digital equipment desktop direct argued february decided february held refusal enforce settlement agreement claimed shelter party suit immediately appealable pp although certain categories prejudgment decisions justify departure general final judgment requirement collateral order doctrine narrow exception never allowed swallow rule thus immediate appeal confined decisions conclusive resolve important questions completely separate merits render questions effectively unreviewable appeal page ii final judgment underlying action see coopers lybrand appealability must determined entire category claim belongs without regard chance litigation hand might speeded particular injustice averted prompt appellate decision pp orders denying immunities strong candidates prompt appeal abney right free second trial criminal charge mitchell forsyth right government official qualified immunity damage suit however merely identifying interest irretrievably lost never sufficed meet third cohen requirement see generally lauro lines chasser appellate jurisdiction depend party agility characterizing right asserted even limiting focus whether interest claimed may called right stand trial move aside easily since virtually right enforced appropriately pretrial dismissal might loosely described precisely single obviously correct way characterize asserted right requires courts appeals view claims right tried skepticism pp digital agreement may read providing immunity trial distinguish claim arguable rights assertion res judicata attaching significance supposed clarity agreement terms flout admonition availability collateral order appeal must determined categorically fundamentally right agreement rise level importance needed recognition digital errs maintaining importance place doctrine justified supplying gloss congress final decision language third cohen question whether right adequately vindicable effectively reviewable simply answered without judgment value interests lost rigorous application final judgment requirement need decide privately conferred right never supply basis collateral order appeal sound reasons treating rights differently originating constitution statutes little room gainsay importance public policy embodied constitutional statutory provisions entitling party immunity suit including provision private contract barely prima facie indication right important benefitted party let alone value exceeds page iii rights embodied agreements important cohen sense weightier policies advanced pp even term importance exorcised cohen analysis altogether digital rights remain adequately vindicable final judgment extent immunities freedom trial rarely sine qua non negotiated settlement agreement rarely compare embarrassment anxiety averted successful double jeopardy claimant distraction duty avoided qualified immunity moreover unlike trial immunity claimants relying public law settling party seek relief state breach contract may move sanction federal rule civil procedure rescission sought improper purposes addition digital insistence district applied fundamentally wrong legal standard vacating dismissal order might support discretionary interlocutory appeal pp souter delivered opinion unanimous digital equipment desktop direct justice souter delivered opinion section judicial code confines appeals right final decisions district courts case raises question whether order vacating dismissal predicated parties settlement agreement final collateral order even without district resolution underlying cause action see cohen beneficial loan hold order denying effect settlement agreement come within narrow ambit collateral orders respondent desktop direct desktop sells computers like equipment trade name desktop direct petitioner digital equipment corporation engaged similar business late began using trade name market new service called desktop direct digital response desktop filed action district district utah charging digital unlawful use desktop direct name desktop sent digital copy complaint negotiations digital equipment desktop direct officers two corporations ensued confidential settlement reached march digital agreed pay desktop sum money right use desktop direct trade name corresponding trademark waiver damages dismissal suit day desktop filed notice dismissal district several months later desktop moved vacate dismissal rescind settlement agreement alleging misrepresentation material facts settlement negotiations district granted motion concluding factfinder determine digital failed disclose material facts desktop settlement negotiations resulted rejection settlement offer app pet cert district declined reconsider ruling stay order vacating dismissal digital appealed appeals tenth circuit dismissed appeal lack jurisdiction holding district order appealable neither end ed litigation merits fell within collateral order exception final judgment requirement applying test determining collateral order appeal allowed see cohen supra coopers lybrand livesay appeals concluded benefits claimed settlement agreement insufficiently important warrant immediate appeal right although digital claimed styled right go trial reasoned privately negotiated right digital sought vindicate different kind immunity rooted explicit constitutional statutory provision compelling public policy rationale digital equipment desktop direct denial held immediately appealable tenth circuit recognized thus deviating rule followed courts appeals see forbus sears roebuck grillet sears roebuck janneh gaf see transtech septic clean cert pending granted certiorari resolve conflict affirm ii collateral order doctrine best understood exception final decision rule laid congress practical construction cohen supra see coopers lybrand supra repeatedly held statute entitles party appeal district decision ends litigation