illinois
caballes
argued
november
decided
january
illinois
state
trooper
stopped
respondent
speeding
radioed
second
trooper
overhearing
transmission
drove
scene
dog
walked
dog
around
respondent
car
first
trooper
wrote
respondent
warning
ticket
dog
alerted
respondent
trunk
officers
searched
trunk
found
marijuana
arrested
respondent
respondent
drug
trial
denied
motion
suppress
seized
evidence
holding
inter
alia
dog
alerting
provided
sufficient
probable
cause
conduct
search
respondent
convicted
illinois
reversed
finding
specific
articulable
facts
suggest
drug
activity
use
dog
unjustifiably
enlarged
routine
traffic
stop
drug
investigation
held
dog
sniff
conducted
concededly
lawful
traffic
stop
reveals
information
location
substance
individual
right
possess
violate
fourth
amendment
pp
vacated
remanded
stevens
delivered
opinion
scalia
kennedy
thomas
breyer
joined
souter
filed
dissenting
opinion
ginsburg
filed
dissenting
opinion
souter
joined
rehnquist
took
part
decision
case
illinois
petitioner
roy
caballes
writ
certiorari
illinois
january
justice
stevens
delivered
opinion
illinois
state
trooper
daniel
gillette
stopped
respondent
speeding
interstate
highway
gillette
radioed
police
dispatcher
report
stop
second
trooper
craig
graham
member
illinois
state
police
drug
interdiction
team
overheard
transmission
immediately
headed
scene
dog
arrived
respondent
car
shoulder
road
respondent
gillette
vehicle
gillette
process
writing
warning
ticket
graham
walked
dog
around
respondent
car
dog
alerted
trunk
based
alert
officers
searched
trunk
found
marijuana
arrested
respondent
entire
incident
lasted
less
minutes
respondent
convicted
narcotics
offense
sentenced
years
imprisonment
fine
trial
judge
denied
motion
suppress
seized
evidence
quash
arrest
held
officers
unnecessarily
prolonged
stop
dog
alert
sufficiently
reliable
provide
probable
cause
conduct
search
although
appellate
affirmed
illinois
reversed
concluding
canine
sniff
performed
without
articulable
suggest
drug
activity
use
dog
unjustifiably
enlarg
ed
scope
routine
traffic
stop
drug
investigation
question
granted
certiorari
narrow
whether
fourth
amendment
requires
reasonable
articulable
suspicion
justify
using
dog
sniff
vehicle
legitimate
traffic
stop
pet
cert
thus
proceed
assumption
officer
conducting
dog
sniff
information
respondent
except
stopped
speeding
accordingly
omitted
reference
facts
respondent
might
triggered
modicum
suspicion
initial
seizure
respondent
stopped
highway
based
probable
cause
concededly
lawful
nevertheless
clear
seizure
lawful
inception
violate
fourth
amendment
manner
execution
unreasonably
infringes
interests
protected
constitution
jacobsen
seizure
justified
solely
interest
issuing
warning
ticket
driver
become
unlawful
prolonged
beyond
time
reasonably
required
complete
mission
earlier
case
involving
dog
sniff
occurred
unreasonably
prolonged
traffic
stop
illinois
held
use
dog
subsequent
discovery
contraband
product
unconstitutional
seizure
people
cox
may
assume
similar
result
warranted
case
dog
sniff
conducted
respondent
unlawfully
detained
proceedings
however
judges
carefully
reviewed
details
officer
gillette
conversations
respondent
precise
timing
radio
transmissions
dispatcher
determine
whether
improperly
extended
duration
stop
enable
dog
sniff
occur
recounted
details
accept
state
conclusion
duration
stop
case
entirely
justified
traffic
offense
ordinary
inquiries
incident
stop
despite
conclusion
illinois
held
initially
lawful
traffic
stop
became
unlawful
seizure
solely
result
canine
sniff
occurred
outside
respondent
stopped
car
characterized
dog
sniff
cause
rather
consequence
constitutional
violation
view
use
dog
converted
encounter
lawful
traffic
stop
drug
investigation
shift
purpose
supported
reasonable
suspicion
respondent
possessed
narcotics
unlawful
view
conducting
dog
sniff
change
character
traffic
stop
lawful
inception
otherwise
executed
reasonable
manner
unless
dog
sniff
infringed
respondent
constitutionally
protected
interest
privacy
cases
hold
official
conduct
compromise
legitimate
interest
privacy
search
subject
fourth
amendment
jacobsen
treated
canine
sniff
dog
sui
generis
discloses
