prado
navarette
et
al
california
argued
january
decided
april
california
highway
patrol
officer
stopped
pickup
truck
occupied
petitioners
matched
description
vehicle
caller
recently
reported
run
road
second
officer
approached
truck
smelled
marijuana
searched
truck
bed
found
pounds
marijuana
arrested
petitioners
petitioners
moved
suppress
evidence
arguing
traffic
stop
violated
fourth
amendment
motion
denied
pleaded
guilty
transporting
marijuana
california
appeal
affirmed
concluding
officer
reasonable
suspicion
conduct
investigative
stop
held
traffic
stop
complied
fourth
amendment
totality
circumstances
officer
reasonable
suspicion
truck
driver
intoxicated
pp
fourth
amendment
permits
brief
investigative
stops
officer
particularized
objective
basis
suspecting
particular
person
stopped
criminal
activity
cortez
reasonable
suspicion
takes
account
totality
circumstances
depends
upon
content
information
possessed
police
degree
reliability
alabama
white
anonymous
tip
alone
seldom
demonstrates
sufficient
reliability
white
may
appropriate
circumstances
pp
call
case
bore
adequate
indicia
reliability
officer
credit
caller
account
reporting
run
road
specific
vehicle
caller
necessarily
claimed
eyewitness
basis
knowledge
apparently
short
time
reported
incident
call
suggests
caller
little
time
fabricate
report
reasonable
officer
conclude
false
tipster
think
twice
using
system
several
technological
regulatory
features
safeguard
making
false
reports
immunity
pp
tip
reliable
also
created
reasonable
suspicion
drunk
driving
running
another
car
road
suggests
sort
impairment
characterizes
drunk
driving
conduct
might
explained
another
cause
driver
distraction
reasonable
suspicion
need
rule
possibility
innocent
conduct
arvizu
finally
officer
failure
observe
additional
suspicious
conduct
short
period
followed
truck
dispel
reasonable
suspicion
drunk
driving
officer
required
surveil
truck
longer
period
pp
affirmed
thomas
delivered
opinion
roberts
kennedy
breyer
alito
joined
scalia
filed
dissenting
opinion
ginsburg
sotomayor
kagan
joined
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
reporter
decisions
washington
typographical
formal
errors
order
corrections
may
made
preliminary
print
goes
press
lorenzo
prado
navarette
jose
prado
navarette
petitioners
california
writ
certiorari
appeal
california
first
appellate
district
april
justice
thomas
delivered
opinion
caller
reported
vehicle
run
road
police
officer
located
vehicle
identified
call
executed
traffic
stop
hold
stop
complied
fourth
amendment
totality
circumstances
officer
reasonable
suspicion
driver
intoxicated
august
mendocino
county
dispatch
team
california
highway
patrol
chp
received
call
another
chp
dispatcher
neighboring
humboldt
county
humboldt
county
dispatcher
relayed
tip
caller
mendocino
county
team
recorded
follows
southbound
highway
mile
marker
silver
ford
pickup
plate
ran
reporting
party
roadway
last
seen
approximately
five
minutes
ago
app
mendocino
county
team
broadcast
information
chp
officers
chp
officer
heading
northbound
toward
reported
vehicle
responded
broadcast
officer
passed
truck
near
mile
marker
making
pulled
truck
second
officer
separately
responded
broadcast
also
arrived
scene
two
officers
approached
truck
smelled
marijuana
search
truck
bed
revealed
pounds
marijuana
officers
arrested
driver
petitioner
lorenzo
prado
navarette
passenger
petitioner
josé
prado
navarette
petitioners
moved
suppress
evidence
arguing
traffic
stop
violated
fourth
amendment
officer
lacked
reasonable
suspicion
criminal
activity
magistrate
presided
suppression
hearing
superior
petitioners
pleaded
guilty
transporting
marijuana
sentenced
days
jail
plus
three
years
probation
california
appeal
affirmed
concluding
officer
reasonable
suspicion
conduct
investigative
stop
wl
reasoned
content
tip
indicated
came
eyewitness
victim
reckless
driving
officer
corroboration
truck
description
location
direction
established
tip
reliable
enough
justify
traffic
stop
finally
concluded
caller
reported
driving
sufficiently
dangerous
merit
investigative
stop
without
waiting
officer
observe
additional
reckless
driving
california
denied
review
granted
certiorari
affirm
ii
fourth
amendment
permits
brief
investigative
stops
traffic
stop
case
law
enforcement
officer
particularized
objective
basis
suspecting
particular
person
stopped
criminal
activity
cortez
see
also
terry
ohio
reasonable
suspicion
necessary
justify
stop
dependent
upon
content
information
possessed
police
degree
reliability
alabama
white
standard
takes
account
totality
circumstances
whole
picture
cortez
supra
although
mere
create
reasonable
suspicion
terry
supra
level
suspicion
standard
requires
considerably
less
proof
wrongdoing
preponderance
evidence
obviously
less
necessary
probable
cause
sokolow
principles
apply
full
force
investigative
stops
based
information
anonymous
tips
firmly
rejected
argument
reasonable
cause
investigative
stop
based
officer
personal
observation
rather
information
supplied
another
person
adams
williams
course
anonymous
tip
