brown
socialist
workers
campaign
argued
october
decided
december
held
disclosure
provisions
ohio
campaign
expense
reporting
law
requiring
every
candidate
political
office
report
names
addresses
campaign
contributors
recipients
campaign
disbursements
constitutionally
applied
appellee
socialist
workers
party
swp
minor
political
party
historically
object
harassment
government
officials
private
parties
pp
first
amendment
prohibits
state
compelling
disclosures
minor
political
party
subject
persons
identified
reasonable
probability
threats
harassment
reprisals
buckley
valeo
moreover
minor
parties
must
allowed
sufficient
flexibility
proof
injury
ibid
principles
safeguarding
first
amendment
interests
minor
parties
members
supporters
apply
compelled
disclosure
campaign
contributors
also
compelled
disclosure
recipients
campaign
disbursements
pp
district
upholding
appellees
challenge
constitutionality
ohio
disclosure
provisions
properly
concluded
evidence
private
government
hostility
toward
swp
members
establishes
reasonable
probability
disclosing
names
contributors
recipients
subject
threats
harassment
reprisals
pp
marshall
delivered
opinion
burger
brennan
white
powell
joined
parts
iii
iv
blackmun
joined
blackmun
filed
opinion
concurring
part
concurring
judgment
post
filed
opinion
concurring
part
dissenting
part
rehnquist
stevens
joined
post
gary
elson
brown
assistant
attorney
general
ohio
argued
cause
appellants
briefs
william
brown
attorney
general
thomas
staub
assistant
attorney
general
james
rishel
thomas
buckley
argued
cause
appellees
brief
gordon
beggs
ben
sheerer
bruce
campbell
justice
marshall
delivered
opinion
case
presents
question
whether
certain
disclosure
requirements
ohio
campaign
expense
reporting
law
ohio
rev
code
ann
et
seq
supp
constitutionally
applied
socialist
workers
party
minor
political
party
historically
object
harassment
government
officials
private
parties
ohio
statute
requires
every
political
party
report
names
addresses
campaign
contributors
recipients
campaign
disbursements
buckley
valeo
held
first
amendment
prohibits
government
compelling
disclosures
minor
political
party
show
reasonable
probability
compelled
disclosures
subject
identified
threats
harassment
reprisals
employing
test
district
southern
district
ohio
held
ohio
statute
unconstitutional
applied
socialist
workers
party
affirm
socialist
workers
party
swp
small
political
party
approximately
members
state
ohio
party
constitution
aim
abolition
capitalism
establishment
workers
government
achieve
socialism
district
found
swp
advocate
use
violence
seeks
instead
achieve
social
change
political
process
members
regularly
run
public
office
swp
candidates
little
success
polls
example
ohio
swp
candidate
senate
received
fewer
votes
less
total
vote
campaign
contributions
expenditures
ohio
averaged
annually
since
appellees
instituted
class
action
district
northern
district
ohio
challenging
constitutionality
disclosure
provisions
ohio
campaign
expense
reporting
law
ohio
statute
requires
every
candidate
political
office
file
statement
identifying
contributor
recipient
disbursement
campaign
funds
object
purpose
disbursement
must
also
disclosed
lists
names
addresses
contributors
recipients
open
public
inspection
least
six
years
violations
disclosure
requirements
punishable
fines
day
violation
november
district
northern
district
ohio
entered
temporary
restraining
order
barring
enforcement
disclosure
requirements
class
pending
determination
merits
case
transferred
district
southern
district
ohio
entered
identical
temporary
restraining
order
february
accordingly
since
appellees
disclosed
names
contributors
recipients
otherwise
complied
statute
district
convened
pursuant
following
extensive
discovery
trial
held
february
reviewing
substantial
evidence
governmental
private
hostility
toward
harassment
swp
members
supporters
concluded
buckley
valeo
ohio
disclosure
requirements
unconstitutional
applied
appellees
noted
probable
jurisdiction
ii
constitution
protects
compelled
disclosure
political
associations
beliefs
disclosures
seriously
infringe
privacy
association
belief
guaranteed
first
amendment
buckley
valeo
supra
citing
gibson
florida
legislative
naacp
button
shelton
tucker
bates
little
rock
naacp
alabama
inviolability
privacy
group
association
may
many
circumstances
indispensable
preservation
freedom
association
particularly
group
espouses
dissident
beliefs
naacp
alabama
supra
right
privacy
one
political
associations
beliefs
yield
subordinating
interest
state
