crawford et al marion county election board et argued january decided april indiana enacted election law sea requiring citizens voting person present photo identification petitioners filed separate suits challenging law constitutionality following discovery district granted respondents summary judgment finding evidence record insufficient support facial attack statute validity affirming seventh circuit declined judge law strict standard set poll taxes harper virginia bd elections finding burden voters offset benefit reducing risk fraud held judgment affirmed affirmed justice stevens joined chief justice justice kennedy concluded evidence record support facial attack sea validity pp harper even rational restrictions right vote invidious unrelated voter qualifications however even handed restrictions protecting integrity reliability electoral process satisfy harper standard anderson celebrezze state law burden political party individual voter discrete class voters must justified relevant legitimate state interests sufficiently weighty justify limitation norman reed pp indiana asserted interests unquestionably relevant interest protecting integrity reliability electoral process first interest deterring detecting voter fraud indiana valid interest participating nationwide effort improve modernize election procedures criticized antiquated inefficient indiana also claims particular interest preventing voter fraud response problem voter registration rolls large number names persons either deceased longer live indiana record contains evidence fraud sea addresses voter impersonation polling places actually occurred indiana fraud occurred parts country indiana experience voter fraud mayoral primary demonstrates real risk voter fraud affect close election outcome question legitimacy importance state interest counting eligible voters votes finally indiana interest protecting public confidence elections closely related interest preventing voter fraud independent significance confidence encourages citizen participation democratic process pp relevant burdens imposed eligible voters lack photo identification cards comply sea indiana cards free inconvenience going bureau motor vehicles gathering required documents posing photograph qualify substantial burden voters right vote represent significant increase usual burdens voting severity somewhat heavier burden may placed limited number persons elderly persons born may difficulty obtaining birth certificate mitigated fact eligible voters without photo identification may cast provisional ballots counted execute required affidavit circuit clerk office even assuming burden may justified voters conclusion means sufficient establish petitioners right relief seek pp petitioners bear heavy burden persuasion seeking invalidate sea applications reasoning washington state grange washington state republican party applies added force petitioners argue indiana interests justify burden imposed voters afford obtain birth certificate must make second trip circuit clerk office possible quantify based evidence record either burden magnitude portion burden fully justified facial challenge must fail statute legitimate sweep considering sea broad application indiana voters imposes limited burden voters rights burdick takushi precise interests advanced indiana therefore sufficient defeat petitioners facial challenge pp valid neutral justifications nondiscriminatory law sea disregarded simply partisan interests may provided one motivation votes individual legislators justice scalia joined justice thomas justice alito view petitioners premise law might imposed special burden voters irrelevant law upheld overall burden minimal justified law respecting right vote evaluated approach burdick takushi calls application deferential important regulatory interests standard nonsevere nondiscriminatory restrictions reserving strict scrutiny laws severely restrict right vote different ways indiana law affects different voters different impacts single burden law uniformly imposes voters vote person everyone must present photo identification obtained free generally applicable nondiscriminatory voting regulation law universally applicable requirements eminently reasonable burden acquiring possessing showing free photo identification significant increase usual voting burdens state stated interests sufficient sustain minimal burden pp stevens announced judgment delivered opinion roberts kennedy joined scalia filed opinion concurring judgment thomas alito joined souter filed dissenting opinion ginsburg joined breyer filed dissenting opinion william crawford et petitioners marion county election board et al indiana democratic party et petitioners todd rokita indiana secretary state et al writs certiorari appeals seventh circuit april justice stevens announced judgment delivered opinion chief justice justice kennedy join issue cases constitutionality indiana statute requiring citizens voting person election day casting ballot person office circuit clerk prior election day present photo identification issued government referred either voter id law sea statute applies voting primary general elections requirement apply absentee ballots submitted mail statute contains exception persons living voting facility nursing home ind code ann west supp voter indigent religious objection photographed may cast provisional ballot counted executes appropriate affidavit circuit clerk within days following election west voter photo identification unable present identification election day may file provisional ballot counted brings photo identification circuit county clerk office within days photo identification required order register state offers free photo identification qualified voters able establish residence identity west supp promptly enactment sea indiana democratic party marion county democratic central committee democrats filed suit federal district southern district indiana state officials responsible enforcement seeking judgment declaring voter id law invalid enjoining enforcement second suit seeking relief brought behalf two elected officials several nonprofit organizations representing groups elderly disabled poor minority cases consolidated state indiana intervened defend validity statute complaints consolidated cases allege new law substantially burdens right vote violation fourteenth amendment neither necessary appropriate method avoiding election fraud arbitrarily disfranchise qualified voters possess required identification place unjustified burden readily obtain identification second amended complaint sd ind pp hereinafter second amended complaint discovery district judge barker prepared comprehensive opinion explaining decision grant defendants motion summary judgment supp sd ind found petitioners introduced evidence single individual indiana resident unable vote result sea right vote unduly burdened requirements rejected utterly incredible unreliable expert report registered voters indiana possess either driver license acceptable photo identification estimated statute enacted around indiana residents lacked driver license identification card divided panel appeals affirmed majority first held democrats standing bring facial challenge constitutionality sea next noting absence plaintiffs claimed law deter voting appeals inferred motivation suit simply law may require democratic party organizational plaintiffs work harder get every last one supporters polls rejected argument law judged strict standard applicable poll tax burden voters offset benefit reducing risk fraud dissenting judge viewing justification law hollow precisely attempt discourage turnout certain folks believed skew democratic applied stricter standard something described close scrutiny light opinion evans view law imposes undue burden recognizable segment potential eligible voters therefore violates rights first fourteenth amendments constitution four judges voted grant petition rehearing en banc wood dissenting denial rehearing en banc agreed assessment importance cases granted certiorari however persuaded district appeals correctly concluded evidence record sufficient support facial attack validity entire statute thus harper virginia bd elections held virginia condition right vote state election payment poll tax rejected dissenters argument interest promoting civic responsibility weeding voters care enough public affairs pay small sum privilege voting provided rational basis tax see opinion harlan applying stricter standard concluded state violates equal protection clause fourteenth amendment whenever makes affluence voter payment fee electoral standard opinion used term invidiously discriminate describe conduct prohibited standard noting previously held state may obviously impose reasonable residence restrictions availability ballot may deny opportunity vote bona fide resident merely member armed services citing carrington rash although state justification tax rational invidious irrelevant voter qualifications thus standard applied harper even rational restrictions right vote invidious unrelated voter qualifications anderson celebrezze however confirmed general rule evenhanded restrictions protect integrity reliability electoral process invidious satisfy standard set forth harper rather applying litmus test neatly separate valid invalid restrictions concluded must identify evaluate interests put forward state justifications burden imposed rule make hard judgment adversary system demands later election cases followed anderson balancing approach thus norman reed identifying burden illinois imposed political party access ballot called demonstration corresponding interest sufficiently weighty justify limitation concluded severe restriction justified narrowly drawn state interest compelling importance later burdick takushi applied anderson standard nondiscriminatory restrictions upheld hawaii prohibition voting despite fact prevented significant number voters participating hawaii elections meaningful manner kennedy dissenting reaffirmed anderson requirement evaluating constitutional challenge election regulation weigh asserted injury right vote interests put forward state justifications