merits leaves nothing execute judgment catlin also narrow class decisions terminate litigation must interest achieving healthy legal system cf cobbledick nonetheless treated final latter category comprises district decisions conclusive resolve important questions completely separate merits render important questions effectively unreviewable appeal final judgment digital equipment desktop direct underlying action see generally coopers lybrand supra immediate appeals orders explained go grain object efficient administration justice federal courts see generally koller also repeatedly stressed narrow exception stay way never allowed swallow general rule party entitled single appeal deferred final judgment entered claims district error stage litigation may ventilated see hollywood motor car accordingly described conditions collateral order appeal stringent see midland asphalt warned issue appealability determined entire category claim belongs without regard chance litigation hand might speeded particular injustic averted van cauwenberghe biard prompt appellate decision see also supra expressly rejected efforts reduce finality requirement appealability determination carroll appeals accepted digital claim order vacating dismissal rescinding settlement agreement final word subject addressed citation omitted held second cohen condition separability satisfied well neither conclusion beyond question digital equipment desktop direct best left untouched desktop made serious effort defend appeals judgment points failure meet third condition cohen test decision important question effectively unreviewable upon final judgment suffice foreclose immediate appeal turning dispositive factors conclude despite digital position holds right stand trial requiring protection way immediate appeal rights private settlement agreements adequately vindicated appeal final judgement roots digital argument settlement desktop gave right stand trial altogether right per se satisfies third cohen requirement readily traced abney held entitles criminal defendant appeal adverse ruling double jeopardy claim without waiting digital equipment desktop direct conclusion trial holding second cohen requirement satisfied distinction former jeopardy claim question guilt resolved trial emphasized fifth amendment secures right free multiple punishments terms embodies broader principle deeply ingrained system jurisprudence intolerable state resources make repeated attempts convict individual defendant thereby subjecting embarrassment expense ordeal compelling live continuing state anxiety insecurity quoting green found immediate appeal way give full protection constitutional right face trial see also helstoski meanor decision denying immunity speech debate clause appealable abney rationale applied nixon fitzgerald held similarly appealable order denying petitioner absolute immunity suit civil damages arising actions taken petitioner president seeing immunity functionally mandated incident president unique office rooted separation powers supported history stressed served compelling public ends irretrievably lost former president allowed immediate appeal vindicate right free rigors trial see next mitchell forsyth held similar considerations supported appeal decisions denying government officials qualified immunity damages suits essential digital equipment desktop direct attribute freedom suit past conduct violative clearly established law explained entitlement stand trial face burdens litigation one effectively lost case erroneously permitted go trial ibid echoing reasoning nixon fitzgerald supra harlow fitzgerald explained requiring official colorable immunity claim defend suit damages peculiarly disruptive effective government work distraction dut inhibition discretionary action deterrence able people public service qualified immunity meant avoid see internal quotation marks omitted see also puerto rico aqueduct sewer authority metcalf eddy state eleventh amendment immunity suit federal may vindicated immediate appeal digital puts case fours mitchell maintains obtained dual rights settlement agreement desktop broad defense liability right stand trial latter like qualified immunity held immediately appealable mitchell mitchell right must enforceable collateral order appeal digital asserts adverse trial ruling destroy forever digital argument may exert pull narrow analysis hold broad scrutiny claims immediate appealability must subjected sure abney mitchell fairly cited proposition orders denying certain immunities strong candidates prompt appeal digital larger contention party ability characterize digital equipment desktop direct district decision denying irrepairable right stand trial altogether sufficient well necessary collateral order appeal neither accurate distillation case law appealing prospect adding even recognized need immediate appeals vindicate rights irretrievably lost review confined final judgments cases least emphatic recognizing jurisdiction courts appeals depend party agility characterizing right asserted must strong bias piecemeal appeals almost never operates without cost fully litigated case untried law proverbial bell unrung almost every pretrial trial order might called effectively unreviewable sense relief error never extend rewriting history thus erroneous evidentiary rulings grants denials attorney disqualification see supra restrictions rights intervening parties see stringfellow concerned neighbors action may burden litigants ways imperfectly repairable appellate reversal final district judgment cf carroll parr errors real enough seem serious enough warrant reversal reviewed long trial merits see stringfellow supra still cases see coopers lybrand livesay erroneous district decision practical matter sound death knell many plaintiffs claims might gone forward prompt