presence
absence
narcotics
contraband
item
see
also
indianapolis
edmond
respondent
likewise
concedes
drug
sniffs
designed
properly
conducted
generally
likely
reveal
presence
contraband
brief
respondent
although
respondent
argues
error
rates
particularly
existence
false
positives
call
question
premise
dogs
alert
contraband
record
contains
evidence
findings
support
argument
moreover
respondent
suggest
erroneous
alert
reveals
legitimate
private
information
case
trial
judge
found
dog
sniff
sufficiently
reliable
establish
probable
cause
conduct
search
trunk
accordingly
use
dog
one
expose
noncontraband
items
otherwise
remain
hidden
public
view
place
lawful
traffic
stop
generally
implicate
legitimate
privacy
interests
case
dog
sniff
performed
exterior
respondent
car
lawfully
seized
traffic
violation
intrusion
respondent
privacy
expectations
rise
level
constitutionally
cognizable
infringement
conclusion
entirely
consistent
recent
decision
use
device
detect
growth
marijuana
home
constituted
unlawful
search
kyllo
critical
decision
fact
device
capable
detecting
lawful
activity
case
intimate
details
home
hour
night
lady
house
takes
daily
sauna
bath
legitimate
expectation
information
perfectly
lawful
activity
remain
private
categorically
distinguishable
respondent
hopes
expectations
concerning
nondetection
contraband
trunk
car
dog
sniff
conducted
concededly
lawful
traffic
stop
reveals
information
location
substance
individual
right
possess
violate
fourth
amendment
judgment
illinois
vacated
case
remanded
proceedings
inconsistent
opinion
ordered
chief
justice
took
part
decision
case
illinois
petitioner
roy
caballes
writ
certiorari
illinois
january
justice
souter
dissenting
hold
using
dog
purposes
determining
presence
marijuana
car
trunk
search
unauthorized
incident
speeding
stop
unjustified
ground
accordingly
affirm
judgment
illinois
respectfully
dissent
place
categorized
sniff
dog
sui
generis
fourth
amendment
held
search
classification
rests
upon
limited
nature
intrusion
premise
experience
shown
untenable
assumption
trained
sniffing
dogs
err
learned
fallibility
dogs
years
since
place
decided
reason
call
reconsidering
place
decision
treating
intentional
use
trained
dog
search
portent
case
however
adds
insistence
call
uncritical
adherence
place
render
fourth
amendment
indifferent
suspicionless
indiscriminate
sweeps
cars
parking
garages
pedestrians
sidewalks
sniff
preceded
seizure
subject
fourth
amendment
notice
escapes
fourth
amendment
review
entirely
unless
treated
search
wait
developments
occur
rethinking
place
analysis
invites
untoward
heart
place
opinion
today
proposition
sniffs
trained
dog
sui
generis
reaction
dog
going
alert
response
nothing
presence
see
ibid
sniff
discloses
presence
absence
narcotics
contraband
item
ante
assuming
canine
sniff
narcotics
dog
reveal
presence
absence
narcotics
contraband
quoting
place
supra
hence
argument
goes
sniff
reveal
presence
items
devoid
legal
use
sniff
implicate
legitimate
privacy
interests
treated
search
ante
infallible
dog
however
creature
legal
fiction
although
illinois
get
sniffing
averages
drug
dogs
supposed
infallibility
belied
judicial
opinions
describing
animals
sniffing
alerting
less
perfect
accuracy
whether
owing
errors
handlers
limitations
dogs
even
pervasive
contamination
currency
cocaine
see
kennedy
describing
dog
accuracy
rate
scarborough
describing
dog
erroneously
alerted
times
working
postal
service
time
entire
career
limares
accepting
reliable
dog
gave
false
positives
time
laime
state
ark
speaking
dog
made
errors
noting
much
currency
circulation
contains
drug
residue
dog
alert
little
value
vacated
grounds
rehearing
en
banc
carr
becker
concurring
part
dissenting
part
substantial
portion
currency
tainted
sufficient
traces
controlled
substances
cause
trained
canine
alert
presence
indeed
study
cited
illinois
case
proposition
dog
sniffs
generally
reliable
shows
dogs
artificial
testing
situations
return
false
positives
anywhere
time
depending
length
search
see
reply
brief
petitioner
garner
et
duty
cycle
detector
dog
baseline
study
apr
prepared
federal
aviation
administration
grant
institute
biological
detection