alone
seldom
demonstrates
informant
basis
knowledge
veracity
white
emphasis
added
ordinary
citizens
generally
provide
extensive
recitations
basis
everyday
observations
anonymous
tipster
veracity
largely
unknown
unknowable
ibid
appropriate
circumstances
anonymous
tip
demonstrate
sufficient
indicia
reliability
provide
reasonable
suspicion
make
investigatory
stop
decisions
alabama
white
florida
useful
guides
white
anonymous
tipster
told
police
woman
drive
particular
apartment
building
particular
motel
brown
plymouth
station
wagon
broken
right
tail
light
tipster
asserted
woman
transporting
cocaine
confirming
innocent
details
officers
stopped
station
wagon
neared
motel
found
cocaine
vehicle
held
officers
corroboration
certain
details
made
anonymous
tip
sufficiently
reliable
create
reasonable
suspicion
criminal
activity
accurately
predicting
future
behavior
tipster
demonstrated
special
familiarity
respondent
affairs
turn
implied
tipster
access
reliable
information
individual
illegal
activities
also
recognized
informant
proved
tell
truth
things
likely
tell
truth
things
including
claim
object
tip
engaged
criminal
activity
citing
illinois
gates
contrast
determined
reasonable
suspicion
arose
tip
young
black
male
plaid
shirt
standing
bus
stop
carrying
gun
tipster
explain
knew
gun
suggest
special
familiarity
young
man
affairs
result
police
basis
believing
tipster
ha
knowledge
concealed
criminal
activity
furthermore
tip
included
predictions
future
behavior
corroborated
assess
tipster
credibility
accordingly
concluded
tip
insufficiently
reliable
justify
stop
frisk
initial
question
case
whether
call
sufficiently
reliable
credit
allegation
petitioners
truck
ran
caller
roadway
even
assuming
present
purposes
call
anonymous
see
supra
conclude
call
bore
adequate
indicia
reliability
officer
credit
caller
account
officer
therefore
justified
proceeding
premise
truck
fact
caused
caller
car
dangerously
diverted
highway
reporting
run
road
specific
vehicle
silver
ford
pickup
license
plate
caller
necessarily
claimed
eyewitness
knowledge
alleged
dangerous
driving
basis
knowledge
lends
significant
support
tip
reliability
see
gates
supra
informant
explicit
detailed
description
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wrongdoing
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statement
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observed
firsthand
entitles
tip
greater
weight
might
otherwise
case
spinelli
tip
illegal
gambling
less
reliable
alleged
informant
personally
observed
defendant
work
ever
placed
bet
contrast
tip
provided
basis
concluding
tipster
actually
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gun
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white
upheld
stop
scant
evidence
tipster
actually
observed
cocaine
station
wagon
called
white
nowledge
person
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person
affairs
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informant
knows
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whether
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carrying
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driver
claim
another
vehicle
ran
road
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necessarily
implies
informant
knows
car
driven
dangerously
also
reason
think
caller
case
telling
truth
police
confirmed
truck
location
near
mile
marker
roughly
highway
miles
south
location
reported
call
roughly
minutes
call
timeline
events
suggests
caller
reported
incident
soon
run
road
sort
contemporaneous
report
long
treated
especially
reliable
evidence
law
generally
credit
proposition
statements
event
made
soon
perceiving
event
especially
trustworthy
substantial
contemporaneity
event
statement
negate
likelihood
deliberate
conscious
misrepresentation
advisory
committee
notes
fed
rule
evid
describing
rationale
hearsay
exception
present
sense
impression
similar
rationale
applies
statement
relating
startling
event
getting
run
road
made
declarant
stress
excitement
caused
fed
rule
evid
hearsay
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excited
utterances
unsurprisingly
calls
otherwise
inadmissible
hearsay
often
admitted
grounds
see
binder
hearsay
handbook
pp
ed
citing
cases
admitting
calls
present
sense
impressions
calls
admitted
excited
utterances
indication
tip
even
white
contemporaneous
observation
criminal
activity
made
stress
excitement
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event
considerations
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indicator
veracity
caller
use
emergency
system
see
brief
respondent
brief
amicus
curiae
call
features
allow
identifying
tracing
callers
thus
provide
safeguards
making
false
reports
immunity
see
supra
kennedy
concurring
case
illustrates
see
supra
calls
recorded
provides
victims
opportunity
identify
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voice
subject
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see
cal
penal
code
ann
west
makes
telephon