error correction option immediate appellate review available every time congress final decision rule digital equipment desktop direct end pretty puny one mere identification interest irretrievably lost never sufficed meet third cohen requirement see generally lauro lines chasser always true however value triumphing trial rather quoting macdonald supra limiting focus whether interest asserted may called right stand trial offer much protection urge push limits acknowledged virtually every right enforced appropriately pretrial dismissal might loosely described conferring right stand trial see midland asphalt van cauwenberghe biard allowing immediate appeals vindicate every right move aside claims district lacks personal jurisdiction see van cauwenberghe statute limitations run see wright miller cooper federal practice procedure movant denied sixth amendment right speedy trial see macdonald supra action barred claim preclusion principles material fact dispute moving party entitled judgment matter law merely complaint fails state claim motions made virtually every case see generally macdonald supra hollywood motor car consolation party meritless summary judgment motion res judicata claim rejected immediate appeal damage efficient congressionally mandated allocation judicial responsibility done improper purpose appellant might digital equipment desktop direct saddling opponent cost delay accomplished cf appeals entirely proper decisions impose costs appeals injudicious ones thus precisely candor forces us acknowledge single obviously correct way characterize asserted right lauro lines held requires courts appeals view claims right tried skepticism jaundiced eye cf van cauwenberghe supra midland asphalt example trouble dispatching defendant claim entitlement immediate appeal order denying dismissal alleged violation federal rule criminal procedure forbidding disclosure secret grand jury information noting crucial distinction right tried right whose remedy requires dismissal charges quoting hollywood motor car observed rule contains hint immunity trial contrasted rule fifth amendment express provision person shall held answer serious crime absent grand jury indictment explicit statutory constitutional guarantee trial occur suggested grounds immediate appeal right digital equipment desktop direct characterization issue surfaced ominously digital see infra lauro lines chasser supra defendant sought appeal order denying effect contractual provision neapolitan forum trying disputes arising parties agreement realized course value forum selection clause diminished defendant tried appealing saw contractual right limit trial italian forum different kind entitlement avoid suit altogether abney mitchell held adequately vindica ted immediate appeal digital reads cases things standing way appeal perfect claimed rights settlement agreement lone statement midland asphalt effect explicit statutory constitutional immunities may appealed immediately language said stray repeated many collateral order decisions suggesting importance right asserted independent condition appealability see brief petitioner first digital explains reconciled mitchell holding denial qualified immunity call explicitly guarantee particular constitutional statutory provision collateral order mitchell midland asphalt dictum digital says dictum must give way second obstacle digital adamantly maintains digital equipment desktop direct importance place doctrine justified supplying gloss congress final decision language arguments miss mark first even mitchell squared fully literal words midland asphalt sentence cf lauro lines noting midland asphalt criminal case mitchell qualified immunity right inexplicit lacks good pedigree public law indeed insight explicitness may needed jurisdiction consistent leaves digital unenviable task explaining rights might fairly said include implicit right avoid trial aspect less need protection immediate review readily vindicated appeal final judgment claimed privately negotiated right free suit far clear example bless party bargained right avoid trial party purchased right prevailed trial pleads res judicata see corrugated container antitrust litigation willamette industries party seeks shelter statute limitations see weiss usually understood secure sort repose digital seeks vindicate see brief petitioner party even subject claim relief granted see also cobbledick bearing discomfiture cost prosecution crime even innocent person one painful obligations citizenship firestone tire rubber risjord otential harm compared harm digital equipment desktop direct resulting interlocutory orders may erroneous citation omitted digital answers status seemingly analogous rights give us pause text structure particular settlement desktop confer res judicata claimant ever express right stand trial attach much significance one way another supposed clarity agreement terms case ground ruling whether settlement agreement terms confers prized right stand trial point desktop means concedes flout frequent admonitions see van cauwenberghe availability collateral order appeal must determined higher level generality indeed rare settlement agreement construed include least implicit freedom trial aspect decide case assumption digital prevailed district order denying effect settlement agreement appealed immediately even form held matter settlement agreements include immunity suit language good deal plainer digital relies see tr oral arg see also van cauwenberghe supra purposes determining appealability assume decide petitioner presented substantial claim merits digital equipment desktop direct fundamental response however claim agreement provision immunity trial distinguish arguable rights simply right agreement rise level importance needed recognition indeed bone fiercest contention case