systems
auburn
university
practical
terms
evidence
clear
dog
alerts
hundreds
times
wrong
dozens
times
dog
fallibility
recognized
however
ends
justification
claimed
place
treating
sniff
sui
generis
fourth
amendment
sniff
alert
necessarily
signal
hidden
contraband
opening
container
enclosed
space
whose
emanations
dog
sensed
necessarily
reveal
contraband
evidence
crime
course
deny
dog
reaction
may
provide
reasonable
suspicion
probable
cause
search
container
enclosure
fourth
amendment
demand
certainty
success
justify
search
evidence
contraband
point
simply
sniff
alert
claim
certainty
place
assumed
treating
deliberate
use
sniffing
dogs
sui
generis
taking
characterization
reason
say
searches
subject
fourth
amendment
scrutiny
aura
uniqueness
disappears
basis
place
reasoning
good
reason
otherwise
ignore
actual
function
dog
sniffs
perform
conducted
obtain
information
contents
private
spaces
beyond
anything
human
senses
perceive
even
conventionally
enhanced
information
provided
independent
third
parties
beyond
reach
constitutional
limitations
gathered
government
officers
order
justify
searches
traditional
sort
may
may
reveal
evidence
crime
disclose
anything
meant
kept
private
area
searched
thus
practice
government
use
trained
narcotics
dog
functions
limited
search
reveal
undisclosed
facts
private
enclosures
used
justify
complete
search
enclosed
area
given
fallibility
dog
sniff
first
step
process
may
disclose
intimate
details
without
revealing
contraband
device
might
described
kyllo
makes
sense
treat
sniff
search
amounts
practice
rely
body
fourth
amendment
cases
including
kyllo
deciding
whether
search
reasonable
general
proposition
using
dog
sniff
drugs
subject
rule
object
enforcing
criminal
laws
without
justify
suspicionless
fourth
amendment
intrusions
see
indianapolis
edmond
since
police
claim
particular
suspicion
caballes
violating
drug
sniff
search
must
stand
fall
ancillary
traffic
stop
led
true
police
probable
cause
stop
car
offense
committed
officer
presence
caballes
concedes
justified
arrest
see
brief
respondent
occasion
consider
authority
incident
arrest
however
see
knowles
iowa
police
nothing
detain
caballes
long
enough
check
record
write
ticket
consequence
reasonableness
search
must
assessed
relation
actual
delay
police
chose
impose
justice
ginsburg
points
opinion
post
fourth
amendment
consequences
stopping
traffic
citation
settled
law
berkemer
mccarty
followed
knowles
supra
held
analogue
common
traffic
stop
limited
detention
investigation
authorized
terry
ohio
terry
authorized
restricted
incidental
search
weapons
reasonable
suspicion
warrants
safety
measure
took
care
keep
terry
stop
automatically
becoming
foot
door
investigatory
purposes
permissible
intrusion
bounded
justification
detention
although
facts
disclosed
enquiry
within
limit
might
give
grounds
go
government
otherwise
take
advantage
suspect
immobility
search
evidence
unrelated
reason
detention
rule
unless
terry
going
become
general
searches
rule
requires
holding
police
reasonable
grounds
conduct
sniff
searches
drugs
simply
stopped
someone
receive
ticket
highway
offense
since
police
indication
illegal
activity
beyond
speed
car
case
sniff
search
held
unreasonable
fourth
amendment
fruits
suppressed
nothing
case
relied
upon
jacobsen
unsettled
limit
reasonable
enquiry
adopted
terry
jacobsen
found
fourth
amendment
search
occurred
federal
agents
analyzed
powder
already
lawfully
obtained
noted
test
reveal
whether
powder
cocaine
owner
legitimate
privacy
interest
stake
already
explained
however
use
sniffing
dog
cases
like
significantly
different
properly
treated
search
indeed
implicate
fourth
amendment
protection
jacobsen
powder
analyzed
effectively
end
matter
either
powder
cocaine
fact
owner
legitimate
interest
concealing
cocaine
case
test
revealed
nothing
powder
anything
else
already
legitimately
obvious
police
case
dog
sniff
dog
smell
disclosed
contraband
smells
closed
container
affirmative
reaction
therefore
identify
substance
police
already
legitimately
possess
informs
police
instead
merely
reasonable
chance
finding
contraband
yet
put
hands
police
open
container
discover
whatever
lies
within
marijuana