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emergency
line
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harass
punishable
imprisonment
fine
see
also
west
cum
supp
prohibits
falsely
reporting
exists
prohibits
falsely
reporting
felony
misdemeanor
committed
system
also
permits
law
enforcement
verify
important
information
caller
federal
communications
commission
fcc
began
require
cellular
carriers
relay
caller
phone
number
dispatchers
cfr
fcc
phase
enhanced
services
requirements
beginning
carriers
required
identify
caller
geographic
location
increasing
specificity
phase
ii
enhanced
service
requirements
although
callers
may
ordinarily
block
call
recipients
obtaining
identifying
information
fcc
regulations
exempt
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rule
caller
requests
carrier
may
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caller
number
name
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suggest
tips
calls
per
se
reliable
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reasonable
officer
conclude
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think
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use
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therefore
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relevant
taken
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justified
officer
reliance
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reported
call
even
reliable
tip
justify
investigative
stop
creates
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suspicion
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activity
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must
therefore
determine
whether
caller
report
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roadway
created
reasonable
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ongoing
crime
drunk
driving
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recklessness
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cortez
investigatory
stop
must
justified
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manifestation
person
stopped
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activity
conclude
behavior
alleged
caller
viewed
standpoint
objectively
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police
officer
amount
reasonable
suspicion
drunk
driving
ornelas
stop
therefore
reasonable
suspicion
depends
factual
practical
considerations
everyday
life
reasonable
prudent
men
legal
technicians
act
commonsense
approach
appropriately
recognize
certain
driving
behaviors
sound
indicia
drunk
driving
see
people
wells
cal
state
prendergast
haw
cross
ing
center
line
highway
almost
caus
ing
several
collisions
state
golotta
driving
back
state
walshire
iowa
driving
median
indeed
accumulated
experience
thousands
officers
suggests
sorts
erratic
behaviors
strongly
correlated
drunk
driving
see
nat
highway
traffic
safety
visual
detection
dwi
motorists
mar
online
http
visited
apr
available
clerk
case
file
course
traffic
infractions
imply
intoxication
unconfirmed
reports
driving
without
seatbelt
slightly
speed
limit
example
tenuously
connected
drunk
driving
stop
grounds
alone
constitutionally
suspect
reliable
tip
alleging
dangerous
behaviors
discussed
generally
justify
traffic
stop
suspicion
drunk
driving
caller
case
reported
minor
traffic
infraction
conclusory
allegation
drunk
reckless
driving
instead
alleged
specific
dangerous
result
driver
conduct
running
another
car
highway
conduct
bears
great
resemblance
paradigmatic
manifestations
drunk
driving
dismissed
isolated
example
recklessness
running
another
vehicle
road
suggests
problems
decreased
vigilance
impaired
judgment
combination
recognized
drunk
driving
cues
see
visual
detection
dwi
motorists
experience
many
officers
suggests
driver
almost
strikes
vehicle
another
object
exact
scenario
ordinarily
causes
running
another
vehicle
roadway
likely
intoxicated
see
result
say
officer
acted
unreasonably
circumstances
stopping
driver
whose
alleged
conduct
significant
indicator
drunk
driving
petitioners
attempts
officer
suspicion
drunk
driving
unavailing
true
reported
behavior
might
also
explained
example
driver
responding
unruly
child
distraction
brief
petitioners
consistently
recognized
reasonable
suspicion
need
rule
possibility
innocent
conduct
arvizu
absence
additional
suspicious
conduct
vehicle
first
spotted
officer
dispel
reasonable
suspicion
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driving
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petitioners
hardly
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marked
police
car
inspire
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cf
arvizu
supra
lowing
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law
enforcement
dispel
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suspicion
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activity
extended
observation
allegedly
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driver
