced
harmful
secondary
effects
type
asserted
similar
reasons
appeals
also
rejected
city
attempt
rely
report
health
conditions
inside
adult
video
arcades
described
hart
book
stores
case
upheld
north
carolina
statute
similar
los
angeles
ordinance
challenged
case
central
component
study
report
city
crime
patterns
provided
los
angeles
police
department
report
indicated
period
certain
crime
rates
grew
much
faster
hollywood
largest
concentration
adult
establishments
city
city
los
angeles
whole
example
robberies
increased
times
faster
prostitution
times
faster
hollywood
citywide
app
study
also
contains
reports
conducted
directly
staff
los
angeles
planning
department
examine
relationship
adult
establishments
property
values
staff
reports
however
inconclusive
surprisingly
parties
focus
dispute
report
los
angeles
police
department
find
reducing
crime
substantial
government
interest
police
department
report
conclusions
regarding
crime
patterns
may
reasonably
relied
upon
overcome
summary
judgment
city
also
focus
portion
study
drawn
police
department
report
appeals
found
study
reasonably
support
inference
concentration
adult
operations
within
single
adult
establishment
produced
greater
levels
criminal
activity
study
focused
effect
concentration
establishments
concentration
operations
within
single
establishment
crime
rates
appeals
pointed
study
treated
combination
adult
single
establishments
study
effect
adult
bookstore
arcade
appeals
misunderstood
implications
study
study
reveals
areas
high
concentrations
adult
establishments
associated
high
crime
rates
areas
high
concentrations
adult
establishments
also
areas
high
concentrations
adult
operations
albeit
separate
establishments
therefore
consistent
findings
study
thus
reasonable
los
angeles
suppose
concentration
adult
establishments
correlated
high
crime
rates
concentration
operations
one
locale
draws
example
greater
concentration
adult
consumers
neighborhood
high
density
consumers
either
attracts
generates
criminal
activity
assumption
behind
theory
number
adult
operations
one
single
adult
establishment
draws
dense
foot
traffic
number
distinct
adult
establishments
close
proximity
much
minimalls
department
stores
similarly
attract
crowds
consumers
brief
petitioner
view
rational
city
infer
reducing
concentration
adult
operations
neighborhood
whether
within
separate
establishments
one
large
establishment
reduce
crime
rates
neither
appeals
respondents
dissent
provides
reason
question
city
theory
particular
offer
competing
theory
let
alone
data
explains
elevated
crime
rates
neighborhoods
concentration
adult
establishments
attributed
entirely
presence
permanent
walls
separate
entrances
individual
adult
operation
city
certainly
bears
burden
providing
evidence
supports
link
concentrations
adult
operations
asserted
secondary
effects
bear
burden
providing
evidence
rules
every
theory
link
concentrations
adult
establishments
inconsistent
error
appeals
made
required
city
prove
theory
concentration
adult
operations
attracting
crowds
customers
much
like
minimall
department
store
necessary
consequence
study
example
appeals
refused
allow
city
draw
inference
expansion
adult
bookstore
include
adult
arcade
increase
business
activity
produce
harmful
secondary
effects
identified
study
reasoned
inference
justify
limits
inventory
adult
bookstore
ban
combination
adult
bookstore
adult
arcade
appeals
simply
replaced
city
theory
many
different
operations
close
proximity
attracts
crowds
size
operation
attracts
crowds
appeals
theory
correct
inventory
limits
make
sense
city
theory
correct
prohibition
combination
businesses
makes
sense
theories
consistent
data
study
appeals
analysis
however
implicitly
requires
city
prove
theory
one
plausibly
explain
data
manner
city
refute
appeals
logic
respondents
make
logical
error
appeals
suggest
city
prohibition
multiuse
establishments
raise
crime
rates
certain
neighborhoods
force
certain
adult
businesses
relocate
areas
without
adult
businesses
respondents
claim
assumes
study
proves
adult
businesses
whether
located
near
adult
businesses
generate
crime
plausible
reading
results
study
respondents
demonstrate
compelled
reading
provide
evidence
refutes
city
interpretation
study
city
prohibition
balance
reduce
crime
nevertheless
accept
respondents
speculation
effectively
require
city
provide
evidence
supports
claim
ordinance
serves
important
government
interest
also
provide
support
approach
serve
interest
renton
specifically
refused
set
high
bar
municipalities
want
address
merely
secondary
effects
protected
speech
held
municipality
may
rely
evidence
reasonably
believed
relevant
demonstrating
connection
speech
substantial
independent
government
interest
souter
concurring
judgment
permitting
municipality
use
evidence
adult
theaters
correlated
harmful
secondary
effects
support
claim
nude
dancing
likely
produce
effects
say
municipality
get
away
shoddy
data
reasoning
municipality
evidence
must
fairly
support
municipality
rationale
ordinance
plaintiffs
fail
cast
direct
doubt
rationale
either
demonstrating
municipality
evidence
support
rationale
furnishing
evidence
disputes
municipality
factual
findings
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city