burden imposed rule quoting anderson neither norman burdick identify litmus test measuring severity burden state law imposes political party individual voter discrete class voters however slight burden may appear harper demonstrates must justified relevant legitimate state interests sufficiently weighty justify limitation norman therefore begin analysis constitutionality indiana statute focusing interests ii state identified several state interests arguably justify burdens sea imposes voters potential voters petitioners argue statute actually motivated partisan concerns dispute significance state interests magnitude real threat interests question legitimacy interests state identified unquestionably relevant state interest protecting integrity reliability electoral process first interest deterring detecting voter fraud state valid interest participating nationwide effort improve modernize election procedures criticized antiquated state also argues particular interest preventing voter fraud response problem part product maladministration namely indiana voter registration rolls include large number names persons either deceased longer live indiana finally state relies interest safeguarding voter confidence interests merits separate comment election modernization two recently enacted federal statutes made necessary reexamine election procedures contain provisions consistent state choice use photo identification relevant source information concerning citizen eligibility vote national voter registration act nvra stat et congress established procedures increase number registered voters protect integrity electoral process statute requires state motor vehicle driver license applications serve voter registration applications requirement increased number registered voters statute also contains provision restricting ability remove names lists registered voters protections partly responsible inflated lists registered voters example evidence credited judge barker estimated indiana voter rolls inflated much see supp data collected election assistance committee indicated indiana counties registration totals exceeding population dept justice complaint indiana sd june app hava congress required every state create maintain computerized statewide list registered voters supp hava also requires verify voter information contained voter registration application specifies either applicant driver license number last digits applicant social security number acceptable verifications individual neither number state required assign applicant voter identification number ii hava also imposes new identification requirements individuals registering vote first time submit applications mail voter casting ballot person must present local election officials written identification may either current valid photo identification another form documentation bank statement paycheck voter voting mail must include copy identification ballot voter may also include copy documentation application provide driver license number social security number verification finally provision entitled voting hava authorizes casting provisional ballots challenged voters course neither hava nvra required indiana enact sea indicate congress believes photo identification one effective method establishing voter qualification vote integrity elections enhanced improved technology conclusion also supported report issued shortly enactment sea commission federal election reform chaired former president jimmy carter former secretary state james baker iii part record cases introduction discussion voter identification made pertinent comments good registration list ensure citizens registered one place election officials still need make sure person arriving polling site one named registration list old days small towns everyone knows voters need identify million people move year urban areas people even know people living apartment building let alone precinct form identification needed evidence extensive fraud elections multiple voting occur affect outcome close election electoral system inspire public confidence safeguards exist deter detect fraud confirm identity voters photo identification cards currently needed board plane enter federal buildings cash check voting equally important commission federal election reform report building confidence elections app report omitted voter fraud kind voter fraud sea addresses voter impersonation polling places record contains evidence fraud actually occurring indiana time history moreover petitioners argue provisions indiana criminal code punishing conduct felony provide adequate protection risk conduct occur future remains true however flagrant examples fraud parts country documented throughout nation history respected historians occasional examples surfaced recent indiana experience fraudulent voting democratic primary east chicago though perpetrated using absentee ballots fraud demonstrate risk voter fraud real affect outcome close election question legitimacy importance state interest counting votes eligible voters moreover interest orderly administration accurate recordkeeping provides sufficient justification carefully identifying voters participating election process effective method preventing election fraud may well debatable propriety perfectly clear brief state argues inflation voter rolls provides support enactment sea record contains november newspaper article asserting result nvra sloppy record keeping indiana lists registered voters included names thousands persons either moved died eligible vote convicted conclusion indiana unusually inflated list registered voters supported entry consent decree litigation brought federal government alleging violations nvra consent decree order indiana sd june app even though indiana negligence may contributed serious inflation registration lists sea enacted fact inflated voter rolls provide neutral nondiscriminatory reason supporting state decision require photo identification safeguarding voter confidence finally state contends interest protecting public confidence integrity legitimacy representative government brief state respondents interest closely related state interest preventing voter fraud public confidence integrity electoral process independent significance encourages citizen participation democratic process report observed electoral system inspire public confidence safeguards exist deter detect fraud confirm identity voters supra iii employ different methods identifying eligible voters polls merely check names registered voters identify others require voters present registration cards documentation vote require voters sign names signatures compared file recent years increasing number relied primarily photo photo identification requirement imposes burdens voters methods identification share example voter may lose photo identification may wallet stolen way polls may resemble photo identification recently grew beard burdens sort arising life vagaries however neither serious frequent raise question constitutionality sea availability right cast provisional ballot provides adequate remedy problems character burdens relevant issue us imposed persons eligible vote possess current photo identification complies requirements sea fact voters already possess valid driver license form acceptable identification save statute reasoning harper state required voters pay tax fee obtain new photo identification provide free voter registration cards photo identification cards issued indiana bmv also free voters need inconvenience making trip bmv gathering required documents posing photograph surely qualify substantial burden right vote even represent significant increase usual burdens evidence record facts may take judicial notice however indicate somewhat heavier burden may placed limited number persons include elderly persons born may difficulty obtaining birth certificate persons economic personal limitations may find difficult either secure copy birth certificate assemble required documentation obtain identification homeless persons persons religious objection photographed assume evidence suggests members classes registered voters sea enacted new identification requirement may imposed special burden right vote severity burden course mitigated fact eligible voters without photo identification may cast provisional ballots ultimately counted however must travel circuit clerk office within days execute required affidavit unlikely requirement pose constitutional problem unless wholly unjustified even assuming burden may justified conclusion means sufficient establish petitioners right relief seek litigation iv given fact petitioners advanced broad attack constitutionality sea seeking relief invalidate statute applications bear heavy burden persuasion weeks ago held appeals ninth circuit failed give appropriate weight magnitude burden sustained preelection facial attack washington statute regulating state primary election procedures washington state grange washington state republican party reasoning case applies added force arguments advanced petitioners cases petitioners ask effect perform unique balancing analysis looks specifically small number voters may experience special burden statute weighs burdens state broad interests protecting election integrity petitioners urge us ask whether state interests justify burden imposed voters afford obtain birth certificate must make second trip circuit clerk office voting basis evidence record possible quantify either magnitude burden narrow class voters portion burden imposed fully justified first evidence record provide us number registered voters without photo identification judge barker found petitioners expert report utterly incredible unreliable supp much argument numbers voters comes extrarecord postjudgment studies accuracy tested trial deposition evidence presented district provide concrete evidence burden imposed voters currently lack photo identification record includes depositions two case managers day shelter homeless persons depositions members plaintiff organizations none expressed personal inability vote sea deposition named plaintiff describes difficulty elderly woman obtaining