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eventually
dispel
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suspicion
intoxication
period
case
hardly
sufficed
regard
course
officer
already
reasonable
suspicion
need
surveil
vehicle
length
order
personally
observe
suspicious
driving
see
adams
williams
repudiating
argument
reasonable
cause
investigative
stop
based
officer
personal
observation
reasonable
suspicion
drunk
driving
arises
reasonableness
officer
decision
stop
suspect
turn
availability
less
intrusive
investigatory
techniques
sokolow
particularly
inappropriate
context
depart
settled
rule
allowing
drunk
driver
second
chance
dangerous
conduct
disastrous
consequences
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like
white
close
case
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caller
reliability
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present
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one
way
demonstrate
particularized
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activity
cortez
totality
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find
indicia
reliability
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sufficient
provide
officer
reasonable
suspicion
driver
reported
vehicle
run
another
vehicle
road
made
reasonable
circumstances
officer
execute
traffic
stop
accordingly
affirm
ordered
scalia
dissenting
lorenzo
prado
navarette
jose
prado
navarette
petitioners
california
writ
certiorari
appeal
california
first
appellate
district
april
justice
scalia
justice
ginsburg
justice
sotomayor
justice
kagan
join
dissenting
california
appeal
case
relied
jurisprudence
california
adopted
well
courts
effect
anonymous
uncorroborated
tip
regarding
possibly
intoxicated
highway
driver
provides
without
reasonable
suspicion
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justify
stop
people
wells
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see
also
wheat
state
walshire
iowa
today
opinion
explicitly
adopt
departure
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fourth
amendment
requirement
anonymous
tips
must
corroborated
purports
adhere
prior
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florida
alabama
white
deceived
law
enforcement
agencies
follow
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matters
identify
new
rule
long
caller
identifies
car
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claims
single
instance
possibly
careless
reckless
driving
called
support
traffic
stop
concept
sure
framers
people
secure
unreasonable
searches
seizures
reverse
judgment
appeal
california
california
highway
patrol
case
knew
nothing
tipster
whose
word
alone
seized
lorenzo
josé
prado
navarette
know
know
phone
number
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even
know
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dialed
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county
app
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said
truck
run
roadway
police
reason
credit
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fact
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ohio
elections
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dissenting
unnamed
tipster
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impunity
supra
kennedy
concurring
anonymity
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case
victim
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police
arguably
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running
victim
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possessed
police
degree
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white
gave
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truck
lorenzo
committing
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source
government
information
informant
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whether
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extreme
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tip
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white
supra
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established
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predicted
target
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finest
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tipster
said
leave
particular
apartment
building
get
brown
plymouth
station
wagon
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tail
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immediately
particular
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woman
carrying
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drugs
plausible
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fact
tipster
dead
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fact
silver
ford
truck
license
plate
traveling
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highway
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mile
marker
everyone
