kurns executrix estate corson deceased et al railroad friction products corp et argued november decided february george corson worked welder machinist railroad carrier retirement corson diagnosed mesothelioma wife petitioner sued respondents railroad friction products corporation viad corp state claiming injury corson exposure asbestos locomotives locomotive parts distributed respondents corsons alleged claims defective design failure warn dangers posed asbestos corson died petitioner kurns executrix estate substituted party respondents removed case federal district granted summary judgment ruling claims locomotive inspection act lia et seq third circuit affirmed held petitioners claims fall within field locomotive equipment regulation lia field defined napier atlantic coast line pp lia provides railroad carrier may use allow used locomotive tender railroad line locomotive tender parts appurtenances proper condition safe operate without unnecessary danger personal injury inspected required lia regulations prescribed thereunder secretary transportation withstand every test prescribed lia secretary see pp congress may expressly state law even without express provision state law must yield congressional act extent conflict federal statute see crosby national foreign trade council federal statute scope indicates congress intended federal law occupy field exclusively see freightliner myrick case involves latter field pp napier held two state laws prescribing use locomotive equipment lia concluding broad power conferred lia interstate commerce commission agency vested authority carry lia requirements general one extends design construction material every part locomotive tender appurtenances rejected contention scope field determined object sought legislation rather physical elements affected found dispositive federal state statutes directed subject equipment locomotives ibid pp federal railroad safety act frsa alter lia scope terms frsa instructs secretary transportation shall prescribe regulations issue orders every area railroad safety supplementing laws regulations effect october alter federal railroad safety statutes rather leaves statutes intact authorizes secretary fill interstitial areas railroad safety supplemental regulation lia already effect frsa enacted frsa left lia scope defined napier intact petitioners argue napier overruled pp instead petitioners contend claims fall outside lia field defined napier petitioners arguments unpersuasive first argument field extend claims arising repair maintenance locomotives inconsistent napier holding congress enacting lia manifest ed intention occupy entire field regulating locomotive equipment second argument petitioners claims base liability design manufacture product ignores claim alleges product defective unless accompanied sufficient warnings instructions petitioners claims therefore directed equipment locomotives fall within field defined napier third argument petitioners claims manufacturers regulated lia corson exposed asbestos inconsistent napier defined field basis physical elements regulated basis entity directly subject regulation finally contrary petitioners argument lia scope limited state legislation regulation extends state duties standards care directed subject locomotive equipment pp affirmed thomas delivered opinion roberts scalia kennedy alito kagan joined kagan filed concurring opinion sotomayor filed opinion concurring part dissenting part ginsburg breyer joined opinion notice opinion subject formal revision publication preliminary print reports readers requested notify reporter decisions washington typographical formal errors order corrections may made preliminary print goes press gloria gail kurns executrix estate george corson deceased et petitioners railroad friction products corporation et al writ certiorari appeals third circuit february justice thomas delivered opinion case requires us determine whether petitioners tort claims defective design failure warn locomotive inspection act lia et seq appeals third circuit determined petitioners claims fall within field act field defined decision napier atlantic coast line agree george corson employed welder machinist chicago milwaukee paul pacific railroad corson worked locomotive repair maintenance facilities duties included installing brakeshoes locomotives stripping insulation locomotive boilers corson diagnosed malignant mesothelioma corson wife filed suit pennsylvania state defendants including respondents railroad friction products corporation rfpc viad corp viad according complaint rfpc distributed locomotive brakeshoes containing asbestos viad company manufactured sold locomotives locomotive engine valves containing asbestos corson alleged handled equipment injured exposure asbestos complaint asserted claims equipment defectively designed contained asbestos respondents failed warn dangers asbestos provide instructions regarding safe use complaint filed corson passed away executrix estate gloria kurns substituted party corson widow executrix petitioners respondents removed case district eastern district pennsylvania moved summary judgment respondents argued petitioners claims lia district agreed granted summary judgment respondents see kurns chesterton civ action ed app pet cert third circuit affirmed see kurns chesterton granted certiorari ii congress enacted predecessor lia boiler inspection act bia bia made unlawful use steam locomotive unless boiler said locomotive appurtenances thereof proper condition safe operate without unnecessary peril life limb act ch stat congress amended bia apply entire locomotive