identification card although testimony indicated intended return bmv since recently obtained birth certificate able pay birth certificate fee app judge barker opinion makes reference six elderly named plaintiffs photo identifications several individuals birth certificates born indiana indicated difficult obtain birth certificate supp one elderly named plaintiff stated attempted obtain birth certificate tennessee successful another testified know obtain birth certificate north carolina elderly indiana however may easier time obtaining photo identification card nonelderly see supra although may completely acceptable alternative elderly indiana able vote absentee without presenting photo identification record says virtually nothing difficulties faced either indigent voters voters religious objections photographed one elderly man stated money pay birth certificate asked money wish spend replied app limited evidence know magnitude impact sea indigent voters indiana record contain affidavit one homeless woman copy birth certificate denied photo identification card address single affidavit gives indication common problem sum basis record made litigation conclude statute imposes excessively burdensome requirements class voters see storer brown facial challenge must fail statute legitimate sweep washington state grange quoting washington glucksberg stevens concurring judgments consider statute broad application indiana voters conclude imposes limited burden voters rights burdick advanced state therefore sufficient defeat petitioners facial challenge sea finally note petitioners demonstrated proper remedy even assuming unjustified burden voters invalidate entire statute evaluating neutral nondiscriminatory regulation voting procedure must keep mind ruling unconstitutionality frustrates intent elected representatives people ayotte planned parenthood northern new quoting regan time plurality opinion washington state grange slip briefs petitioners stress fact republicans general assembly voted favor sea democrats unanimous opposing opinion rejecting petitioners facial challenge judge barker noted litigation result partisan dispute spilled state house courts supp fair infer partisan considerations may played significant role decision enact sea considerations provided justification photo identification requirement may also assume sea suffer fate poll tax issue harper nondiscriminatory law supported valid neutral justifications justifications disregarded simply partisan interests may provided one motivation votes individual legislators state interests identified justifications sea neutral sufficiently strong require us reject petitioners facial attack statute application statute vast majority indiana voters amply justified valid interest protecting integrity reliability electoral process anderson judgment appeals affirmed ordered william crawford et petitioners marion county election board et al indiana democratic party et petitioners todd rokita indiana secretary state et al writs certiorari appeals seventh circuit april justice scalia justice thomas justice alito join concurring judgment lead opinion assumes petitioners premise law may imposed special burden voters ante holds petitioners assembled evidence show special burden severe enough warrant strict scrutiny ante true enough sake clarity finality well adherence precedent prefer decide cases grounds petitioners premise irrelevant burden issue minimal justified evaluate law respecting right vote whether governs voter qualifications candidate selection voting process use approach set burdick takushi calls application deferential important regulatory interests standard nonsevere nondiscriminatory restrictions reserving strict scrutiny laws severely restrict right vote internal quotation marks omitted lead opinion resists import burdick characterizing simply adopting balancing approach anderson celebrezze majority opinion stevens see ante see also ante although burdick liberally quoted anderson burdick forged anderson amorphous flexible standard something resembling administrable rule see burdick supra since burdick repeatedly reaffirmed primacy approach see timmons twin cities area new party clingman beaver trict scrutiny appropriate burden severe thus first step decide whether challenged law severely burdens right vote ordinary widespread burdens requiring nominal effort everyone severe see burdens severe go beyond merely inconvenient see storer brown characterizing law williams rhodes severe burdensome satisfy course identify burden weigh indiana law affects different voters differently ante petitioners view law several light heavy burdens different impacts single burden law uniformly imposes voters vote person indiana everyone must present photo identification obtained free state draws classifications let alone discriminatory ones except establish optional absentee provisional balloting certain poor elderly institutionalized voters religious objectors voters already photo identifications exempted burden since voters must maintain accuracy information displayed identifications renew expire replace lost indiana law generally applicable nondiscriminatory voting regulation precedents refute view individual impacts relevant determining severity burden imposes course concluding hawaii laws issue burdick impose limited burden voters rights make free choices associate politically vote considered laws reasonably foreseeable effect voters generally see discuss whether laws severe effect burdick right vote given particular circumstances essentially approach burdick dissenters applied strict scrutiny laws effect voters see kennedy dissenting see also majority analysis ignores inevitable significant burden ban imposes upon individual voters emphasis added subsequent cases followed burdick generalized review nondiscriminatory election laws see timmons supra clingman supra indeed clingman holding burdens severe ordinary widespread rendered meaningless single plaintiff claim severe burden decisions predating burdick addressed whether challenged voting regulation severely burdened right vote began grapple magnitude burdens categorically consider peculiar circumstances individual voters candidates see jenness fortson thus rosario rockefeller link state interest inhibiting party raiding petitioners circumstances see storer brown supra observed severity burden regulation measured according nature extent likely impact emphasis added therefore instructed district decide remand whether reasonably diligent independent candidate expected satisfy signature requirements rarely unaffiliated candidate succeed getting ballot emphasis added notably suggest district consider whether one petitioners actually find difficult reasonably diligent candidate obtain required signatures mattered general assessment burden insofar cases rest upon requirements fourteenth amendment see anderson supra weighing burden nondiscriminatory voting law upon voter concomitantly requiring exceptions vulnerable voters effectively turn back decades jurisprudence voter complaining law effect valid claim without proof discriminatory intent generally applicable law disparate impact unconstitutional see washington davis fourteenth amendment regard neutral laws invidious ones even burdens purportedly fall disproportionately protected class fortiori classes complaining disparate impact even protected see harris mcrae poverty cleburne cleburne living center disability gregory ashcroft age cf employment dept human resources smith first amendment require exceptions religious objectors neutral rules general applicability even thought stare decisis foreclose adopting approach reject original matter area dos need known advance election examination burdens voting regulations prove especially disruptive approach naturally encourages constant litigation new election regulations improve everyone lot potential allegations severe burden endless state reducing number polling places open complaint violated rights disabled voters live near closed stations indeed may even case laws already books especially burdensome voters one predict lawsuits demanding state adopt voting internet expand absentee balloting sort detailed judicial supervision election process flout constitution express commitment task see art state legislatures weigh costs benefits possible changes election codes judgment must prevail unless imposes severe unjustified overall burden upon right vote intended disadvantage particular class judicial review handiwork must apply objective uniform standard enable determine ex ante whether burden impose severe lead opinion resolution cases neither rejects embraces rule precedents provides certainty embolden litigants surmise precedents abandoned good reason prefer course universally applicable requirements indiana law eminently reasonable burden acquiring possessing showing free photo identification simply severe even represent significant increase usual burdens voting ante state interests ante sufficient sustain minimal burden end matter state accommodates voters permitting requiring casting absentee provisional ballots indulgence constitutional imperative falls short required william crawford et petitioners marion county election board et al indiana democratic party et petitioners todd rokita indiana secretary state et al writs certiorari appeals seventh circuit april justice souter justice ginsburg joins dissenting indiana voter id law threatens impose nontrivial burdens voting right tens thousands state citizens see ante lead opinion significant percentage individuals likely deterred voting see ante statute unconstitutional balancing standard burdick takushi state may burden right vote merely invoking abstract interests legitimate see ante even compelling must make particular factual showing threats interests outweigh particular impediments imposed state made justification aspects law hardly even tried therefore respectfully dissent judgment sustaining cases raise two competing interests one side fundamental right vote see burdick supra beyond cavil fundamental significance constitutional quoting illinois bd elections socialist workers party see also purcell gonzalez