compelling
naacp
alabama
supra
quoting
sweezy
new
hampshire
opinion
concurring
result
substantial
relation
information
sought
overriding
compelling
state
interest
gibson
florida
legislative
supra
buckley
valeo
upheld
first
amendment
challenge
reporting
disclosure
requirements
imposed
political
parties
federal
election
campaign
act
et
seq
found
three
government
interests
sufficient
general
justify
requiring
disclosure
information
concerning
campaign
contributions
expenditures
enhancement
voters
knowledge
candidate
possible
allegiances
interests
deterrence
corruption
enforcement
contribution
limitations
stressed
however
certain
circumstances
balance
interests
requires
exempting
minor
political
parties
compelled
disclosures
government
interests
compelling
disclosures
diminished
case
minor
parties
minor
party
candidates
usually
represent
definite
publicized
viewpoints
well
known
public
improbability
winning
reduces
dangers
corruption
ibid
time
potential
impairing
first
amendment
interests
substantially
greater
unmindful
damage
done
disclosure
associational
interests
minor
parties
members
supporters
independents
significant
movements
less
likely
sound
financial
base
thus
vulnerable
falloffs
contributions
instances
fears
reprisal
may
deter
contributions
point
movement
survive
public
interest
also
suffers
result
comes
pass
consequent
reduction
free
circulation
ideas
within
without
political
arena
footnotes
omitted
buckley
valeo
set
forth
following
test
determining
first
amendment
requires
exempting
minor
parties
compelled
disclosures
evidence
offered
need
show
reasonable
probability
compelled
disclosure
party
contributors
names
subject
threats
harassment
reprisals
either
government
officials
private
parties
proof
may
include
example
specific
evidence
past
present
harassment
members
due
associational
ties
harassment
directed
organization
pattern
threats
specific
manifestations
public
hostility
may
sufficient
new
parties
history
upon
draw
may
able
offer
evidence
reprisals
threats
directed
individuals
organizations
holding
similar
views
ibid
reject
appellants
unduly
narrow
view
exemption
recognized
buckley
appellants
attempt
limit
exemption
laws
requiring
disclosure
contributors
inconsistent
rationale
exemption
stated
buckley
concluded
government
interests
supporting
disclosure
weaker
case
minor
parties
threat
first
amendment
values
greater
considerations
apply
disclosure
campaign
contributors
also
disclosure
recipients
campaign
disbursements
although
appellants
contend
requiring
disclosure
recipients
disbursements
necessary
prevent
corruption
recognized
buckley
concededly
legitimate
government
interest
less
force
context
minor
parties
federal
law
considered
buckley
like
ohio
law
issue
required
campaign
committees
identify
campaign
contributors
recipients
campaign
disbursements
stated
exposing
large
contributions
expenditures
light
publicity
disclosure
requirements
ten
prevent
corrupt
use
money
affect
elections
emphasis
added
quoting
burroughs
concluded
however
minor
party
candidates
unlikely
win
elections
government
general
interest
deterring
buying
elections
reduced
case
minor
parties
moreover
appellants
seriously
understate
threat
first
amendment
rights
result
requiring
minor
parties
disclose
recipients
campaign
disbursements
expenditures
political
party
often
consist
reimbursements
advances
wages
paid
party
members
campaign
workers
supporters
whose
activities
lie
core
first
amendment
disbursements
may
also
go
persons
choose
express
support
unpopular
cause
providing
services
rendered
scarce
public
hostility
suspicion
involvement
publicized
persons
vulnerable
threats
harassment
reprisals
contributors
whose
connection
party
solely
financial
even
individuals
receive
disbursements
merely
commercial
transactions
may
deterred
public
enmity
attending
publicity
seeking
harass
may
disrupt
commercial
activities
basis
expenditure
information
individual
enters
transaction
minor
party
purely
commercial
reasons
lacks
ideological
commitment
party
individual
may
well
deterred
providing
services
even
small
risk
harassment
compelled
disclosure
names
recipients
expenditures
therefore
cripple
minor
party
ability
operate
effectively
thereby
reduce
free
circulation
ideas
within
without
political
arena
buckley
footnotes
omitted
see
sweezy
new
hampshire
plurality
opinion
interference
freedom
party
simultaneously
interference
freedom
adherents
hold
therefore
test
announced
buckley
safeguarding
first
amendment
interests
minor
parties
members
supporters
applies