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situation
white
generally
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way
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tipster
saw
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says
ante
reporting
run
road
specific
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necessarily
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claimed
know
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claimed
know
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run
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supports
veracity
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mystifying
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existed
white
petitioners
truck
heading
south
highway
finds
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police
observation
confirmed
truck
driving
near
spot
approximate
time
tipster
alleged
run
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ante
according
statement
therefore
qualifies
sense
utterance
kinds
hearsay
law
deems
categorically
admissible
given
low
likelihood
reflecting
conscious
misrepresentation
ibid
quoting
advisory
committee
notes
fed
rule
evid
says
fairly
suppose
accusation
true
begin
questionable
whether
either
present
sense
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excited
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hearsay
rule
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classic
present
sense
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evidence
ed
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bring
car
halt
copy
observed
license
number
presumably
using
cell
phone
dial
call
police
stopped
car
plenty
time
dissemble
embellish
moreover
even
assuming
less
true
immediacy
suffice
hearsay
exceptions
apply
tipster
statement
run
additional
barriers
admissibility
acceptance
according
advisory
committee
notes
quotes
cases
addressing
unidentified
declarant
present
sense
impression
indicate
hesitancy
upholding
statement
alone
sufficient
proof
reported
event
see
also
graham
handbook
federal
evidence
ed
excited
utterances
well
knotty
theoretical
question
admissibility
persists
seemingly
even
declarant
known
mccormick
courts
taken
position
excited
utterance
admissible
proof
presented
supports
finding
fact
exciting
event
occur
issue
yet
resolved
federal
rules
omitted
even
unsettled
whether
excited
utterances
unknown
declarant
ever
admissible
leading
treatise
reports
courts
reluctant
admit
statements
principally
uncertainty
foundational
requirements
including
impact
event
declarant
satisfied
sum
unlikely
law
evidence
deem
mystery
caller
case
especially
trustworthy
ante
finally
least
tenably
says
another
indicator
veracity
anonymous
tipster
mere
use
emergency
system
ante
see
recent
technological
regulatory
developments
suggest
identities
unnamed
callers
increasingly
less
likely
remain
unknown
ibid
indeed
systems
able
identify
caller
geographic
location
increasing
specificity
ibid
amici
disagree
see
brief
national
association
criminal
defense
lawyers
et
al
present
case
surely
suggests
amici
right
since
know
neither
identity
tipster
even
county
call
made
assuming
right
ease
identifying
callers
proves
absolutely
nothing
present
case
unless
anonymous
caller
aware
fact
tipster
belief
anonymity
reality
control
behavior
emphasis
added
reason
believe
average
anonymous
tipster
aware
callers
readily
ii
said
assumes
anonymous
caller
made
least
effect
accusation
drunken
driving
fact
said
petitioners
truck
roadway
app
neither
asserts
driver
drunk
even
raises
likelihood
driver
drunk
conveys
truck
apparently
nontypical
thing
forced
tipster
roadway
whether
partly
fully
temporarily
permanently
really
knows
anything
happened
truck
might
swerved
avoid
animal
pothole
jaywalking
pedestrian
let
us
assume
worst
many
possibilities
careless
reckless
even
intentional
maneuver
forced
tipster
road
lorenzo
might
distracted
use
cell
phone
see
strayer
drews
crouch
comparison
cell
phone
driver
drunk
driver
human
factors
distracted
intense
sports
argument
josé
see
strayer
et
aaa
foundation
traffic
safety
measuring
cognitive
distraction
automobile
june
online
https
visited
apr
available
clerk
case
file
indeed
might
intentionally
forced
tipster
road
personal
animus
hostility
make
love
war
bumper
sticker
fail
see
reasonable
suspicion
discrete
instance
irregular
hazardous
driving
generates
reasonable
suspicion
ongoing
intoxicated
driving
proportion
hundreds
thousands
perhaps
millions
careless
reckless
intentional
traffic
violations
committed
day
attributable
drunken
drivers
say
percent
basis
except
guesswork
unless
basis
reality
believe
proportion
many
orders
magnitude
say
least
grounds
unsupported
assertion
tipster
report
case
gave
rise
reasonable
suspicion
drunken
driving
bear
mind
basis
stop
asserted
stop
required
suspicion
ongoing
crime
merely
suspicion
run
someone
road
earlier
driving
careless
reckless
person
unlike
driving
drunk
person
ongoing
crime
words
order
stop
petitioners
officers
assume