per curiam dunn blumstein reynolds sims yick wo hopkins judiciary obliged train skeptical eye qualification right see reynolds supra especially since right exercise franchise free unimpaired manner preservative basic civil political rights alleged infringement right citizens vote must carefully meticulously scrutinized unfettered right however lies ommon sense well constitutional law government must play active role structuring elections practical matter must substantial regulation elections fair honest sort order rather chaos accompany democratic processes burdick supra quoting storer brown see also burdick supra election laws invariably impose burden upon individual voters given legitimacy interests sides avoided levels scrutiny favor balancing analysis scrutiny varies effect regulation issue whatever claim long made careful appraisal practical burdens right vote state reasons imposing precise burdens thus burdick considering challenge must weigh character magnitude asserted injury rights protected first fourteenth amendments plaintiff seeks vindicate precise interests put forward state justifications burden imposed rule taking consideration extent interests make necessary burden plaintiff rights quoting anderson celebrezze lead opinion disavow basic principles see ante discussing burdick see also ante however slight burden may appear must justified relevant legitimate state interests sufficiently weighty justify limitation internal quotation marks omitted think insist enough hard facts standard review demands ii burdick rigorousness inquiry propriety state election law depends upon extent challenged regulation burdens first fourteenth amendment rights upon assessment character magnitude asserted threatened injury ibid quoting anderson supra estimate number voters likely affected first set burdens shown cases travel costs fees necessary get one limited variety federal state photo identifications needed cast regular ballot voter id travel required personal visit license branch indiana bureau motor vehicles bmv demanded anyone applying driver license nondriver photo identification see indiana democratic party rokita supp sd ind need travel bmv branch affect voters according circumstances average person probably viewing nothing inconvenience poor old disabled voters drive car however may find trip witness fact bmv far fewer license branches county voting marion county example active voting precincts see brief respondents yet bmv license branches lake county active voting precincts see supra match bmv locations allen county active voting precincts see bmv license pattern holds counties smaller populations brown county active voter precincts see one bmv office polling places available fayette county municipal bmv license branch henry county polling places approved bmv office burden traveling distant bmv office rather conveniently located polling place probably serious many individuals lack photo almost certainly cars see brief current former state secretaries state amici curiae public transportation indiana fairly limited according report published indiana department transportation august indiana counties public transportation system nearly every voters lived within among counties public system provide service within certain cities others restrict public transportation regional county service leaving offer countywide public transportation see supra state officials recognize effect travel costs voter turnout marion county example efforts made establis polling places locations even convenient statutory minimum order provid neighborhood voting brief respondents pp although making voters travel farther convenient possible amount severe burden burdick reason ignore burden altogether translates obvious economic cost whether work time lost getting paying transportation indiana voter must bear obtain id voters afford roundtrip second financial hurdle appears order get photo identification first time need present birth certificate certificate naturalization veterans photo identification military photo identification passport ante lead opinion quoting ind admin code tit lead opinion says two common documents come price indiana counties charge anywhere birth certificate fee significantly higher see ante price must usually paid passport since birth certificate required prove citizenship birth total fees passport moreover voters must pay least one fee get id necessary cast regular travel costs fees far shocking face burdick analysis matters travel costs fees disproportionately heavy thus disproportionately likely deter poor old immobile sure indiana exception id requirement individuals state considers indigent well religious objections photographed see ante lead opinion sort exception theory provide way around costs procuring id indiana chosen exception amount much relief law allows voters lack necessary id sign poll book cast provisional ballot see supp citing ind code ann west supp lead opinion recognizes though ante first step provisional ballot counted voter must appear person circuit clerk county election board within days election sign affidavit attesting indigency religious objection photographed present id point see supp unlike trip bmv assuming things go smoothly needs made every four years renewal nondriver photo identification see id one must taken every time poor person religious objector wishes vote state allow affidavit count successive elections unlike trip bmv least handful license branches populous counties county one county seat forcing people travel county seat every time try vote particularly onerous reason noted already counties indiana either lack public transportation offer limited coverage see supra need travel county seat election amounts high hurdle shown results municipal elections marion county indiana voter id law applied provisional ballots cast two provisional voters made county clerk office within days see brief respondents pp aspiring voters appeared appropriate precinct provided signature every signature matched one file voters whose ballots counted history voting marion county elections see suggests provisional ballots obviate burdens getting photo identification even option inadequate reason indigency exception definition offers relief voters consider considered indigent practical matter find hard nonfinancial reasons get required id obviously disabled indiana voter id law thus threatens impose serious burdens voting right even severe ones next question burdick whether number individuals likely affected significant well record evidence facts open judicial notice answer yes although district found petitioners failed offer reliable empirical study numbers voters affected see ante lead opinion may accept rough calculation residents lack kind identification card required indiana law see supp district made estimate comparing bmv records reproduced petitioners statistician report census bureau figures indiana population see state argue raw data unreliable state fact shows discomfort district finding estimated individuals state population lack qualifying id brief respondents state willingness take number surprising may less light district observation several factors suggest percentage indiana voting age population photo identification actually lower supp suggestion line national surveys showing roughly americans without card see brief petitioners pp citing national commission election reform assure pride confidence task force reports ch vi verification identity http offered reason think indiana substantially better job distributing ids fair reading data supports district finding around indiana residents lack needed identification bear burdens law imposes sure figure discounted extent residents certain nursing homes exempted photo identification requirement supp state suggest narrow exception possibly reduce insubstantial upshot tens thousands residents lack necessary photo identification large proportion likely bad shape economically see doubt people photo id low economic ladder cf bullock carter ignore reality recognize system falls unequal weight voters according economic status voter id law places hurdles way either getting id voting provisionally translate nontrivial economic costs accordingly reason doubt significant number state residents discouraged disabled voting cf supp doubt individuals exist somewhere even though plaintiffs unable locate doubt least law deter voting indiana see also ante lead opinion petitioners sure failed nail precisely great cohort discouraged totally deterred voters empirical precision beyond foregoing numbers never demanded raising claim cf washington state grange washington state republican party roberts concurring slip nothing analysis requires parties produce studies regarding voter perceptions score dunn blumstein difficult determine precisely many voters throughout country vote durational residence requirements bullock supra taking account obvious likelihood candidate filing fees fall heavily less affluent segment community whose favorites may unable pay large costs course greatly aid plaintiff establish claims beyond mathematical doubt enough show serious burdens likely thus petitioners case clearly strong enough prompt cursory examination state asserted interests fact indiana photo identification requirement one restrictive country see brief current former state secretaries state amici curiae compiling state statutes see also brief texas et al amici curiae makes critical examination state claims order cf randall sorrell plurality opinion citing danger sig contribution limits substantially lower comparable limits concluding consequently must examine record independently carefully determine whether limits drawn match state interests souter dissenting finding deference appropriate reasoning limits consistent limits set legislatures many populations larger vermont legislature vermont evidently tried account realities campaigning vermont iii lead opinion finds limited burdens right vote see ante avoids hard look state claimed interests see ante found voter id law burdens far trivial make rigorous assessment precise interests put forward state justifications burden imposed rule extent