compelled
disclosure
campaign
contributors
also
compelled
disclosure
recipients
campaign
disbursements
iii
district
properly
applied
buckley
test
facts
case
district
found
substantial
evidence
governmental
private
hostility
toward
harassment
swp
members
supporters
appellees
introduced
proof
specific
incidents
private
government
hostility
toward
swp
members
within
four
years
preceding
trial
incidents
many
occurred
ohio
neighboring
included
threatening
phone
calls
hate
mail
burning
swp
literature
destruction
swp
members
property
police
harassment
party
candidate
firing
shots
swp
office
also
evidence
period
trial
swp
members
including
ohio
fired
party
membership
although
appellants
contend
two
ohio
firings
politically
motivated
evidence
amply
supports
district
conclusion
private
hostility
harassment
toward
swp
members
make
difficult
maintain
employment
district
also
found
past
history
government
harassment
swp
fbi
surveillance
swp
massive
continued
least
fbi
also
conducted
counterintelligence
program
swp
young
socialist
alliance
ysa
swp
youth
organization
one
aims
swp
disruption
program
dissemination
information
designed
impair
ability
swp
ysa
function
program
included
disclosing
press
criminal
records
swp
candidates
sending
anonymous
letters
swp
members
supporters
spouses
employers
least
fbi
employed
various
covert
techniques
obtain
information
swp
including
information
concerning
sources
funds
nature
expenditures
district
specifically
found
fbi
conducted
surveillance
ohio
swp
interfered
activities
within
state
government
surveillance
limited
fbi
civil
service
commission
also
gathered
information
swp
ysa
supporters
fbi
routinely
distributed
reports
army
navy
air
force
intelligence
secret
service
immigration
naturalization
service
district
properly
concluded
evidence
private
government
hostility
toward
swp
members
establishes
reasonable
probability
disclosing
names
contributors
recipients
subject
threats
harassment
reprisals
numerous
instances
recent
harassment
swp
ohio
also
considerable
evidence
past
government
harassment
appellants
challenge
relevance
evidence
government
harassment
light
recent
efforts
curb
official
misconduct
notwithstanding
efforts
evidence
suggests
hostility
toward
swp
ingrained
likely
continue
evidence
properly
relied
district
buckley
iv
first
amendment
prohibits
state
compelling
disclosures
minor
party
subject
persons
identified
reasonable
probability
threats
harassment
reprisals
disclosures
infringe
first
amendment
rights
party
members
supporters
light
substantial
evidence
past
present
hostility
private
persons
government
officials
swp
ohio
campaign
disclosure
requirements
constitutionally
applied
ohio
swp
judgment
district
southern
district
ohio
affirmed
ordered
footnotes
section
provides
relevant
part
every
campaign
committee
political
committee
political
party
made
received
contribution
made
expenditure
connection
nomination
election
candidate
election
held
state
shall
file
form
prescribed
section
full
true
itemized
statement
made
penalty
election
falsification
setting
forth
detail
contributions
expenditures
statement
required
division
section
shall
contain
following
information
statement
contributions
made
received
shall
include
month
day
year
contribution
full
name
address
person
including
chairman
treasurer
thereof
individual
contributions
received
requirement
filing
full
address
apply
statement
filed
state
local
committee
political
party
finance
committee
committee
committee
recognized
state
local
committee
auxiliary
description
contribution
received
money
value
dollars
cents
contribution
contributions
expenditures
shall
itemized
separately
regardless
amount
except
receipt
contribution
person
sum
dollars
less
one
social
activity
account
total
contributions
social
activity
shall
listed
separately
together
expenses
incurred
paid
connection
activity
continuing
association
makes
contribution
funds
derived
solely
regular
dues
paid
members
association
shall
required
list
name
address
members
paid
dues
statement
expenditures
shall
include
month
day
year
expenditure
full
name
address
person
expenditure
made
including
chairman
treasurer
thereof
committee
association
group
persons
object
purpose
expenditure
made
amount
expenditure
statements
shall
open
public
inspection
office
filed
shall
carefully
preserved
period
least
six
years
order
restrained
various
state
officials
applying
enforcing
plaintiffs
disclosure
provisions
ohio
campaign
expense
reporting
law
penalty
provision
law
effect
postpone
beginning
