bnsf railway tyrrell special administrator estate tyrrell deceased et argued april decided may federal employers liability act fela et makes railroads liable money damages employees injuries respondent robert nelson north dakota resident brought fela suit petitioner bnsf railway company bnsf montana state alleging sustained injuries working bnsf respondent kelli tyrrell appointed south dakota administrator husband brent tyrrell estate also sued bnsf fela montana state alleging brent developed fatal cancer exposure carcinogenic chemicals working bnsf neither worker injured montana neither incorporated headquartered bnsf maintains less work force total track mileage state contending home montana required exercise general personal jurisdiction daimler ag bauman bnsf moved dismiss suits motion granted nelson case denied tyrrell consolidating two cases montana held montana courts exercise general personal jurisdiction bnsf railroad id business state within meaning found within state within compass mont rule civ proc due process limits articulated daimler added control daimler involve fela claim railroad defendant held section address personal jurisdiction railroads pp section first relevant sentence provides action may brought district among places district defendant shall business time commencing action comprehended sentence venue prescription one governing personal jurisdiction baltimore ohio kepner congress generally uses expression suit may brought indicate federal districts venue proper see typically provides exercise personal jurisdiction authorizing service process see nelson tyrrell contend judiciary act provision prompted enactment concerned personal jurisdiction venue long read judiciary act provision concern venue see green chicago pp second relevant sentence jurisdiction courts chapter shall concurrent courts several refers concurrent jurisdiction state federal courts fela actions see second employers liability cases congress added clarification connecticut held congress intended confine fela litigation federal courts state courts obligation entertain fela claims pp none cases featured montana reaching contrary conclusion resolved question personal jurisdiction pope atlantic coast line miles illinois central kepner denver rio grande western terte distinguished moreover cases save pope decided transformative decision personal jurisdiction international shoe washington pp montana courts exercise personal jurisdiction montana law comport fourteenth amendment due process clause propriety general personal jurisdiction issue neither nelson tyrrell alleges injury work related montana state may exercise general jurisdiction corporations affiliations state systematic render essentially home forum state daimler paradigm forums corporate defendant home corporation place incorporation principal place business exceptional case corporate defendant operations another forum may substantial nature render corporation home state daimler involved fela claim railroad defendant due process constraint described applies assertions general jurisdiction nonresident defendants constraint vary type claim asserted business enterprise sued bnsf incorporated headquartered montana activity substantial nature render corporation home state ibid pp mont reversed remanded ginsburg delivered opinion roberts kennedy thomas breyer alito kagan gorsuch joined sotomayor filed opinion concurring part dissenting part opinion notice opinion subject formal revision publication preliminary print reports readers requested notify reporter decisions washington typographical formal errors order corrections may made preliminary print goes press bnsf railway petitioner kelli tyrrell special administrator estate brent tyrrell deceased et al writ certiorari montana may justice ginsburg delivered opinion two cases decide today arise federal employers liability act fela stat amended et makes railroads liable money damages employees injuries suits pursued montana state courts although injured workers reside montana injured defendant railroad bnsf railway company bnsf although business montana litigation commenced incorporated montana maintain principal place business state justify exercise personal jurisdiction bnsf montana relied provides relevant part chapter action may brought district district residence defendant cause action arose defendant shall business time commencing action jurisdiction courts chapter shall concurrent courts several hold address personal jurisdiction railroads first relevant sentence venue prescription governing proper locations fela suits filed federal provision second relevant sentence using term concurrent jurisdiction refers jurisdiction personal jurisdiction simply clarifies federal courts exclusive jurisdiction fela suits state courts hear montana alternative relied state law personal jurisdiction asserted persons found within montana mont rule civ proc bnsf fit bill stated miles railroad track employs workers montana precedent however explains fourteenth amendment due process clause permit state hale corporation courts corporation home state occurred elsewhere daimler ag bauman slip internal quotation marks omitted therefore reverse judgment montana march respondent robert nelson north dakota resident brought fela suit bnsf montana state recover damages knee injuries nelson allegedly sustained working bnsf driver mont may respondent kelli tyrrell appointed south dakota administrator husband brent tyrrell estate similarly sued bnsf fela montana state brent tyrrell widow alleged developed fatal kidney cancer exposure carcinogenic chemicals working bnsf neither plaintiff alleged injuries arising