owner
private
papers
thus
jacobsen
rely
assumption
enquiry
question
either
show
certainty
known
substance
contraband
reveal
nothing
certainty
limit
disclosure
may
follow
missing
dog
sniffs
today
go
far
say
explicitly
sniff
searches
dogs
trained
sense
contraband
always
get
free
pass
fourth
amendment
since
reserves
judgment
constitutional
significance
sniffs
assumed
intrusive
dog
walk
around
stopped
car
ante
reason
take
reliance
jacobsen
actually
signaling
recognition
broad
authority
conduct
suspicionless
sniffs
drugs
parked
car
justice
ginsburg
rightly
concerned
post
person
pedestrian
minding
business
sidewalk
stated
reasoning
provides
apparent
stopping
point
short
excesses
sake
providing
workable
framework
analyze
cases
facts
like
certain
come
along
treat
dog
sniff
familiar
search
fact
subject
scrutiny
fourth
illinois
petitioner
roy
caballes
writ
certiorari
illinois
january
justice
ginsburg
justice
souter
joins
dissenting
illinois
state
police
trooper
daniel
gillette
stopped
roy
caballes
driving
miles
per
hour
zone
posted
speed
limit
miles
per
hour
trooper
craig
graham
drug
interdiction
team
heard
radio
trooper
gillette
making
traffic
stop
although
gillette
requested
aid
graham
decided
come
scene
conduct
dog
sniff
gillette
informed
caballes
speeding
asked
usual
documents
driver
license
car
registration
proof
insurance
caballes
promptly
provided
requested
documents
refused
consent
search
vehicle
calling
dispatcher
check
validity
caballes
license
outstanding
warrants
gillette
returned
vehicle
write
caballes
warning
ticket
interrupted
radio
call
unrelated
matter
gillette
still
writing
ticket
trooper
graham
arrived
dog
graham
walked
dog
around
car
dog
alerted
caballes
trunk
opening
trunk
troopers
found
marijuana
illinois
held
drug
evidence
suppressed
adhering
decision
people
cox
employed
test
taken
terry
ohio
determine
overall
reasonableness
stop
asked
first
whether
officer
action
justified
inception
second
whether
reasonably
related
scope
circumstances
justified
interference
first
place
ibid
quoting
people
brownlee
turn
quoting
terry
undisputed
observed
traffic
stop
properly
initiated
thus
dispositive
inquiry
trained
second
part
terry
test
state
bears
burden
establishing
conduct
remained
within
scope
stop
concluded
state
failed
offer
sufficient
justification
canine
sniff
police
detect
odor
marijuana
car
note
evidence
suggesting
presence
illegal
drugs
ibid
lacking
specific
articulable
facts
supporting
canine
sniff
ibid
quoting
cox
ruled
police
impermissibly
broadened
scope
traffic
stop
case
drug
investigation
affirm
illinois
judgment
hold
drug
sniff
violated
fourth
amendment
terry
ohio
upheld
stop
subsequent
frisk
individual
based
officer
observation
suspicious
behavior
reasonable
belief
suspect
armed
see
examining
terry
length
intrusiveness
stop
detention
florida
royer
plurality
opinion
investigative
detention
must
temporary
last
longer
necessary
effectuate
purpose
stop
investigative
methods
employed
least
intrusive
means
reasonably
available
verify
dispel
officer
suspicion
routine
traffic
stop
observed
relatively
brief
encounter
analogous
terry
stop
formal
arrest
knowles
iowa
quoting
berkemer
mccarty
see
also
ante
souter
dissenting
government
may
take
advantage
suspect
immobility
search
evidence
unrelated
reason
detention
apply
terry
test
illinois
determine
whether
canine
sniff
impermissibly
expanded
scope
initially
valid
seizure
caballes
hardly
dispositive
dog
sniff
case
may
lengthened
duration
stop
cf
ante
seizure
become
unlawful
prolonged
beyond
time
reasonably
required
complete
initial
terry
merits
repetition
instructs
investigation
must
reasonably
related
scope
circumstances
justified
interference
first
place
emphasis
added
unwarranted
nonconsensual
expansion
seizure
routine
traffic
stop
drug
investigation
broadened
scope
investigation
manner
judgment
runs
afoul
fourth
rejects
illinois
judgment
implicitly
application
terry
traffic
stop
converted
calling
dog
drug
search
rules
holding
dog
sniff
render
seizure
reasonable
time
unreasonable
scope
ante
dog
sniffs
detect
possession
contraband
may
employed
without
offense
fourth
amendment
reasons
reveal
lawful