possible
period
violation
law
plaintiffs
time
case
decided
three
judge
panel
hereby
convened
citations
omitted
apparently
none
parties
throughout
period
questioned
whether
extended
duration
temporary
restraining
order
conformed
requirements
rule
federal
rules
civil
procedure
invalidated
ohio
statute
applied
ohio
swp
district
decide
appellees
claim
statute
facially
invalid
ohio
statute
requires
disclosure
contributions
expenditures
matter
small
amount
ohio
rev
code
ann
supp
appellees
contended
absence
monetary
threshold
rendered
statute
facially
invalid
since
compelled
disclosure
nominal
contributions
expenditures
lacks
substantial
nexus
claimed
government
interest
see
buckley
valeo
district
opinion
unreported
title
supp
require
political
committee
keep
detailed
records
contributions
expenditures
including
names
campaign
contributors
recipients
campaign
disbursements
file
reports
federal
election
commission
made
available
public
government
interest
enforcing
limitations
completely
inapplicable
case
since
ohio
law
imposes
limitations
amount
campaign
contributions
believe
question
whether
buckley
test
applies
compelled
disclosure
recipients
expenditures
properly
us
throughout
litigation
ohio
maintained
constitutionally
require
swp
disclose
names
campaign
contributors
recipients
campaign
expenditures
invalidating
aspects
ohio
statute
applied
swp
district
necessarily
held
buckley
standard
permits
flexible
proof
reasonable
probability
threats
harassment
reprisals
applies
contributions
expenditures
evidence
sufficient
show
reasonable
probability
disclosure
subject
contributors
recipients
public
hostility
harassment
jurisdictional
statement
appellants
appealed
entire
judgment
entered
presented
following
question
review
whether
standards
set
forth
buckley
valeo
provisions
sections
ohio
revised
code
require
campaign
committee
candidate
public
office
file
report
disclosing
full
names
addresses
persons
making
contributions
receiving
expenditures
committee
consistent
right
privacy
association
guaranteed
first
fourteenth
amendments
constitution
applied
committees
candidates
minority
party
establish
isolated
instances
harassment
directed
toward
organization
members
within
ohio
recent
years
juris
statement
one
three
government
interests
identified
buckley
appellants
contend
two
interests
enhancing
voters
ability
evaluate
candidates
enforcing
contribution
limitations
support
disclosure
names
recipients
campaign
disbursements
partial
dissent
suggests
government
interest
disclosure
recipients
expenditures
significantly
diminished
case
minor
political
parties
since
parties
little
likelihood
electoral
success
might
nevertheless
finance
improper
campaign
activities
merely
gain
recognition
post
partial
dissent
relies
justice
white
separate
opinion
buckley
pointed
unlimited
money
tempts
people
spend
whatever
money
buy
influence
election
emphasis
original
examination
context
justice
white
made
observation
indicates
precisely
state
interest
insubstantial
justice
white
addressing
constitutionality
ceilings
campaign
expenditures
applicable
candidates
point
ceilings
play
substantial
role
preventing
unethical
practices
ibid
case
minor
parties
however
limited
financial
resources
serve
expenditure
ceiling
minimizes
likelihood
expend
substantial
amounts
money
finance
improper
campaign
activities
see
example
far
unlimited
money
ohio
swp
average
roughly
available
year
spend
election
efforts
limited
resources
minor
parties
typically
needed
pay
ordinary
fixed
costs
conducting
campaigns
filing
fees
travel
expenses
expenses
incurred
publishing
distributing
campaign
literature
maintaining
offices
thus
justice
white
observation
financing
illegal
activities
low
campaign
organization
priority
list
particularly
apposite
case
minor
parties
agree
therefore
minor
parties
likely
major
parties
make
significant
expenditures
funding
dirty
tricks
improper
campaign
activities
see
post
moreover
expenditure
minor
parties
even
substantial
portion
limited
funds
illegal
activities
unlikely
substantial
impact
furthermore
mere
possibility
minor
parties
resort
corrupt
unfair
tactics
justify
substantial
infringement
first
amendment
interests
result
compelling
disclosure
recipients
expenditures
buckley
acknowledged
possibility
supporters
major
party
candidate
might
channel
money
minor
parties
divert
votes
major
party
contenders
noted
partial
dissent
post
occasionally
minor
parties
may
affect
outcomes
elections
thus
recognized
distorting
influence
large
contributors
elections
may