related work performed montana indeed neither nelson brent tyrrell appears ever worked bnsf montana bnsf incorporated delaware principal place business texas operates railroad lines dv jud yellowstone app pet cert bnsf miles railroad track montana total track mileage employs workers less total work force generates less total revenue state maintains one automotive facilities montana ibid contending home montana required exercise general personal jurisdiction daimler ag bauman slip internal quotation marks omitted bnsf moved dismiss suits lack personal jurisdiction motion granted nelson case denied tyrrell consolidating two cases montana held montana courts exercise general personal jurisdiction bnsf section determined authorizes state courts exercise personal jurisdiction railroads business state internal quotation marks omitted addition observed montana law provides exercise general jurisdiction persons found within state quoting mont rule civ proc view railroad many employees miles track montana concluded bnsf business found within state fela montana law authorized exercise personal jurisdiction internal quotation marks omitted due process limits articulated daimler added control daimler involve fela claim railroad defendant justice mckinnon dissented section wrote venue prescription also confers jurisdiction state courts fela cases concurrent federal courts maintained touch concern personal jurisdiction ibid furthermore concluded daimler controls rendering montana courts exercise personal jurisdiction impermissible bnsf home montana granted certiorari resolve whether authorizes state courts exercise personal jurisdiction railroads business incorporated headquartered whether montana courts exercise personal jurisdiction cases comports due process ii nelson tyrrell contend first relevant sentence confers personal jurisdiction federal courts section second relevant sentence extends grant jurisdiction state courts neither contention tenable section first relevant sentence concerns venue next sentence speaks first sentence action may brought district among places district defendant shall business time commencing action baltimore ohio kepner comprehended clause establish ing venue action congress explained designed expand venue beyond limits judiciary act general venue provision allowed suit districts defendant inhabitant see act stat nowhere kepner decision intimate might affect personal jurisdiction congress generally uses expression suit may brought indicate federal districts venue proper see general venue statute specifying civil action may brought oakley ali fed judicial code rev project listing special venue statutes many similar language see also kepner frankfurter dissenting phrasing follows familiar pattern generally employed congress framing venue contrast congress typical mode providing exercise personal jurisdiction authorize service process see clayton act provision stating process cases corporation arising federal antitrust laws may served district defendant inhabitant wherever defendant may found federal trade commission act process may served person partnership corporation wherever may found see also omni capital rudolf wolff discussing statutes authorize fail authorize nationwide service process cf schlanger seamans though congress provided nationwide service process supp statute meant expand venue personal jurisdiction congress uses terminology absent consent basis service summons defendant prerequisite exercise personal jurisdiction see omni capital nelson tyrrell however argue relates personal jurisdiction view judiciary act provision prompted enactment stat concerned personal jurisdiction venue according house senate reports contend two cases brought congress attention problem prior provision namely cases authorized suit district defendant residence brief respondents see citing macon grocery atlantic coast line cound atchison wd tex cases courts dismissed fela suits want jurisdiction macon grocery cound avert jurisdictional dismissals urge congress enacted legislative history throws little light kepner driving today decision long read judiciary act provision concern venue see green chicago analyzing personal jurisdiction separately concluding venue proper judiciary act provision see also lee chesapeake ohio noting materially identical successor judiciary act provision act mar stat relates venue suits indeed reading judiciary act provision authorize exercise personal jurisdiction yielded anomalous result diversity cases provision allowed suit district residence either plaintiff defendant stat interpreting clause provide jurisdiction allowed plaintiff hale defendant plaintiff home district even district one defendant affiliation connection second sentence point provides jurisdiction courts chapter shall concurrent courts several nelson tyrrell argue sentence extends state courts first sentence alleged conferral personal jurisdiction federal courts discussed first sentence concerns venue confers personal jurisdiction understood second sentence provide concurrent jurisdiction state federal courts actions fela see second employers liability cases nelson tyrrell acknowledge congress added provision confirm concurrent jurisdiction connecticut held congress intended confine fela litigation federal courts state courts obligation entertain fela claims see brief respondents citing hoxie new york justice mckinnon recognized dissent montana decision nelson tyrrell cases phrase jurisdiction term art long employed congress courts refer jurisdiction personal jurisdiction see mims arrow financial services llc federal state courts concurrent jurisdiction private suits arising