interests make necessary burden plaintiff rights burdick quoting anderson quotation burdick indicates interests claimed justify regulatory scheme subject discount two distinct ways first generalities raised state shaved precise aspect claimed interests addressed law issue california democratic party jones emphasis omitted see ibid scrutiny state interests made abstract asking whether interests highly significant values rather asking whether aspect interests addressed law issue highly significant emphasis original even state show particularized interests addressed law interests subject discount depending extent make necessary burden plaintiff rights burdick supra internal quotation marks omitted lead opinion sees state offered four related concerns suffice justify voter id law modernizing election procedures combating voter fraud addressing consequences state bloated voter rolls protecting public confidence integrity electoral process see ante closer look however appears first two really one claim modest weight best latter two anything weaken state case lead opinion discussion state reasons begins state asserted interests election modernization ante combating voter fraud see ante although given separate headings line drawn unconvincing understand effort modernize elections brief respondents modernity sake reach certain practical political event proposed modernization fact aimless put forward change change sake state justify appreciable burden right vote might ensue useless technology constitutional value fact case state says adopted id law principally combat voter fraud claim slogan election modernization warrants attention denying abstract importance compelling nature combating voter fraud see purcell acknowledging state compelling interest preventing voter fraud cf eu san francisco county democratic central state indisputably compelling interest preserving integrity election process takes several steps get beyond level abstraction begin requiring voter show photo identification casting regular ballot addresses one form voter fraud voter impersonation photo id requirement leaves untouched problems fraud unlike voter impersonation documented problem indiana see supp registered voters voting maintaining identities different counties different felons disqualified individuals voting names vote buying matter ballot miscounting voter intimidation type corruption part officials administering elections see brief brennan center justice et al amici curiae even state interest deterring voter showing polls claiming someone must turn discounted fact state come across single instance voter impersonation fraud indiana history see supp see also ante lead opinion neither district indiana general assembly passed voter id law given evidence whatsoever voter impersonation fraud state see supp absence support consistent experience several veteran poll watchers indiana submitted testimony district never witnessed instance attempted voter impersonation fraud polls ibid also consistent dearth evidence voter impersonation part country see ante lead opinion conceding scattered instances voter fraud see also brief brennan center justice supra demonstrating national evidence including evidence relied courts suggests type voting fraud may remedied photo id requirement virtually nonexistent voter impersonation real problem state responds want evidence assertion voter impersonation fraud hard detect like saying man hard know whether difficulty detection accounts lack evidence one least ask whether voter impersonation relatively harder ferret kinds fraud absentee ballot state trouble documenting answer seems reason think impersonation voters likely type fraud discovered election assistance commission election crimes initial review recommendations future study http hereinafter eac report part individual impersonates another polls commits fraud open scrutiny local poll workers may well recognize fraudulent voter hear claims see brief respondents recinct workers may recognize imposter precinct election workers authority challenge persons appearing vote election board member satisfied person offers vote person person represents person quoting ind code ann west relative ease discovering voter impersonation also owing odds fraud committed organized groups campaigns political parties rather individuals acting alone minnite callahan securing vote analysis election fraud simply worth individuals acting alone commit voter impersonation relatively ineffectual foolish may commit imposter gets caught subject severe criminal penalties see ind code ann making felony knowingly vot offe vote election person registered authorized vote certain exceptions person knowingly votes offers vote precinct except one person registered resides commits felony making felony knowingly vot mak application vote election name person person voted election knowingly applies vote election person name name commits felony see also individual votes certain federal elections shall fined imprisoned five years even succeeds imposter gains nothing one additional vote candidate see eac report voter impersonation inefficient method influencing election levitt truth voter fraud raud individual voters singularly foolish ineffective way attempt win election act voter fraud connection federal election risks five years prison fine addition state penalties return yields one incremental vote single extra vote simply worth price omitted cf vote political election rarely instrumental value since elections political office state federal level never decided one vote emphasis original sum fraud individuals acting alone however difficult detect unlikely may greater incentives organized groups engage voter impersonation fraud see minnite callahan supra also far difficult conceal larger enterprises sort state argument difficulty detecting fraud lacks real force nothing else state say much bolster case state argues example even without evidence voter impersonation indiana enough state show opportunities fraud transparently obvious elections without identification checks brief respondents course indiana elections voter id law run without identification checks contrary marion county election board informs us systems place detect voter impersonation fraud challenged statute enacted brief respondents included hiring poll workers precinct residents familiar neighborhood making signature comparisons effort supported criminal provisions mentioned matter deterrence argument much work since photo identification hardly failsafe impersonation indiana knows state began issue redesigned driver licenses digital state made shift precisely words bmv visual inspection adequate determine authenticity driver licenses see indiana bmv supra indeed bmv explains digital watermarks scanned using equipment far indiana use polling places needed tak guesswork inspection least polling places machines special software scan new driver licenses licenses older designs expire licenses issued redesigning good see supp indiana law assure voter fraud take place fake ids attempted signature forgery despite readily stipulate state interest responding risk however small voter impersonation see ante lead opinion reach conclusion like others accepted legislature significantly greater institutional expertise example field election regulation practice defers empirical legislative judgments randall souter dissenting quoting nixon shrink missouri government pac breyer concurring weight owed legislative judgment ultimate valuation particular interest state asserts take account evidence well legislative judgments certainly law one restrictive kind see supra record unreasonable accord assumed state interest modest antifraud rationale open skepticism one ground burdick spoke assessment degree necessity state particular course action two points deserve attention first state even tried justify decision implement photo identification requirement immediately passage new law period given state time distribute newly designed licenses make genuine effort get individuals need period transition exactly commission federal election reform headed former president carter former secretary state baker recommended report see building confidence elections app hereinafter report next two federal elections january require voters present id polls voters fail nonetheless allowed cast provisional ballot ballot count signature verified period report said need make efforts ensure voters provided convenient opportunities obtain required identification former president former secretary state explained recommendation essay yes concerned approximately percent citizens lack driver license proposed finally assume responsibility seek citizens register voters provide free id meet federal standards open new offices use social service agencies deploy mobile offices register voters connecting id registration voting participation expanded carter baker voting reform cards times although indiana claims adopted id requirement relying partly report see brief respondents pp see also ante lead opinion state conspicuously rejected report recommendation aimed reducing burdens right vote conspicuously fails even try explain left state claim must downgraded one final reason regardless interest state may adopting photo identification requirement general matter interest way necessitates particular burdens voter id law imposes poor people religious objectors individuals unable get photo identification forced travel county seat every time wish exercise franchise get within days election see supra nothing state interest fighting voter fraud justifies requirement trip county seat instead verification process polling places briefing state responds pointing interest keeping lines polling places short see brief respondents warns election workers scarce resource election must attend details validating provisional ballots voters may wait longer vote assures us othing deters voting much long lines polls ibid argument fails terms whatever might number individuals casting provisional ballot state simply allow voters sign indigency affidavit polls subject review voter id law already requires voters lacking photo identification sign polling