entirely
absent
context
minor
parties
nevertheless
concluded
government
interest
disclosing
contributors
substantially
reduced
case
minor
parties
held
minor
parties
entitled
exemption
requirements
contributors
disclosed
show
reasonable
probability
harassment
similarly
conclude
government
interest
requiring
disclosure
recipients
expenditures
substantially
reduced
case
minor
parties
hold
exemption
recognized
buckley
applies
compelled
disclosure
expenditures
well
example
expenditure
statements
filed
swp
contain
substantial
percentage
entries
designated
per
diem
travel
expenses
room
rental
ohio
statute
makes
particularly
easy
identify
individuals
since
requires
disclosure
purpose
disbursements
well
identity
recipients
ohio
rev
code
ann
supp
inancial
transactions
reveal
much
person
activities
associations
beliefs
buckley
valeo
quoting
california
bankers
assn
shultz
powell
concurring
district
found
federal
bureau
investigation
fbi
least
routinely
investigated
financial
transactions
swp
kept
track
payees
swp
checks
fact
even
many
recipients
campaign
expenditures
may
exposed
risk
public
hostility
detract
serious
threat
exercise
first
amendment
rights
exposed
agree
partial
dissent
assertion
disclosures
disbursements
paid
campaign
workers
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determine
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law
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recipients
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see
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majority
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district
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evidence
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majority
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apply
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district
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exhibit
record
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fact
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federal
election
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order
socialist
workers
national
campaign
committee
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dc
stipulated
judgment
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case
analyzed
affidavits
submitted
swp
members
documentary
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private
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party
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general
public
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long
ended
see
final
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select
committee
study
governmental
operations
respect
intelligence
activities
vol
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congress
since
instituted
rigorous
oversight
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intelligence
activities
see
supp
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inference
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recipients
expenditures
increase
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party
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tenuous
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interest
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majority
notes
ante
entries
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diem
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names
persons
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funds
swp
apparently
party
treasurers
party
candidates
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per
diem
payments
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filing
statements
ohio
secretary
state
caused
harassment
named
persons
indeed
highly
unlikely
disclosure
increase
exposure
persons
already
publicly
identified
party
holding
state
statute
unconstitutional
applied
must
sever
apply
constitutional
portions
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legislature
intended
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provisions
within
power
independently
buckley
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severing
constitutional
portions
federal
election
campaign
act
holding
portions
unconstitutional
face
quoting
champlin
refining
corporation
clearly
expenditure
disclosure
requirements
ohio
statute
served
applied
even
though
contribution
disclosure
requirements
applied
instance
two
requirements
analytically
practically
distinct