telephone consumer protection act claflin houseman state courts retain concurrent jurisdiction suits bankrupt party involved notwithstanding exclusive federal jurisdiction bankruptcy matters pointing quartet cases montana observed consistently interpreted allow state courts hear cases brought fela even basis jurisdiction railroad business forum tate citing pope atlantic coast line miles illinois central kepner denver rio grande western terte none decisions featured montana resolved question personal jurisdiction terte held fela plaintiff injured colorado bring suit missouri state railroad incorporated elsewhere dispute however dormant commerce clause personal jurisdiction railroad defendants argued suit unduly burden interstate commerce decision rested two commerce clause decisions michigan central mix hoffman missouri ex rel foraker interpretation see terte kepner miles held state may based inconvenience railroad defendant enjoin residents bringing fela suit another state federal kepner state miles courts kepner miles pope held provision transfer one federal another bear question decided miles state still enjoin fela action brought another state courts moreover cases save pope decided transformative decision personal jurisdiction international shoe washington see daimler slip cautioning reliance cases decided era dominated territorial thinking pennoyer neff iii fela authorize state courts exercise personal jurisdiction railroad solely ground railroad business montana courts assertion personal jurisdiction bnsf must rest mont rule civ proc state provision exercise personal jurisdiction persons found montana see supra bnsf contest found within montana state courts comprehend rule therefore inquire whether montana courts exercise personal jurisdiction montana law comports due process clause fourteenth amendment international shoe explained state may exercise personal jurisdiction defendant certain minimum contacts state maintenance suit offend notions fair play substantial justice elaborating guide distinguished specific jurisdiction general jurisdiction see daimler slip goodyear dunlop tires operations brown helicopteros nacionales de colombia hall nn neither nelson tyrrell alleges injury work related montana propriety general jurisdiction issue goodyear daimler clarified may assert general jurisdiction foreign corporations hear claims affiliations state systematic render essentially home forum state daimler slip quoting goodyear paradigm forums corporate defendant home explained corporation place incorporation principal place business daimler slip goodyear exercise general jurisdiction limited forums exceptional case corporate defendant operations another forum may substantial nature render corporation home state daimler slip suggested perkins benguet consol mining exemplified case daimler slip perkins war forced defendant corporation owner temporarily relocate enterprise philippines ohio ohio became center corporation wartime activities daimler slip suit proper perkins montana distinguished daimler ground confront fela claim railroad defendant fourteenth amendment due process constraint described daimler however applies assertions general jurisdiction nonresident defendants constraint vary type claim asserted business enterprise bnsf repeat incorporated montana maintain principal place business bnsf heavily engaged activity montana render essentially home state see daimler slip internal quotation marks omitted earlier noted bnsf miles railroad track employees montana observed daimler general jurisdiction inquiry focus solely magnitude defendant contacts slip internal quotation marks alterations omitted rather inquiry calls appraisal corporation activities entirety corporation operates many places scarcely deemed home ibid short business bnsf montana sufficient subject railroad specific personal jurisdiction state claims related business montana business clarified daimler goodyear suffice permit assertion general jurisdiction claims like nelson tyrrell unrelated activity occurring iv nelson tyrrell present argument bnsf consented personal jurisdiction montana see brief respondents montana address contention see reach see cutter wilkinson review first reasons stated judgment montana reversed cases remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion ordered sotomayor concurring part dissenting part bnsf railway petitioner kelli tyrrell special administrator estate brent tyrrell deceased et al writ certiorari montana may justice sotomayor concurring part dissenting part concur conclusion federal employers liability act fela et confer personal jurisdiction railroads state courts also agree montana erred concluded nature claim fela claim railroad answers question whether due process clause allows exercise personal jurisdiction bnsf agreement majority ends continue disagree path struck daimler ag bauman limits general jurisdiction corporate defendant home slip even insists adhering standard dissent decision apply first instance rather remanding montana conduct analysis proper legal framework accordingly join parts ii opinion dissent part iii judgment well adhere faithfully direction international shoe washington instructed general jurisdiction proper corporation continuous corporate operations within state substantial nature justify suit causes action arising dealings entirely distinct activities international shoe words courts ask whether benefits defendant attained forum state warranted burdens associated general personal jurisdiction see majority acknowledges international shoe govern describing question whether defendant affiliations state sufficiently warrant exercise