tender parts appurtenances thereof act mar ch stat bia amended became commonly known locomotive inspection act relevant lia provides railroad carrier may use allow used locomotive tender railroad line locomotive tender parts appurtenances proper condition safe operate without unnecessary danger personal injury inspected required chapter regulations prescribed secretary transportation chapter withstand every test prescribed secretary chapter issue presented case whether lia petitioners claims respondents defectively designed locomotive parts failed warn corson dangers associated parts light prior decision napier supra conclude petitioners claims iii supremacy clause provides federal law shall law land thing constitution laws state contrary notwithstanding art vi cl state law thus occurs direct operation supremacy clause brown hotel employees congress may course expressly state law ven without express provision preemption found state law must yield congressional act least two circumstances crosby national foreign trade council first state law naturally preempted extent conflict federal statute ibid second deemed state law scope federal statute indicates congress intended federal law occupy field exclusively freightliner myrick deal latter field however address lia effect clean slate addressed issue years ago napier case railroads challenged two state laws prohibit ed use within state locomotives equipped certain prescribed devices ground interstate commerce commission icc agency vested authority carry lia requirements required devices response argued requirements directed different objective lia according regulations intended protect railroad workers sickness disease whereas federal regulation endeavors solely prevent accidental injury operation trains ibid determine whether state requirements asked whether lia manifest intention occupy entire field regulating locomotive equipment answered question affirmative stating broad scope authority conferred upon icc congress lia led conclusion power delegated icc explained general one extends design construction material every part locomotive tender appurtenances rejected contention scope field determined object sought legislation rather physical elements affected found dispositive federal state statutes directed subject equipment locomotives ibid requirements operated upon physical elements lia held state laws however commendable however different purpose fell within lia field iv backdrop napier petitioners advance two arguments support position claims related use asbestos locomotive equipment fall within lia field petitioners first contend napier longer defines scope lia field field narrowed subsequently enacted federal statute alternatively petitioners argue claims fall within lia field even field defined napier address petitioners arguments turn first petitioners suggest federal railroad safety act frsa stat codified et seq altered lia scope frsa grants secretary transportation broad regulatory authority railroad safety see petitioners point frsa provision provides part state may adopt continue force law regulation order related railroad safety secretary transportation prescribes regulation issues order covering subject matter state requirement supp iii according petitioners frsa provision supplanted lia field result petitioners claims secretary issued regulation order addressing use asbestos locomotives locomotive parts petitioners reliance frsa misplaced frsa instructs secretary transportation necessary shall prescribe regulations issue orders every area railroad safety supplementing laws regulations effect october ed emphasis added terms frsa alter federal statutes railroad safety rather leaves existing statutes intact authorizes secretary fill interstitial areas railroad safety supplemental regulation marshall burlington northern kennedy lia already effect frsa enacted conclude frsa left lia scope defined napier intact since lia scope remains unaltered petitioners must contend napier petitioners ask us overrule napier thus seek overcome presumption stare decisis attaches precedent see appliances seb slip noting special force doctrine stare decisis regard questions statutory interpretation internal quotation marks omitted instead petitioners advance several arguments aimed demonstrating claims fall outside field lia defined napier unpersuasive petitioners along solicitor general amicus curiae first argue petitioners claims fall within lia field claims arise repair maintenance locomotives rather use locomotives railroad line specifically contend scope field lia coextensive scope federal government regulatory authority lia argue extend regulation hazards arising repair maintenance locomotives therefore argument goes claims arising repair maintenance opposed claims arising use line fall within field reject attempt redefine field napier held congress enacting lia manifest ed intention occupy entire field regulating locomotive equipment distinguish hazards arising repair maintenance opposed arising use line field defined napier plainly encompasses claims issue petitioners claims defective design failure warn aimed equipment locomotives claims directed subject lia napier dictates fall within field petitioners argue even claims claims suffer fate complaint petitioners alleged closely related claims respondents negligently failed warn risks associated asbestos provide instructions concerning safeguards working asbestos asbestoscontaining products defective respondents failed give sufficient warnings instructions concerning risks dangers harm inherent said asbestos products see app see also