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theatres
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angeles
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roof
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likely
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reduction
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speech
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iv
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established
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trial
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scrutiny
ordinance
however
survive
summary
judgment
motion
appeals
ordered
granted
case
city
los
angeles
petitioner
alameda
books
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
ninth
circuit
may
justice
souter
justice
stevens
justice
ginsburg
join
justice
breyer
joins
part
ii
dissenting
city
los
angeles
studied
sections
city
high
low
concentrations
adult
business
establishments
catering
market
erotic
city
found
certain
correlation
location
establishments
depressed
property
values
find
correlation
areas
higher
concentrations
business
higher
crime
rates
basis
los
angeles
followed
examples
cities
adopting
zoning
ordinance
requiring
dispersion
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establishments
assume
ordinance
constitutional
adopted
see
young
american
mini
theatres
assume
purposes
case
original
ordinance
remains
valid
city
subsequently
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forbid
clusters
businesses
one
address
mall
city
turn
taken
third
step
apply
amendment
prohibit
even
single
proprietor
business
traditional
way
combines
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bookstore
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books
magazines
videos
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arcade
consisting
open
viewing
booths
potential
purchasers
videos
view
fee
policy
dispersing
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establishments
city
thus
moved
policy
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two
justification
claimed
application
new
policy
remains
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survey
supplemented
authority
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decided
case
regulating
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arcades
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state
case
authority
point
see
infra
survey
provides
support
breakup
policy
evidentiary
insufficiency
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emphasis
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reason
respectfully
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judgment
today
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falls
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cases
speak
intermediate
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generally
contrasted
demanding
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applied
first
amendment
regulation
expression
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tests
cover
restrictive
statutes
corresponding
variety
justifications
spoken
content
neutral
regulations
uniformly
distinct
regulations
calling
scrutiny
strict
zoning
businesses
based
sales
expressive
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material
receives
scrutiny
even
though
raises
risk
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close
content
basis
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business
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get
application
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zoning
regulation
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bookstores
calls
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care
regulation
applies
expression
reason
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hen
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interest
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tailoring
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playboy
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group
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legitimate
interest
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cohen
california
strict
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regulation
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regulation
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community
creative
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applied
limits
expression
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subject
regulation
nonexpressive
purposes
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known
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draft
cards
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regulation
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muster
furthers
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governmental
interest
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suppression
free
expression
restriction
greater
essential
furtherance
interest
mentioned