disparaging distinction order denying claim grounded explicit constitutional guarantee immunity trial order odds equally explicit right private agreement parties digital stresses relative importance rights heavily relied upon appeals rogue factor decision digital maintains held digital equipment desktop direct order unappealable unimportant otherwise met three cohen requirements whether decided issue thought important says bearing whether final finality narrow concept digital maintains however little reason go beyond first factor cohen see also acres land babylon suffolk frank final clear word importance truly aberrational find featured prominently cohen opinion describes small class immediately appealable prejudgment decisions terms rights important denied review right away see sure digital may validly question whether importance factor beyond three cohen conditions whether best considered sometimes suggested connection second separability requirement see coopers lybrand lauro lines neither enquiry lead conclusion importance unimportant contrary third cohen question whether right adequately vindicable effectively reviewable simply answered without judgment value interests lost rigorous application final judgment requirement see generally van cauwenberghe supra substance rights entailed rather advantage litigant winning claim sooner dispositive quoting macdonald lauro lines supra scalia concurring need decide privately conferred right never supply basis collateral order appeal cf infra discussing digital equipment desktop direct surely sound reasons treating rights differently originating constitution statutes policy embodied constitutional statutory provision entitling party immunity suit rare form protection little room judiciary gainsay importance including provision private contract contrast barely prima facie indication right secured important benefited party contracts replete boilerplate let alone value exceeds rights embodied agreements right free second suit based claim already litigated qualifies important cohen sense weightier societal interests advanced ordinary operation final judgment principles statutory constitutional rights concerned irretrievabl los hardly trivial collateral order doctrine might therefore understood reflecting familiar principle statutory construction possible courts construe statutes foster harmony statutory constitutional law see ruckleshaus monsanto ex rel milwaukee social democratic publishing burleson holmes dissenting one thing say policy avoid piecemeal litigation reconciled policies embodied statutes constitution quite another suggest public policy may trumped routinely expectations clever drafting private parties digital equipment desktop direct indeed take issue tenth circuit observation case shares common lauro lines mitchell hard see purposes supposedly explicit right tried element settlement agreement case differs unarguably explicit privately negotiated right tried forum naples italy one less digital reads settlement agreement correctly one private party secured another promise bring suit reasons presumably included avoiding burden expense perhaps embarrassment certain class trials neapolitan ones prompted desktop cf lauro lines asserted right surely effectively vindicable final judgment appeal right van digital equipment desktop direct cauwenberghe losing argument lauro lines losing argument swayed digital effort come within cohen sense importance trying show settlement agreement immunities merit treatment purposes collateral order appeal advance public policy favoring voluntary resolution disputes defies common sense maintain parties readiness settle significantly dampened corresponding public interest impaired rule district decision let allegedly barred litigation go forward may challenged matter right appeal judgment plaintiff favor iii even finally term importance exorcised cohen analysis altogether digital rights remain adequately vindicable effectively reviewable final judgment extent immunities like right free second trial criminal charge noted already experience suggests freedom trial rarely sine qua non essence see van cauwenberghe digital equipment desktop direct negotiated settlement agreement avoiding burden trial doubt welcome incident dispute resolution parties prevail pretrial motions run mill cases boon rarely compare embarrassment anxiety averted successful double jeopardy claimant see abney distraction dut mitchell avoided qualified immunity judged within four corners settlement agreement avoiding trial probably pales comparison benefit limiting exposure liability interest fully vindicable appeal final judgment rare case party special reason apart generic desire triumph early bargained immunity trial unusual interest preventing disclosure particular information may seek protection district case adequate vindication without immediate appeal strengthened moreover recognizing settling party source recompense unknown trial immunity claimants dependent public law alone essence digital claim desktop valuable consideration promised sue given reason doubt utah law provides enforcement promise way rights arising private agreements enforced action breach contract see vandyke mountain coin machine distributors utah app upholding compensatory punitive damages award party pursuing suit face settlement agreement see generally corbin corbin contracts cf yockey horn awarding damages breach settlement agreement promise participate litigation digital equipment desktop direct plaintiff see also existence alternative fora vindicating asserted rights relevant appealability digital suggestion see brief petitioner desktop using proceeding remedy fraud merely renege promise thinks negotiated better deal party claims fraud otherwise seeks rescission settlement improper purposes opponent need rely appeals