activity
hence
disturb
legitimate
expectation
privacy
ante
view
diminishes
fourth
amendment
force
abandoning
second
terry
inquiry
police
action
reasonably
related
scope
circumstances
justifiying
initial
interference
place
sniff
surely
broadened
scope
seizure
never
removed
police
action
fourth
amendment
control
ground
action
well
calculated
apprehend
guilty
see
karo
fourth
amendment
warrant
requirement
applies
police
monitoring
beeper
house
even
facts
justify
believing
crime
committed
monitoring
beeper
wherever
goes
likely
produce
evidence
criminal
activity
see
also
minnesota
carter
ginsburg
dissenting
fourth
amendment
protection
reserved
innocent
little
force
regulating
police
behavior
toward
either
innocent
today
decision
every
traffic
stop
become
occasion
call
dogs
distress
embarrassment
population
illinois
seems
correctly
apprehended
danger
allowing
police
search
contraband
despite
absence
cause
suspect
presence
today
decision
contrast
clears
way
suspicionless
drug
sweeps
parked
cars
along
sidewalks
parking
lots
compare
ludwig
upholding
search
based
canine
drug
sniff
parked
car
motel
parking
lot
conducted
without
particular
suspicion
quinn
officers
must
reasonable
suspicion
car
contains
narcotics
moment
dog
sniff
performed
place
fourth
amendment
violated
dog
sniff
piece
luggage
seized
based
suspicion
drugs
motorists
constitutional
grounds
complaint
police
dogs
stationed
long
traffic
lights
circle
cars
waiting
red
signal
turn
green
today
decision
also
undermines
balancing
fourth
amendment
interests
contexts
example
bond
held
bus
passenger
expectation
privacy
bag
placed
overhead
bin
police
officer
physical
manipulation
bag
constituted
illegal
search
canine
drug
sniffs
entirely
exempt
fourth
amendment
inspection
sniff
substitute
officer
request
bus
passenger
permission
search
bag
significant
difference
passenger
option
say
dog
sniff
case
bears
emphasis
drug
detection
dog
sniff
explosives
involving
security
interests
presented
entirely
different
matter
detector
dogs
ordinarily
trained
sniffers
discrete
purposes
example
may
trained
narcotics
detection
explosives
detection
agricultural
products
detection
see
customs
border
protection
canine
enforcement
training
center
training
program
course
descriptions
http
internet
materials
visited
available
clerk
case
file
describing
customs
training
courses
narcotics
detection
transportation
security
administration
canine
explosives
program
http
describing
transportation
security
administration
explosives
detection
canine
program
dept
agriculture
animal
plant
health
inspection
service
usda
detector
dogs
tecting
american
agriculture
available
http
describing
usda
beagle
brigade
detector
dogs
trained
detect
prohibited
fruits
plants
meat
see
also
jennings
origins
history
security
detector
dogs
canine
sports
medicine
surgery
bloomberg
dee
taylor
eds
describing
narcotics
detector
dogs
used
border
patrol
customs
bomb
detector
dogs
used
federal
aviation
administration
secret
service
noting
possibility
circumstances
cross
training
dogs
multiple
tasks
chapman
police
dogs
north
america
describing
dogs
noting
possibility
cross
training
indication
case
dog
accompanying
trooper
graham
trained
anything
drug
detection
see
trooper
graham
arrived
dog
brief
petitioner
trooper
graham
arrived
dog
distinguished
general
interest
crime
control
immediate
threats
public
safety
michigan
dept
state
police
sitz
upheld
use
sobriety
traffic
checkpoint
balancing
state
interest
preventing
drunk
driving
extent
accomplished
checkpoint
program
degree
intrusion
stops
involved
determined
state
checkpoint
program
consistent
fourth
amendment
ten
years
sitz
indianapolis
edmond
held
drug
interdiction
checkpoint
violated
fourth
amendment
despite
illegal
narcotics
traffic
nation
struggling
stem
explained
general
interest
crime
control
justify
stops
distinguished
sobriety
checkpoints
sitz
ground
checkpoints
designed
eliminate
immediate
threat
life
limb
use
dogs
check
vehicles
explosives
without
doubt
closer
kinship
sobriety
checkpoints
sitz
drug
checkpoints
edmond
observed
edmond
fourth
amendment
almost
certainly
permit
appropriately
tailored
roadblock
set