already
yet
another
variety
zoning
restriction
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effects
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businesses
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crime
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property
values
neighborhood
renton
playtime
theatres
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type
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time
place
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fact
make
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kind
zoning
regulation
first
amendment
label
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content
correlated
describe
keep
alert
risk
regulation
poses
risk
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fact
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mitigation
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udgments
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property
values
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planner
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police
reports
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capacity
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communities
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renton
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young
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precisely
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sense
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sense
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need
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proof
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point
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valuations
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point
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cases
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establishments
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renton
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fact
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city
found
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app
lesson
lesser
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schad
mount
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case
however
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shown
bookstores
containing
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booths
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adult
establishments
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crime
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negative
secondary
effects
surrounding
neighborhoods
thus
left
without
substantial
justification
viewing
city
first
amendment
restriction
content
correlated
simply
content
based
token
city
failed
show
causal
relationship
breakup
policy
elimination
regulation
secondary
effects
ii
cases
subject
referred
studies
undertaken
varying
degrees
formality
showing
geographical
correlations
presence
concentration
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business
establishments
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crime
rates
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property
values
see
renton
supra
young
supra
although
held
intermediate
scrutiny
legislation
demand
fresh
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study
factual
basis
published
results
investigations
elsewhere
reasonably
thought
applicable
different
municipal
setting
renton
supra
city
took
responsibility
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enquiry
app
already
mentioned
study
inconclusive
correlation
adult
business
lower
property
values
reported
association
higher
crime
rates
isolated
adult
establishments
find
geographical
correlation
higher
concentrations
adult
establishments
higher
crime
rates
study
hand
los
angeles
enacted
ordinance
requiring
dispersion
adult
stores
theaters
original
position
ordinance
challenged
today
assume
justification
theory
accepted
young
eliminating
concentrations
adult
establishments
spread
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secondary
effects
render
manageable
way
application
amendment
us
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different
matter
concern
assumption
behind
amendment
conglomeration
adult
businesses
one
roof
minimall
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department
store
produce
undesirable
secondary
effects
comparable
cluster
separate
adult
establishments
brings
ante
may
may
assumption
clearly
unsupported
however
goes
city
supposed
interest
applying
amendment
book
video
stores
question
applying
break
city
course
claims
interest
proliferation
adult
establishments
ostensible
consequence
splitting
sales
viewing
activities
produce
two
stores
one
city
assert
interest
limiting
sale
adult
expressive
material
reducing
number
adult
video
booths
city
clear
regulation
city
careful
report
disclaim
intent
app
rather
city
apparently
assumes
bookstore
selling
videos
providing
viewing
booths
produces
secondary
effects
crime
crime
result
single
store
without