brief petitioners according petitioners claims fall within lia field basis liability failure warn product instead failure provide adequate warnings regarding product risks reply brief petitioners disagree claim alleges product unlawfully dangerous unless accompanied sufficient warnings instructions restatement third torts products liability claim alleges product defective foreseeable risks harm posed product reduced avoided provision reasonable instructions warnings seller distributor omission instructions warnings renders product reasonably safe see also comment reasonable designs instructions warnings play important roles production distribution reasonably safe products thus gravamen petitioners claims still corson suffered harmful consequences result exposure asbestos contained locomotive parts appurtenances petitioners claims therefore directed equipment locomotives fall within field defined napier petitioners also contend claims manufacturers locomotives locomotive parts fall outside lia field manufacturers regulated lia time corson allegedly exposed asbestos petitioners point lia originally enacted bia subjected common carriers civil penalties act stat well events case lia penalty provision revised apply ny person violating lia rail safety improvement act stat see also amending penalty provision provide act individual causes railroad violation shall deemed violation argument fails reason two preceding arguments inconsistent napier napier defined field lia basis physical elements regulated equipment locomotives basis entity directly subject regulation petitioners claims directed equipment locomotives fall within field petitioners proposed rule also contrary common sense petitioners approach state require railroads equip locomotives parts meeting specifications require manufacturers locomotive parts produce parts meeting specifications rejected similar approach express context engine mfrs assn south coast air quality management state entity argued rules prohibiting purchase lease vehicles failed meet stringent emissions requirements clean air act rules question aimed purchase vehicles rather manufacture sale observed however treating sales restrictions purchase restrictions differently purposes make sense manufacturer right sell federally approved vehicles meaningless absence purchaser right buy similarly railroad ability equip fleet locomotives compliance federal standards meaningless manufacturers allowed produce locomotives locomotive parts meet standards petitioners claims thus avoid simply aimed manufacturers locomotives locomotive parts finally petitioners contend lia scope extend state claims opposed state legislation regulation petitioners note preempted field necessarily include state common law brief petitioners citing silkwood sprietsma mercury marine napier however held lia occup ied entire field regulating locomotive equipment exclusion state regulation categorical conclusion admits exception state duties standards care recognized state regulation effectively exerted award damages obligation pay compensation indeed designed potent method governing conduct controlling policy san diego building trades council garmon cf riegel tronic absent indication reference state federal express provision includes duties therefore conclude state duties standards care directed subject locomotive equipment lia foregoing reasons hold petitioners claims fall within field locomotive equipment regulation lia field defined napier accordingly judgment appeals affirmed ordered kagan concurring gloria gail kurns executrix estate george corson deceased et petitioners railroad friction products corporation et al writ certiorari appeals third circuit february justice kagan concurring like justice sotomayor post opinion concurring part dissenting part doubt decide napier atlantic coast line way today napier concluded congress manifest ed intention occupy entire field regulating locomotive equipment based nothing statute granting regulatory authority subject matter federal agency recent cases congress must much oust state law field see new york state dept social servs dublino rejecting preemption even though congress enacted detailed comprehensive regulatory scheme viewed lens modern preemption law napier anachronism napier governs long congress lets decision provides straightforward way determine whether state laws relating locomotive equipment preempted according napier scope agency power locomotive inspection act lia determines boundaries preempted field see state regulations preempted fell within scope authority delegated commission see also ante scope given agency led napier conclusion post field congruent regulated field test none claims issue survive us agree petitioners claims preempted napier recognized federal agency delegated authority design construction material every part locomotive napier distinguish hazards arising repair maintenance parts hazards stemming use line ante agency thus authority regulate design locomotive equipment like brakeshoes prevent either danger fact resolves preemption question agency banned use brakeshoes designed petitioners claims effectively accomplish identical result fall within preempted field petitioners claims reason napier specifically address warnings case way involved agency power prohibit use locomotive equipment also power condition use equipment proper warnings contrary justice sotomayor view see post whether warning engraved part posted workshop wall example agency need chosen banning brakeshoes leaving entirely unregulated instead required warning handle brakeshoes safely say mask protected