general jurisdiction ante analysis today reflected directive instead majority opinion goes reaffirm restrictive home test set daimler test explained home precedents creates serious inequities see sotomayor concurring judgment slip majority approach grants jurisdictional windfall large multistate multinational corporations operate across many jurisdictions reasoning virtually inconceivable corporations ever subject general jurisdiction location principal places business incorporation foreign businesses principal places business outside may never subject general jurisdiction country even though continuous systematic contacts within see slip holistic nuanced contacts analysis backed considerations fairness reasonableness effectively replaced rote identification corporation principal place business place result individual plaintiffs harmed actions farflung foreign corporation bear brunt majority approach forced sue distant jurisdictions contacts connection moreover comparative contacts analysis invented daimler resurfaces proves dispositive majority makes much fact bnsf contacts montana percentage contacts jurisdictions ante international shoe majority agrees springboard modern personal jurisdiction jurisprudence ante applied comparative contacts test analyzed whether delaware corporation activities state washington rendered amenable proceedings state evaluated whether corporation offices forum state made contracts delivered goods employed salesmen see despite acknowledging corporation maintained places business several engage comparison international shoe contacts within state washington noted corporation employed salesmen washington query number compared number salesmen ibid well relative percentage contacts irrelevant focus quality quantity defendant contacts forum majority even daimler disservice paying lipservice question purported reserve possibility exceptional case general jurisdiction proper forum state neither corporate defendant place incorporation principal place business see slip opinion understood limit exception exact facts perkins benguet consol mining see ante reading narrow read exception existence entirely certainly defendant significant contacts one state falls outside ambit inevitable reasoning majority conclude bnsf contacts montana insufficient justify exercise personal jurisdiction result perverse despite reserved possibility exceptional case daimler majority rejected possibility hand worse majority reaches conclusion departing normal remanded montana reevaluate due process question correct legal standard examined whether exceptional case instead ruling today unnecessarily sends signal lower courts inquiry form substance respectfully concur part dissent part footnotes section first sentence provides time bar fela claims relevant issue hand ease reference hereinafter refer first relevant sentence describing suit may brought provision first sentence sentence immediately follows referring concurrent jurisdiction second note moreover nelson tyrrell overlooked senate report explicit reference first sentence venue provision mention personal jurisdiction montana also erred asserting congress drafted fela make railroad home jurisdictional purposes wherever business mont discussed supra first sentence congress dealt venue personal jurisdiction justice sotomayor dissenting part renews debate comprehensively aired daimler ag bauman justice sotomayor treats assertion jurisdiction state washington courts international shoe washington exercise general jurisdiction post thereby overlooking fundamental difference international shoe cases international shoe defendant corporation activities continuous systematic also rise liabilities sued state courts asserted jurisdiction claims nothing state instead exercised adjudicatory authority hold defendant corporation accountable activity pursued within state washington daimler slip therefore occasion international shoe engage comparison international shoe contacts within state washington operated post marked contrast international shoe nelson tyrrell claims relationship anything occurred principal impact montana opinion limited montana went address decide question montana courts personal jurisdiction bnsf montana law see also montana law montana courts general personal jurisdiction footnotes many commentators observed lower courts adhered standard decades daimler predecessor goodyear dunlop tires operations brown wrought present sea change see cornett hoffheimer significant contacts general personal jurisdiction daimler ag bauman ohio parry rethinking personal jurisdiction bauman walden lewis clark rev doernberg resoling international shoe tex rev feder goodyear home uncertain future business jurisdiction rev majority responds language international shoe informs specific jurisdiction case ante majority view international shoe overly restrictive terms specific jurisdiction general jurisdiction nowhere found opinion continue believe noted daimler material difference continuous systematic terminology international shoe used call specific jurisdiction continuous substantial terminology used call general jurisdiction see daimler sotomayor concurring judgment slip indeed neither perkins benguet consol mining helicopteros nacionales de colombia hall engage analysis montana reached question wrongly assuming jurisdictional statute defendant unique status railroad company dispositive jurisdictional question remand rather outright reversal traditional practice lower applies incorrect legal standard done repeatedly term see virginia state bd elections bolivarian republic venezuela helmerich payne drilling ante mclane eeoc ante moore texas ante