booths
one
part
town
video
arcade
city
neither
says
many
words
proffers
evidence
support
even
simple
proposition
otherwise
lawfully
located
adult
bookstore
combined
video
booths
produce
criminal
effects
los
angeles
study
treats
combined
stores
one
see
draws
general
conclusion
individual
stores
spread
apart
adult
establishments
basic
los
angeles
ordinance
associated
degree
criminal
activity
general
norm
city
called
attention
empirical
study
even
anecdotal
police
evidence
supports
city
assumption
fact
los
angeles
study
sheds
light
whatever
city
position
light
skepticism
may
fairly
suspect
study
said
nothing
secondary
effects
freestanding
stores
effects
observed
reasonable
supposition
splitting
consequence
secondary
effects
inescapable
point
city
even
claim
study
provides
support
assumption
previously
accepted
studies
like
city
study
showing
causal
connection
concentrations
adult
business
identified
secondary
since
acceptable
basis
requiring
adult
businesses
disperse
housed
separate
premises
certainly
relevant
argument
made
restricting
concentration
one
spacious
address
effect
sales
traffic
effects
neighborhood
even
argument
may
justify
ban
adult
minimalls
ante
provides
support
city
proposes
bookstores
involved
concentrations
traditionally
separate
adult
businesses
studied
shown
association
secondary
effects
exemplify
new
form
concentration
like
mall
one
roof
combinations
selling
viewing
activities
commonly
combined
plurality
recognizes
ante
study
conducted
city
reported
type
traditional
business
adult
business
correlation
secondary
effects
absence
concentration
adult
establishments
neighborhood
even
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viewing
booths
bookstores
continue
sell
videos
turn
customers
away
send
search
video
arcades
neighborhoods
nothing
speculation
think
marginally
lower
traffic
one
store
measurable
effect
neighborhood
let
alone
effect
associated
crime
never
shown
exist
first
plurality
position
bolstered
seems
think
ante
relying
statement
renton
courts
allow
cities
reasonable
opportunity
experiment
solutions
admittedly
serious
problems
plurality
overlooks
key
distinction
zoning
regulations
issue
renton
young
los
angeles
new
los
angeles
breakup
requirement
two
cases
municipalities
substantial
interest
purposes
intermediate
scrutiny
interest
choosing
two
strategies
deal
crime
property
value
strategy
tied
businesses
location
shown
causal
connection
secondary
effects
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businesses
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strategy
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order
spread
regulatory
efforts
limitations
location
required
support
factual
basis
tying
location
secondary
effects
zoning
approved
two
cases
effect
way
owners
stores
carried
adult
businesses
beyond
controlling
location
heavier
burden
location
limit
approved
los
angeles
ordinance
however
impose
heavier
burden
one
lacking
demonstrable
connection
interest
crime
control
city
longer
accepts
businesses
owners
choose
conduct
within
four
walls
bars
video
arcade
bookstore
combination
shown
record
commercially
natural
universal
app
whereas
young
renton
gave
cities
choice
two
strategies
causally
related
city
interest
plurality
today
gives
los
angeles
right
experiment
first
amendment
restriction
response
problem
increased
crime
city
never
even
shown
associated
combined
standing
alone
government
freedom
experimentation
displace
burden
intermediate
scrutiny
standard
show
restriction
speech
greater
essential
realizing
important
objective
case
policing
crime
since
make
even
best
guess
city
breakup
policy
effect
crime
law
enforcement
far
cry
assurance
covert
concern
regulation
targeting
viewpoint
right
point
witness
fact
involves
guesswork
take
city
breakup
policy
face
enforcing
mean
every
case
two
establishments
operate
instead
traditional
one
since
city
presumably
wish
merely
multiply
adult
establishments
makes
sense
ask
offsetting
gain
city
may
obtain
new
breakup
policy
answer
may
lie
fact
two
establishments
place
one
entail
two
business
overheads
place
one
two
monthly
rents
two
electricity
bills
two
payrolls
every
month
business
expensive
used
perhaps
even
twice
much
sounds
like
good
strategy
driving
expressive
adult
businesses
sounds
words
like
policy
regulation
respectfully
dissent
footnotes
although
amicus
first
amendment
lawyers
association
argues
recent
studies
refute
findings
adult
business
correlations
secondary
effects
sufficient
justify
ordinance
brief
first
amendment
lawyers
association
amicus
curiae
issue
one
reach
limiting
effects
qualifies
substantial
governmental
interest
ordinance
said
survive
shown
serve
ends
without
unreasonably
limiting
alternatives
renton
formulation
quoted
closer
relative
zoning
mere
time
place
manner
regulations
implicitly
recognized
erie
pap
regulation
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speech
like
zoning
subject
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level
first
amendment
scrutiny
see
central
hudson
gas
elec
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serv
provides
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parallel
cases
enforcing