worker risk agency demanded notice effect see law general motors warning requirements within scope agency authority scheiding general motors cal agency required warnings equipment use petitioners claims less claims preempted napier understand views comport opinion case accordingly join full opinion sotomayor gloria gail kurns executrix estate george corson deceased et petitioners railroad friction products corporation et al writ certiorari appeals third circuit february justice sotomayor justice ginsburg justice breyer join concurring part dissenting part concur holding locomotive inspection act lia et petitioners tort claims defective design respectfully dissent holding true petitioners claims failure warn view latter escape impose requirements field reserved federal regulation equipment locomotives napier atlantic coast line statutory stare decisis compels agree lia occupies field regulating locomotive equipment used highway interstate commerce perhaps might decide napier differently today lia lacks express clause recent cases frequently rejected field absence statutory language expressly requiring camps town harrison thomas dissenting lia contains substantive regulations let alone scheme federal regulation pervasive make reasonable inference congress left room supplement rice santa fe elevator instead relying indications congress intent oust state law napier implied field lia mere delegation regulatory authority interstate commerce commission compare hillsborough county automated medical laboratories new york state dept social servs dublino nonetheless napier construction lia settled law years onsiderations stare decisis special force area statutory interpretation hilton south carolina public railways consistent values served statutory stare decisis however important precise napier held napier defined field physical composition locomotive equipment see power delegated lia extends design construction material every part locomotive tender appurtenances federal state statutes directed subject equipment locomotives operate upon object see also act june stat making lia standard care applicable locomotive boiler tender parts appurtenances thereof petitioners claims fall within field impose requirements locomotive physical makeup see ante ii petitioners claims contrast proceed fundamentally different theory tort liability implicate product physical composition claim asks nothing product design requires instead manufacturer caution nonobvious dangers provide instructions safe use indeed product may flawlessly designed still subject manufacturer seller liability lack adequate instructions warnings see madden duty warn products liability contours criticism rev although product unerringly designed manufactured assembled injury damage occasioned intended reasonably foreseeable use may subject seller liability liability may found product potential injury readily apparent user cited restatement third torts products liability reporter note comment hereinafter restatement see also madden collecting cases petitioners complaint embodies conceptual distinction compare app jurisdictions relevant suit failure warn distinct cause action theory strict products liability riley american honda motor mont thus failure warn injury causing risk associated use technically pure fit product render product unreasonably dangerous ibid see also jahnig coisman products liability suits based upon strict liability product need defective manufacturer seller reason anticipate danger may result particular use product fails give adequate warning danger product sold without warning defective condition within strict liability doctrine greiner volkswagenwerk aktiengeselleschaft finding failure adequately warn inherent latent limitations product necessarily amount design defect independent basis liability pennsylvania law similarly explained claim narrower claim alleges defect underlying product wyeth levine thus wyeth affirmed state damages award based drug manufacturer failure provide sufficient warnings clinicians intravenous administration drug noted unnecessary decide whether state rule proscribing intravenous administration ibid cf bates dow agrosciences llc rules require manufacturers design reasonably safe products plainly qualify requirements packaging none rules requires manufacturers label package products particular way majority treats claims congruent reasoning asserts product defect see ante citing restatement comment may true high level generality esign claims rest different factual allegations distinct legal concepts restatement comment example manufacturer seller escape liability unreasonably unsafe design merely issuing warning see comment warnings substitute provision reasonably safe design fundamental sense therefore claim proceeds taking product physical design given claim alleges defect asserting product designed safe use accompanied warning product must designed differently majority conflates claims noting directed locomotive equipment ante insufficient every state law said affect tangentially matters within regulated field english general elec rather state law fall within zone must direct substantial effect primary conduct entities subject federal regulation ibid explained lia regulates physical equipment locomotives petitioners claims successful necessary effect physical equipment locomotives respondents acknowledge see brief respondents petitioners claims may literally mandate physical alteration locomotive design construction majority view duty warn accompanying threat liability inevitably influence manufacturer design choices ante influence effect