protection see fed rule civ proc opponent may move sanction litigation motivated improper purpose unnecessary delay needless increase cost litigation preserving strict limitations review right holding cause dismay law without safety valve deal cases contest settlement enforceability raises serious legal questions taking case ordinary run digital insistence district applied fundamentally wrong legal standard vacating dismissal order may considered deciding appealability see supra plainly relevant availability discretionary interlocutory appeal particular district orders involv ing controlling question law substantial ground difference opinion provided title indeed suppose defendant claimed entitlement privately negotiated immunity suit instances raise controlling question law may materially advance ultimate termination litigation discretionary appeal provision allowing courts consider merits individual claims seem better vehicle digital equipment desktop direct vindicating serious contractual interpretation claims blunt categorical instrument collateral order appeal see van cauwenberghe coopers lybrand iv words long construed recognize certain categories prejudgment decisions exist justifiable necessary depart general rule whole case every matter controversy must decided single appeal mclish roff denying effect sort asserted contractual right issue far removed immediately appealable decisions involving rights deeply rooted public policy rights digital asserts may main vindicated means less disruptive orderly administration justice immediate mandatory appeal accordingly hold refusal enforce settlement agreement claimed shelter party suit altogether supply basis immediate appeal judgment appeals therefore affirmed footnotes might argued given district somewhat cryptic digital equipment desktop direct reference trier fact determine rescission order merely tentative coopers lybrand thus inadequate first cohen test basis vacating digital alleged misrepresentations first learned desktop use trade name enmeshed factual legal issues comprising plaintiff cause action citation omitted whether digital wilfully misappropriated name elude cohen second requirement collateral order appeal indeed possible district phrased order equivocal terms precisely assumed lack separability preclude immediate appeal course held cohen requirements go appellate subject matter jurisdiction see firestone tire rubber co risjord thus necessary obliged assess whether condition met without regard whether parties believe satisfied reasoning echoed decision one term earlier van cauwenberghe biard unanimously rejected contention defendant brought extradition treaty appeal immediately decision denying motion dismiss based principle specialty asserted immunized service civil process even immunity might supply basis vacating judgment appeal held right characterized right digital equipment desktop direct subject binding judgment understood therefore effectively vindicated following final judgment cf home building loan blaisdell laws subsist time place making contract enter form part expressly referred terms quoting von hoffman city quincy wall similarly must reject patently irrelevant purposes digital repeated claims district applied digital equipment desktop direct wrong legal standard granting desktop motion vacate dismissal order digital right settlement agreement confers contractual immunity suit protection irretrievably lost thus appealable district applies erroneous legal standard commits plain vanilla mistake misapplying proper standard accept uncritically digital novel highly convenient contention right free trial either case generally valuable rights conferred settlement agreement see infra digital emphasizes terms settlement desktop owed larger sum dismissal referenced lawsuit waiver damages rights trademarks proves little anything compare two amounts place damages waiver wrong side ledger typically quite valuable right precisely sort fully vindicable postjudgment appeal moreover even high price tag might otherwise indicator right importance benefitted party ignore settlement agreement prices may structured tax accounting business strategy reasons nothing true value party say rights originating private agreement may never important enough warrant immediate appeal contrary congress recently enacted statute stat see supp iv essentially providing digital equipment desktop direct immediate appeal district rejects party assertion arbitration act case belongs commercial arbitrator measure predicted sweeping impact wright miller cooper federal practice procedure see generally pp courts must give full effect express congressional judgment particular policies require private rights vindicable immediately however means suggests ready make similar judgments congress expressed parallel sentiment effect settlement agreement rights matter federal policy similarly important denied immediate review fair lauro lines opinion contain language taken alone might lend succor petitioner claim see entitlement avoid suit different kind entitlement sued particular forum opinion easily read endorsing digital claim privately negotiated right stand trial immediately appealable contrary lauro lines expressly adopted least criminal appeals midland asphalt limitation right tried sense relevant cohen exception rests upon explicit statutory constitutional guarantee quoting stated collateral order doctrine operates imilarly civil cases ibid recognize panacea depends degree indulgence review sought discretion decline hear appeal broad see coopers lybrand serious docket congestion may adequate reason support denial certified appeal hand find nothing text purposes either statute justify concern expressed digital party request appeal might operate practically legally prejudice claimed right immediate appeal page