without
basis
accuracy
anonymous
accusation
also
posit
unlikely
reason
drunkenness
accused
behavior
sum
moment
police
spotted
truck
merely
possib
le
petitioners
committing
ongoing
traffic
crime
arvizu
emphasis
added
overwhelmingly
likely
iii
gets
worse
turns
police
good
reason
first
believe
lorenzo
driving
drunk
good
reason
last
know
concludes
tip
plus
confirmation
truck
location
produced
reasonable
suspicion
truck
still
barreling
dangerously
drunkenly
highway
ante
fact
alas
officers
knew
followed
truck
five
minutes
presumably
see
operated
recklessly
good
police
work
anonymous
tip
enough
support
stop
drunken
driving
terry
ohio
surely
enough
counsel
observation
truck
see
driven
drunken
driver
pesky
little
detail
left
equation
five
minutes
truck
followed
five
minutes
long
time
lorenzo
driving
irreproachable
officers
witnessed
petitioners
violate
single
traffic
law
cause
stop
truck
whren
case
us
driving
irreproachable
state
offers
evidence
suggest
petitioners
even
anything
suspicious
suddenly
slowing
pulling
side
road
turning
somewhere
see
whether
followed
cf
arvizu
supra
concluding
officer
suspicion
criminality
enhanced
driver
upon
seeing
followed
slowed
dramatically
appeared
stiff
seemed
trying
pretend
patrol
car
consequently
tip
suggestion
ongoing
drunken
driving
deemed
suggest
went
uncorroborated
affirmatively
undermined
hypothetical
variation
facts
case
illustrates
point
suppose
anonymous
tipster
reports
following
near
mile
marker
silver
ford
license
plate
traveling
southbound
highway
saw
truck
open
cab
several
stacks
unmistakably
baled
cannabis
two
minutes
later
highway
patrolman
spots
truck
exactly
tip
suggested
begins
following
sees
nothing
truck
cab
enough
say
officer
observation
merely
failed
corroborate
tipster
accusation
precise
say
officer
observation
discredited
informant
accusation
crime
supposedly
occurring
continue
occur
plain
view
police
saw
nothing
similarly
crime
supposedly
suggested
tip
ongoing
intoxicated
driving
hallmarks
many
readily
identifiable
difficult
conceal
officers
witnessed
nary
minor
traffic
violation
sound
indici
um
drunk
driving
ante
strongly
suggests
suspected
crime
occurring
tip
implication
continuing
criminality
already
weak
grew
even
weaker
resisting
line
reasoning
curiously
asserts
since
drunk
drivers
see
marked
squad
cars
rearview
mirrors
may
evade
detection
simply
driving
careful
ly
absence
additional
suspicious
conduct
hardly
surprising
thus
largely
irrelevant
ante
whether
drunk
driver
drives
drunkenly
seems
think
understand
influence
alcohol
subscribe
traditional
view
dangers
intoxicated
driving
intoxicant
impairing
effects
body
effects
mere
act
resist
see
dasgupta
science
drinking
alcohol
affects
body
mind
explaining
effect
blood
alcohol
content
example
sever
impair
ment
alance
speech
hearing
reaction
time
well
one
general
ability
drive
motor
vehicle
consistent
view
take
fundamental
premise
laws
driver
soused
enough
swerve
expected
swerve
soon
evidence
first
episode
irregular
driving
mere
inference
uncorroborated
vague
nameless
tip
fourth
amendment
requires
left
alone
opinion
serves
cocktail
consisting
two
parts
patent
falsity
anonymous
reports
traffic
violations
reliable
long
correctly
identify
car
location
single
instance
careless
reckless
driving
necessarily
supports
reasonable
suspicion
drunkenness
malevolent
caller
need
assert
traffic
violation
targeted
car
stopped
forcibly
necessary
police
driver
turns
drunk
almost
always
case
caller
need
fear
consequences
even
knows
identity
never
alleged
drunkenness
merely
called
traffic
violation
point
word
good
victim
drunken
driving
serious
matter
loss
freedom
come
go
please
without
police
interference
prevent
detect
murder
allow
searches
without
probable
cause
targeted
terry
stops
without
reasonable
suspicion
drunken
driving
either
today
opinion
us
road
drug
dealers
risk
freedom
movement
curtailed
suspicion
drunkenness
based
upon
phone
tip
true
false
single
instance
careless
driving
respectfully
dissent
footnotes
suppression
hearing
counsel
petitioners
dispute
reporting
party
identified
name
call
recording
neither
caller
humboldt
county
dispatcher
received
call
present
hearing
however
prosecution
introduce
recording
evidence
prosecution
proceeded
treat
tip
anonymous
lower
courts
followed
suit
see
wl
cal
ct
conclude
call
created
reasonable
suspicion
ongoing
crime
need
address
circumstances
stop
justified
need
investigate
completed
criminal
activity
cf
hensley
footnotes
indication
tipster
woman
see
app
beyond
detail
must
notes
ante
assume
identity
tipster
unknown
discussion
reliable
traceability
little
relevance
present
case
one
must
surmise
included
merely
assure
officers
future
anonymous
accusations
even
untraced
ones
suspect
hence
unreliable
anonymous
accusations
unfortunate
circumstances
may
justify
stop
terry
ohio
investigate
past
criminal
activity
far
clear
see
hensley
discussed
litigation
hence
says
need
address
question
ante
need
either
case
litigated
assumption
suspicion
ongoing
intoxicated
reckless
driving
supported
stop