every state law imaginable impact matters within federally regulated field reason alone see english silkwood indeed majority elides distinction indirect direct regulation even though explained two equivalent purposes see goodyear atomic miller congress may reasonably determine incidental regulatory pressure acceptable whereas direct regulatory authority state laws workplace safety standards tax credits green technology example influence means materials locomotive equipment manufacture without imposing direct obligations majority substantiate assertion influence exerted duty warn need inevitabl substantial ante contrary requirements imposed duty light corresponding liability negligible comparison commercial value retaining existing design respondents complied duties warn providing instructions safe maintenance locomotive parts equipment manuals see engine manual series diesel engines online http last visited available clerk case file respondents ensured repair shops posted signs see restatement comment duty warn may require instructions warnings given purchasers users consumers also others reasonable seller know position reduce avoid risk harm see also patch hillerich bradsby mont placing warning directly product one method warning methods warning exist including limited issuing oral warnings placing warnings advertisements posters media releases neither step encroach field locomotives physical elements napier majority therefore wrong say petitioners claims still corson suffered harmful consequences result exposure asbestos contained locomotive parts appurtenances ante quoting kurns chesteron rather gravamen claims petitioners decedent george corson avoided harmful consequences exposure asbestos repairing precisely locomotive parts respondents cautioned example wear mask finally preserving petitioners claims coheres lia regulatory regime neither interstate commerce commission congress first delegated authority lia federal railroad administration fra authority belongs ever regulated locomotive repair maintenance contrary fra takes position lacks power lia regulate within locomotive maintenance repair facilities brief amicus curiae john crane atwell field covered lia include requirements concerning repair locomotives use brief amicus curiae preempted field include tort claims based injuries arising locomotives use fra determined occupational safety health administration bears primary responsibility workplace safety including respect hazardous materials fed reg english fra promulgated regulations address warnings specific maintenance repair field congruent regulated field see locke majority decision sweeps far short majority affords lia effect well beyond napier requires leaving petitioners without remedy allege fatal exposure asbestos repair facilities difficult believe congress without comment remove means judicial recourse injured illegal conduct silkwood doubly true light lia purpose facilitating employee recovery restricting recovery making impossible urie thompson therefore concur part dissent part footnotes tender car attached locomotive carrying supply fuel water webster new international dictionary english language time corson employment provision lia worded somewhat differently see petitioners argue change statutory language makes difference case act stat authority since transferred secretary transportation department transportation act stat see justice sotomayor apparently agrees petitioners claims directed equipment locomotives post opinion concurring part dissenting part yet argues claims affect locomotive equipment ibid quoting english general elec claim imposes liability particular design locomotive equipment unless warnings deemed sufficient state law given duty warn accompanying threat liability inevitably influence manufacturer choice whether use particular design influencing design decisions manner liability substantial physical elements locomotive post quoting english supra footnotes justice sotomayor argues preserving petitioners claims coheres lia regulatory regime agency disclaims authority locomotive repair maintenance post claim conflates two separate distinctions agency draws line mandating design changes mandating warnings regulating equipment hazardous repair regulating equipment hazardous use railroad line keeping analysis agency contends petitioners claims also fall outside preempted field alleged defect brakeshoes rendered dangerous repair use see brief amicus curiae agency understanding authority therefore support justice sotomayor position agency agrees petitioners claims must stand fall together viewed lens agency regulatory authority view fall rightly rejects agency proffered distinction regulating dangers repairing equipment regulating dangers using equipment line see supra footnotes petitioners claims allege respondents locomotive parts altered example affixing warnings products see app petitioners brought suit pennsylvania alleged decedent george corson exposed asbestos railroad maintenance repair shops montana south dakota district granted summary judgment issue performed analysis identify applicable substantive state law see app pet cert disagreeing agency interpretation justice kagan concludes lia empowers fra require warnings incident authority prescribe locomotive design compare ante concurring opinion tr oral arg power exists must limited warnings impose direct requirements physical composition locomotive equipment cf supra cfr may formal line line drew describing scope authority conferred lia therefore field see napier atlantic coast line line separates petitioners claims claims failure warn