site affidavit attesting proper registration see supp indeed state argument fails backfires implicitly conceding number individuals need rely burdensome mechanism district found voter id law actually increases likelihood delay polls since minor discrepancy voter photo identification card registration information may lead challenge opportunities presenting challenges ha increased result photo identification requirements cf evans dissenting potential mischief law obvious name id name voter registration list last name newly married woman id maiden name registration list conform name misspelled one schmit versus schmitt conform appears one shortened conform state asserted interests modernizing elections combating fraud decidedly modest best fail offset clear inference thousands indiana citizens discouraged voting two remaining justifications meanwhile actually weaken state case lead opinion agrees state inflation voter rolls support enactment voter id law ante puzzling conclusion given fact lead opinion notes national government filed complaint indiana containing allegation indiana failed conduct general program makes reasonable effort identify remove ineligible voters state registration list failed remove ineligible voters failed engage oversight actions sufficient ensure local election jurisdictions identify remove ineligible voters app federal government state agreed settle case consent decree order entered see ante requiring indiana fulfill obligations national voter registration act stat justify restrictions right vote difficult say state simply trying take advantage wrong true state fear voter impersonation fraud arises bloated voter checklist answer problem state hands claim state interest addressing symptom problem alleged impersonation rather problem negligently maintained bloated rolls thus shows state justifiable need burden right vote suggests state serious combating fraud claims state final justification interest safeguarding voter confidence similarly collapses problem claiming interest lies connection bloated voter rolls state come nothing suggest citizens doubt integrity state electoral process except failure maintain rolls answer problem burden right vote end official negligence go without saying none deny legitimate interest safeguarding public confidence example recognized fighting perceptions political corruption stemming large political contributions legitimate substantial state interest underlying campaign finance laws bribery antigratuity statutes well see nixon shrink missouri government pac force interest depends facts plausibility assumptions said justify invoking see quantum empirical evidence needed satisfy heightened judicial scrutiny legislative judgments vary novelty plausibility justification raised found nixon little reason doubt sometimes large contributions work actual corruption political system reason question existence corresponding suspicion among voters plenty reason doubtful reality perception simply plausible assume evidence voter impersonation fraud state little nationwide public perception fraud nevertheless inherent election system providing severe criminal penalties fraud mandating signature checks polls cf perception corruption regime large individual financial contributions candidates public office quoting buckley valeo per curiam without shred evidence voter impersonation problem state much less crisis indiana adopted one restrictive photo identification requirements country state recognizes tens thousands qualified voters lack necessary federally issued identification insists implementing requirement immediately without allowing transition period targeted efforts distribute required identification individuals need state hardly even tries explain decision force indigents religious objectors travel way county seats every time wish vote waning confidence administration elections probably owes state violation federal election law imposters polling places impossible say record state interest adopting signally inhibiting photo identification requirement shown outweigh serious burdens imposes right vote needed condemn law precedent provide calculation revealed indiana statute crosses line targets poor weak cf anderson celebrezze especially difficult state justify restriction limits political participation identifiable political group whose members share particular viewpoint associational preference economic status decision harper virginia bd elections stands anything poor nothing qualified vote harper made clear introduce wealth payment fee measure voter qualifications introduce capricious irrelevant factor state requirements people without cars travel motor vehicle registry poor fail get county seats within days every election likewise translate unjustified economic burdens uncomfortably close outright fee struck years ago like fee onus indiana law illegitimate correlates state interest well object deterring poorer residents exercising franchise indiana voter id law thus unconstitutional state interests fail justify practical limitations placed right vote law imposes unreasonable irrelevant burden voters poor old vacate judgment seventh circuit remand proceedings william crawford et petitioners marion county election board et al indiana democratic party et petitioners todd rokita indiana secretary state et al writs certiorari appeals seventh circuit april justice breyer dissenting indiana statute requires registered voters present photo identification polls imposes burden upon voters order prevent fraud build confidence voting system thereby maintain integrity voting process determining whether statute violates federal constitution balance interests statute affects asking whether statute burdens one interest manner proportion statute salutary effects upon others perhaps necessarily existence clearly superior less restrictive alternative nixon shrink missouri government pac breyer concurring ante lead opinion similar standard ante souter dissenting similar standard applying standard believe statute unconstitutional imposes disproportionate burden upon eligible voters lack driver license statutorily valid form photo id like justice stevens give weight fact national commission chaired former president jimmy carter former secretary state james baker studied issue recommended require voter photo ids see report commission federal election reform building confidence elections report app record discredit report suggest indiana exceptional see nothing prevent indiana legislature federal considering constitutionality statute taking account legislatively relevant facts report sets forth paying attention expert conclusions thus share general view lead opinion insofar holds constitution automatically forbid indiana enacting photo id requirement also believe justice stevens believes burden imposed indiana statute eligible voters lack photo ids indeterminate basis record made litigation ante believe justice scalia believes burden statute imposes minimal justified ante opinion concurring judgment reject petitioners facial attack primarily reasons set forth part ii lead opinion see ante agree however justice stevens justice scalia assessment burdens imposed statute commission conditioned recommendation upon willingness ensure requisite photo ids easily available issued free charge requirement phased two federal election cycles ease transition report app described part ii justice souter dissenting opinion see ante indiana law fails satisfy aspects commission recommendation one thing indiana nondriver likely poor elderly disabled find difficult expensive travel bureau motor vehicles particularly resides one many indiana counties lacking public transportation system see ante souter dissenting noting indiana counties public transportation system others restrict public transportation regional county service another many individuals may uncertain obtain underlying documentation usually passport birth certificate upon statute insists may find costs associated documents unduly burdensome copy birth certificate passport way comparison previously found unconstitutionally burdensome poll tax less today see harper virginia bd elections ante souter dissenting indiana exception voters afford cost imposes burden postelection trip county clerk county election board sign indigency affidavit election see ante way contrast two florida georgia put practice photo id requirements significantly less restrictive indiana florida law range permissible forms photo id substantially greater indiana see stat west supp including employee badge id debit credit card student id retirement center id neighborhood association id public assistance id moreover florida voter lacks photo id may cast provisional ballot polling place counted state determines signature matches one voter registration form georgia restricts voters limited list acceptable photo ids florida accepts addition proof voter registration broader range underlying documentation indiana see code ann supp comp rules rule permissible underlying documents include paycheck stub social security medicare medicaid statement school transcript federal affidavit birth long document includes voter full name date birth moreover federal district found georgia undertaken serious concerted effort notify voters may lack photo id cards photo id requirement inform voters availability free photo id cards free voter id cards instruct voters concerning obtain cards advise voters vote absentee mail without photo id common billups supp nd indiana allows certain groups elderly disabled vote absentee ballot georgia voter may vote absentee without providing excuse except required federal law need present photo id order compare ind code west code ann supp finally neither georgia florida insists indiana indigent voters travel election cycle potentially distant places purposes signing indigency affidavit record nowhere provides convincing reason indiana photo id requirement must impose greater burdens commission recommended nationwide reason think proportionately fewer voters indiana elsewhere country district rough estimate see supp sd ind need determine constitutionality florida georgia requirements matters us order