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requirement
ensure
asserted
rationale
cloak
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motive
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rubin
coors
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edenfield
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government
burden
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mere
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conjecture
demonstrat
ing
harms
government
recites
real
restriction
fact
alleviate
material
degree
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critical
requirement
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rubin
supra
state
ease
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commercial
speech
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objectives
justify
burden
commercial
expression
edenfield
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finally
city
assert
interest
curbing
secondary
effects
within
combined
hart
book
stores
edmisten
fourth
circuit
upheld
similar
ban
north
carolina
relying
part
county
health
department
report
results
inspection
several
combined
adult
arcades
wake
county
north
carolina
inspection
revealed
unsanitary
conditions
evidence
salacious
activities
taking
place
within
video
cubicles
ibid
city
introduces
case
defend
breakup
policy
although
clear
opinion
separating
video
arcades
adult
bookstores
deter
activities
took
place
within
event
renton
playtime
theatres
allowed
city
rely
experiences
studies
cities
dispense
requirement
whatever
evidence
city
relies
upon
reasonably
believed
relevant
problem
city
addresses
evidence
relied
upon
fourth
circuit
certainly
necessarily
relevant
los
angeles
ordinance
since
november
five
years
enactment
ordinance
issue
los
angeles
regulated
adult
video
booths
prohibiting
doors
setting
minimum
levels
lighting
requiring
interiors
fully
visible
entrance
premises
los
angeles
municipal
code
thus
seems
less
likely
unsanitary
conditions
identified
hart
book
stores
exist
video
arcades
los
angeles
city
suggested
evidence
reason
hart
book
stores
gives
indication
substantial
governmental
interest
ban
multiuse
adult
establishments
plurality
indulges
city
assumption
goes
justify
stating
obvious
city
study
says
concentrations
adult
establishments
isolated
ones
presence
several
adult
businesses
one
neighborhood
draws
greater
concentration
adult
consumers
neighborhood
either
attracts
generates
criminal
activity
ante
renton
approved
zoning
ordinance
aimed
preventing
secondary
effects
caused
presence
even
one
theater
given
neighborhood
city
however
appeal
decision
show
combined
isolated
adult
establishments
like
theaters
renton
give
rise
negative
secondary
effects
perhaps
recognizing
finding
call
doubt
sensibility
city
decision
proliferate
businesses
see
ante
although
question
may
open
whether
city
rely
experiences
cities
contradict
studies
question
implicated
los
angeles
relies
exclusively
study
tellingly
silent
question
whether
isolated
adult
establishments
bearing
criminal
activity
already
noted
supra
amicus
first
amendment
lawyers
association
argues
recent
studies
show
thing
case
involves
challenge
previously
accepted
causal
connection
justice
kennedy
indulge
city
speculation
long
show
ordinance
leav
quantity
accessibility
speech
substantially
intact
ante
opinion
concurring
judgment
suggestion
speculated
consequences
may
justify
regulation
speech
slightly
burdened
turns
intermediate
scrutiny
head
although
goal
intermediate
scrutiny
filter
laws
unduly
burden
speech
achieved
examining
asserted
governmental
interest
burden
speech
must
simply
greater
necessary
interest
pap
see
also
supra
justice
kennedy
even
shown
ordinance
leaves
speech
substantially
intact
posits
example
two
adult
stores
draw
customers
business
operating
separately
draws
ante
follow
however
combined
draws
customers
split
yield
bookstore
arcade
together
draw
nearly
many
customers
given
double
outlays
required
operate
businesses
different
locations
see
infra
far
likely
outcome
video
store
go
business
course
bookstore
owner
consistently
ordinance
continue
operate
video
booths
charge
always
commercially
feasible
city
face
separate
problem
theory
rule
simply
requiring
video
booths
operated
free
said
reduce
secondary
effects
plurality
assumption
city
motive
applying
zoning
entirely
compartmentalized
proffer
evidence
required
justify
zoning
scheme
ante
indulgent
unrealistic
degree
record
case
shows
original
dispersion
ordinance
enacted
city
study
showing
correlation
concentrations
adult
business
higher
crime
rates
showed
dispersal
adult
businesses
causally
related
city
law
enforcement
interest
turn
fair
indication
city
concern
secondary
effect
higher
crime
rates
however
city
takes
step
breaking
businesses
showing
traditionally
combined
business
association
higher
crime
rate
affected
breakup
indication
breakup
policy
addresses
secondary
effect
reason
doubt
secondary
effects
city
concern
plurality
seems
ask
us
shut
eyes
city
failings
emphasizing
case
merely
stage
summary
judgment
ante
ignores
fact
summary
judgment
stage
city
made
plain
relies
evidence
beyond
study
provides
support
city
action