thwart
imminent
terrorist
attack
permitting
exceptions
warrant
requirements
search
special
needs
beyond
normal
need
law
enforcement
make
requirements
impracticable
quoting
new
jersey
blackmun
concurring
judgment
reasons
stated
hold
police
violated
caballes
fourth
amendment
rights
without
cause
suspect
wrongdoing
conducted
dog
sniff
vehicle
therefore
affirm
judgment
illinois
footnotes
also
join
justice
ginsburg
dissent
post
without
directly
reexamining
soundness
analysis
government
dog
sniffs
place
demonstrates
investigation
matter
beyond
subject
traffic
stop
offends
rule
terry
ohio
analysis
adopt
another
proffered
justification
sui
generis
status
dog
sniff
particularly
nonintrusive
procedure
place
agree
justice
ginsburg
introduction
dog
traffic
stop
let
alone
encounter
someone
walking
street
fact
quite
intrusive
post
dissenting
opinion
kyllo
concerned
whether
search
occurred
police
used
device
house
detect
heat
emanations
associated
lamps
concluding
using
device
search
stressed
government
may
us
device
explore
details
home
previously
unknowable
without
physical
intrusion
difference
dwelling
kyllo
trunk
car
may
go
issue
reasonableness
respective
searches
bearing
question
search
search
significant
kyllo
imaging
device
disclose
personal
details
immediately
whereas
revealed
step
opening
enclosed
space
following
dog
alert
reaction
practical
terms
values
protected
fourth
amendment
stake
case
justifications
required
fourth
amendment
may
may
differ
two
practices
constitutional
scrutiny
order
imager
order
dog
despite
remarkable
fact
police
pulled
car
going
miles
hour
state
maintains
excessive
speed
reason
stop
case
comes
us
assumption
thus
place
government
officials
independent
grounds
suspect
luggage
question
contained
contraband
employed
dog
sniff
describing
place
acted
suspiciously
line
airport
labeled
luggage
inconsistent
fictional
addresses
also
error
claim
variant
doctrine
excuses
lack
justification
dog
sniff
case
officer
observes
object
left
owner
plain
view
search
occurs
owner
exhibited
intention
keep
object
katz
harlan
concurring
contrast
individual
conceals
possessions
world
grounds
expect
degree
privacy
plain
view
may
enhanced
somewhat
technology
see
dow
chemical
allowing
aerial
surveillance
industrial
complex
limits
kyllo
explained
treating
device
outside
doctrine
previously
reserved
judgment
much
technological
enhancement
ordinary
perception
turns
mere
observation
fourth
amendment
search
kyllo
laid
special
emphasis
heightened
privacy
expectations
surround
home
closed
car
trunks
accorded
level
privacy
protection
see
new
york
belton
holding
even
search
incident
arrest
vehicle
permit
search
trunk
result
fourth
amendment
protections
meaning
face
superhuman
yet
fallible
techniques
like
use
trained
dogs
techniques
must
justified
basis
reasonableness
lest
everything
deemed
plain
view
take
care
reserve
judgment
possible
case
significantly
unlike
one
us
concerned
prejudge
claim
authority
detect
explosives
dangerous
chemical
biological
weapons
might
carried
terrorist
prompts
individualized
suspicion
suffice
say
reasonable
search
depends
part
demonstrated
risk
unreasonable
sniff
searches
marijuana
necessarily
unreasonable
sniff
searches
destructive
deadly
material
suicide
bombs
societal
risk
footnotes
illinois
held
insufficient
support
canine
sniff
gillette
observations
caballes
said
moving
chicago
visible
belongings
two
sport
coats
backseat
car
smelled
air
freshener
caballes
dressed
business
unemployed
caballes
seemed
nervous
even
viewed
together
said
observations
gave
rise
nothing
vague
hunch
possible
wrongdoing
proceeds
assumption
officer
conducting
dog
sniff
information
caballes
ante
berkemer
cautioned
analogizing
traffic
stop
terry
stop
suggest
traffic
stop
supported
probable
cause
may
exceed
bounds
set
fourth
amendment
scope
terry
stop
per
curiam
later
reaffirmed
terry
analogy
evaluating
police
officer
authority
search
vehicle
routine
traffic
stop
knowles
question
whether
police
officer
inquiring
drugs
without
reasonable
suspicion
unconstitutionally
broadens
traffic
investigation
cf
florida
bostick
police
questioning
bus
passenger
might
said
constitute
seizure