conclude indiana requirement imposes significantly harsher unjustified burden course report constitution findings highly relevant legislative judicial determinations reasonableness photo id requirement related necessity assuring eligible vote possess requisite ids presence alternative methods assuring possession methods superior indiana statute sets forth commission findings taken together considerations set forth part ii justice stevens opinion part ii justice souter dissenting opinion lead conclusion constitution general forbid indiana enacting photo id requirement statute imposes disproportionate burden upon without valid photo ids reasons dissent footnotes together indiana democratic party et al rokita secretary state indiana et also certiorari footnotes senate enrolled act ind acts affidavit must state person executing affidavit individual cast provisional ballot election day affiant indigent unable obtain proof identification without paying fee religious objection photographed ind code ann west election board determines challenge affiant based solely failure present photo identification county election board shall find voter provisional ballot valid voters registering vote first time indiana must abide requirements help america vote act hava stat described infra indiana previously imposed fee residents seeking photo identification time indiana legislature enacted sea also directed bureau motor vehicles bmv remove fees photo identification individuals without driver license least years old see ind acts specifically plaintiffs william crawford joseph simpson concerned clergy indianapolis indianapolis resource center independent living indiana coalition housing homeless issues indianapolis branch national association advancement colored people senior action indiana complaint super marion apr added words estimated indiana voting age population already possesses necessary photo identification vote requirements sea supp given availability free photo identification greater public awareness new statutory requirement presumably percentage increased since sea enacted continue increase future also agree unanimous view judges democrats standing challenge validity sea need decide whether petitioners also standing contrary justice scalia suggestion see post opinion concurring judgment approach remains faithful anderson burdick burdick opinion explicit endorsement adherence anderson see repeatedly cited anderson see sure burdick rejected argument strict scrutiny applies laws imposing burden right vote place applied set forth anderson burdick surely create novel deferential regulatory interests standard see post see national commission federal election reform assure pride confidence electoral process honorary former presidents gerald ford jimmy carter historical perceptions report largely confirmed average precinct size increased last century suggesting less likely poll workers personally acquainted voters example time joseph harris wrote groundbreaking report election administration indiana restricted number voters precinct harris election administration brookings institution election commission report indicates indiana average number registered voters per polling place currently election assistance commission final report election day survey ch table hereinafter final report prepared election data services online http internet materials visited apr available clerk case file major cities harris surveyed average number voters per precinct ranged election administration vary today averages exceeding least eight exceeding registered voters per polling place final report ch table one infamous example new york city elections william boss tweed set solidifying consolidating control city one local tough worked boss tweed big tim sullivan insisted repeaters individuals paid vote multiple times whiskers voted whiskers take barber scrape chin fringe vote side lilacs mustache barber comes sides vote third time mustache ai enough box stand ballots clean mustache vote plain face makes every one good four votes callow tweed ring quoting werner tammany hall judge barker cited record evidence containing examples california washington maryland wisconsin georgia illinois pennsylvania missouri miami louis brief amici curiae brennan center justice et al support petitioners addresses examples fraud brief indicates record evidence fraud overstated much fraud actually absentee ballot fraud voter registration fraud remain scattered instances voter fraud example hotly contested gubernatorial election washington conducted investigation voter fraud uncovered ghost voters borders king super chelan june verbatim report unpublished oral decision election partial investigation ghost voting one voter confirmed committed voting fraud le nicolosi dead voted governor race seattle see pabey pastrick ind holding special election required one candidate engaged deliberate series actions making impossible determine candidate received highest number legal votes cast election according uncontested factual findings trial one candidates paid supporters stand near polling places encourage voters especially poor infirm spoke little english vote absentee supporters asked voters contact received ballots supporters assisted voter filling ballot theobald bogus names jam indiana voter list indianapolis star app survey state practice see brief texas et al amici curiae nn ind code ann west requires document satisfy following document shows name individual document issued name conforms name individual voter registration record document shows photograph individual document issued document includes expiration date document expired expired date recent general election document issued state indiana obtain photo identification card person must present least one primary document birth certificate certificate naturalization veterans photo identification military photo identification passport ind admin code tit indiana like charges fee obtaining copy one birth certificate fee varies county currently see indiana state department health web page http charge substantially affidavit robert andrew ford app petitioners note brief petitioners state frequently asked questions web page appears elderly persons attest never issued birth certificate may present forms identification primary document indiana bmv including cards social security benefits statements http see also ind admin code tit commissioner commissioner designee may accept reasonable alternate documents satisfy requirements rule presumably voters casting provisional ballots able obtain photo identifications next election however difficult understand state require voters objection photographed cast provisional ballots subject later verification every election bmv able issue citizens special licenses enable drive without photo identification see ind code ann west supp three comments justice souter speculation burdens sea may impose tens thousands indiana citizens post dissenting opinion appropriate first fact district judge estimated statute passed citizens photo identification see supp sd ind tells us nothing number free photo identification cards issued since second fact public transportation available indiana counties tells us nothing often elderly indigent citizens opportunity obtain photo identification bmv either routine outing family friends special visit bmv arranged civic political group league women voters political party nothing record establishes distribution voters lack photo identification extent evidence sheds light issue suggests voters reside primarily metropolitan areas served public transportation indiana majority plaintiffs reside indianapolis several organizational plaintiffs indianapolis organizations third indigent elderly disabled need journey way county seat time wish exercise franchise post obtain free photo identification card bmv true obtaining birth certificate carries financial cost record provide even rough estimate many indigent voters lack copies birth certificates supposition based extensive internet research adequate substitute admissible evidence subject constitutional adjudication brief petitioners pp republican house members voted bill democrats voted democrats excused voting journal house representatives indiana roll call mar senate republican senators voted favor democratic senators voted journal senate indiana roll call apr footnotes number early decisions purporting rely upon equal protection clause strictly scrutinized nondiscriminatory voting laws requiring payment fees see harper virginia bd elections poll tax bullock carter fee lubin panish fee extent decisions continue stand principle burdick takushi already encompass suffices note never held legislatures must calibrate election laws even totally unrelated money impacts poor voters must otherwise accommodate wealth disparities footnotes senate enrolled act ind acts agree lead opinion petitioners standing therefore need determine whether remaining petitioners also standing see ante indiana law id qualify proof identification unless satisfies following document shows name individual document issued name conforms name individual voter registration record document shows photograph individual document issued document includes expiration date document expired expired date recent general election document issued state indiana ind code ann west state asserts elderly disabled adequately accommodated option cast absentee ballots burdens irrelevant see brief respondents petitioners amici aarp national senior citizens law center point crucial differences absentee regular ballot brief aarp et al amici curiae voting absentee ballot leaves individual without possibility receiving assistance poll workers thus increases likelihood confusion error seriously indiana recognized indiana law treats absentee voters differently way treats election day voters important sense absentee ballot may recounted situations clerical error election officer rendered invalid horseman keller state notes election officials routinely reject absentee ballots suspicion forgery brief respondents record indicates voters indiana unaware risks one elderly affiant district testified trust absentee system lot soldiers vote like votes counted last election according read absentee app deposition david harrison one thing commendable thing state make absentee voting available elderly disabled quite another suggest convenient less reliable absentee ballot available state may freely deprive elderly disabled option voting person indiana law county executives must locate polling place within five miles closest boundary voting precinct limited exceptions precinct may cover active voters time established see brief respondents citing ind code ann result number polling places tends track number voting precincts county henry county example active precincts see infra polling places approved elections see infra see also count active precincts county online http internet materials visited apr available clerk case file see marion county license branches http see lake county http see allen county http see brown county http see http htm see fayette county http see news release henry county indiana polling places approved elections http travel burdens might future reduced extent indiana commendable mobile license branch travel across state average three days week provide bmv services including id services see http program count analysis however program recently opened august see indiana bmv opens license branch state fair http service schedule yet determined indiana public transit annual report http hereinafter annual report counties public transportation according study adams blackford brown carroll clay de kalb gibson jennings lagrange parke perry posey putnam rush spencer steuben tipton vermillion warren warrick whitley counties see ibid website american public transportation association compiles public transit information across confirms counties lacks public transportation offerings fact adds another counties category boone decatur fayette fulton hancock hendricks huntington miami morgan noble pike shelby wells see transit systems indiana http discrepancy appears arise part fact american public transportation association counted demand response systems established least counties see annual report approximately indiana population lived within counties see county city extra special decennial census edition gaquin debrandt eds see department state apply person passport http department state passport fees http total fees passport book passport card individuals older lead opinion notes record provide even rough estimate many indigent voters lack copies birth certificates ante record discloses reason think appreciable number poor voters need birth certificates absent voter id law reason believe poor people spend money get need vote provisional ballot individual must circuit clerk office sign affidavit affirming indigent unable obtain proof identification without payment fee ind code ann indiana law define key terms indigent unable assume present purposes indiana eventually construe terms broadly income threshold indigency least federal poverty level exception covers even individuals facing financial difficulties indiana law allows voters cast provisional ballot county clerk office starting days prior election day noon day prior election day see ind code ann might enable voters make one burdensome trip county seat voters show polls vote told lack photo identification needed cast regular ballot voter id law effectively forces make two trips much like petitioners statistician bmv able determine approximate number indiana residents voting age without indiana driver license identification card supp sd ind bmv acknowledge persons currently required id eligible vote next election ibid district explained ur simple comparison raw numbers take account individuals died whose indiana driver license identification cards expired individuals moved outside state longer consider indiana residents still retain valid indiana license identification card individuals moved indiana consider indiana residents yet obtained indiana license identification individuals students residing indiana temporarily registered vote another state obtained indiana license identification district also identified three factors view might require deductions figure first district noted bmv records cover forms identification may used vote voter id law federal photo identification passport valid consideration unlikely overcome additions must made various factors listed second noted bmv records account exceptions photo identification requirement indigency exceptions factor warrant deduction number argued indigency exception imposes serious burdens see supra exception wholly adequate substitute voting person see supra finally district noted many individuals registered vote reasons lay note infra convinced fact relevant although lead opinion expresses confidence percentage voters without necessary photo id steadily decrease see ante suggests number may already dropped see ante reason less sanguine see aclu sues halt license revocation fort wayne gazette american civil liberties union suing state prevent possible revocation driver licenses match information social security database many mismatches created typographical errors people getting married changing last names bmv said last week announced sent warning letters people indiana see also dits date set bid stop bmv south bend tribune blame name game many caught name game merging bmv social security databases forcing many hire lawyers snelling name issue blocks license merrillville state imply discount estimate exclude citizens registered vote registered planning vote see brief respondents see also ante lead opinion evidence record provide us number registered voters without photo identification argument flatly contradicted settled precedent cases recognized disfranchisement disfranchisement whether disfranchised voter voted given choice dunn blumstein ask whether significant number individuals deprived right vote durational residence requirements actually chosen vote harper virginia bd elections pause consider whether qualified voters deterred poll tax opted vote fee cases make clear constitution protects individual ability vote merely decision studies suggest burdens id requirement may also fall disproportionately upon racial minorities see overton voter identification rev department justice found louisiana four five times less likely white residents photo identification describing june study employment training institute university found whites lacked valid driver license black males black females unlicensed latino males latino females similarly unlicensed unlike help america vote act stat et seq supp generally requires proof identification allows variety documents qualify see ante lead opinion indiana accepts limited forms federally issued photo identification see supra allow individuals lacking required identification cast regular ballot polls one state georgia currently restricts voters narrow forms photo identification see code ann supp birth certificate needed get georgia voter identification card see code ann supp comp rules rule missouri legislature passed restrictive photo identification law comparable indiana missouri struck violative state constitution weinschenk state per curiam florida requires photo identification permits use several forms including debit credit card military identification student identification retirement center identification neighborhood center identification public assistance identification see stat ann west supp moreover florida voter lacks photo identification may cast provisional ballot ballot counted long signature ballot matches one voter registration require identification polls either allow voters identify using variety documents see code alaska stat rev stat ann west ark code ann rev stat rev stat ann lexis mont code ann stat ann amended laws ch cum supp ohio rev code ann lexis supp code ann cum supp code ann texas elec code ann west supp west supp rev code allow voters lacking identification cast regular ballot upon signing affidavit providing additional identifying information see stat del code tit haw rev stat cum supp la rev stat ann west supp comp laws ann west supp cent code ann lexis supp codified laws code ann lexis see generally saltman history politics voting technology quest integrity public confidence tracing history changes methods voting social political considerations behind lack evidence voter impersonation fraud failure search see lipton urbina effort scant evidence voter fraud times apr five years bush administration began crackdown voter fraud justice department turned virtually evidence organized effort skew federal elections according records interviews going stair met man mearns antigonish reprinted best remembered poems gardner ed see indiana bmv digital drivers license frequently asked questions digital watermark indiana incorporating driver license http words indiana governor mitch daniels long ago indiana driver licenses talk show joke ease fraudulent issuance also duplication new design make particularly duplication dramatically difficult udell digital driver licenses designed stem id theft evansville courier june flimsy evidence fraud also ignore lessons history grant state interest modest weight interest combating voter fraud often served cover unnecessarily restrictive electoral rules see ogden poll tax south arkansas texas argument frequently presented poll tax payment prerequisite purify elections preventing repeaters floaters voting see also brief historians scholars amici curiae detailing abuses hayduk gatekeepers franchise shaping election administration new york historical contemporary contexts certain groups interest alleging fraud thereby shaping electoral rules practices restrictive direction groups opposite interest florida accommodated voters manner florida voter casts provisional ballot may vote counted voter signature certification matches signature voter registration see stat ann voter required make second trip provisional ballot counted argument also suggests difficult detect voter fraud true practitioners fraud likely vote name registered voters know died left jurisdiction indiana simply audit voting records examine whether often votes cast using invalid registrations