florence
board
chosen
freeholders
county
burlington
et
argued
october
decided
april
petitioner
arrested
traffic
stop
new
jersey
state
trooper
checked
statewide
computer
database
found
bench
warrant
issued
petitioner
arrest
failed
appear
hearing
enforce
fine
initially
detained
burlington
county
detention
center
later
essex
county
correctional
facility
released
determined
fine
paid
first
jail
petitioner
like
every
incoming
detainee
shower
delousing
agent
checked
scars
marks
gang
tattoos
contraband
disrobed
petitioner
claims
also
open
mouth
lift
tongue
hold
arms
turn
around
lift
genitals
second
jail
petitioner
like
arriving
detainees
remove
clothing
officer
looked
body
markings
wounds
contraband
officer
look
ears
nose
mouth
hair
scalp
fingers
hands
armpits
body
openings
mandatory
shower
clothes
examined
petitioner
claims
also
required
lift
genitals
turn
around
cough
squatting
filed
action
federal
district
government
entities
ran
jails
defendants
alleging
fourth
fourteenth
amendment
violations
arguing
persons
arrested
minor
offenses
subjected
invasive
searches
unless
prison
officials
reason
suspect
concealment
weapons
drugs
contraband
granted
summary
judgment
ruling
nonindictable
offenders
without
reasonable
suspicion
violates
fourth
amendment
third
circuit
reversed
held
judgment
affirmed
affirmed
justice
kennedy
delivered
opinion
except
part
iv
concluding
search
procedures
county
jails
struck
reasonable
balance
inmate
privacy
needs
institutions
thus
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
require
adoption
framework
rules
petitioner
proposes
pp
maintaining
safety
order
detention
centers
requires
expertise
correctional
officials
must
substantial
discretion
devise
reasonable
solutions
problems
regulation
impinging
inmate
constitutional
rights
must
upheld
reasonably
related
legitimate
penological
interests
turner
safley
bell
wolfish
upheld
rule
requiring
pretrial
detainees
federal
correctional
facilities
expose
body
cavities
visual
inspection
part
strip
search
conducted
every
contact
visit
person
outside
institution
deferring
judgment
correctional
officials
inspections
served
discover
also
deter
smuggling
weapons
drugs
prohibited
items
block
rutherford
upheld
general
ban
contact
visits
county
jail
noting
smuggling
threat
posed
visits
difficulty
carving
exceptions
certain
detainees
hudson
palmer
also
recognized
deterring
possession
contraband
depends
part
ability
conduct
searches
without
predictable
exceptions
upheld
constitutionality
random
searches
inmate
lockers
cells
even
without
suspicion
inmate
concealing
prohibited
item
cases
establish
correctional
officials
must
permitted
devise
reasonable
search
policies
detect
deter
possession
contraband
facilities
absence
substantial
evidence
record
indicate
officials
exaggerated
response
considerations
courts
ordinarily
defer
expert
judgment
matters
block
supra
persons
arrested
minor
offenses
may
among
detainees
processed
jails
see
atwater
lago
vista
pp
question
whether
undoubted
security
imperatives
involved
jail
supervision
override
assertion
detainees
must
exempt
invasive
search
procedures
issue
absent
reasonable
suspicion
concealed
weapon
contraband
correctional
officials
significant
interest
conducting
thorough
search
standard
part
intake
process
admission
new
inmates
creates
risks
staff
existing
detainee
population
new
detainees
officials
therefore
must
screen
contagious
infections
wounds
injuries
requiring
immediate
medical
attention
may
difficult
identify
treat
medical
problems
detainees
remove
clothes
visual
inspection
jails
prisons
also
face
potential
gang
violence
giving
reasonable
justification
visual
inspection
detainees
signs
gang
affiliation
part
intake
process
additionally
correctional
officials
detect
weapons
drugs
alcohol
prohibited
items
new
detainees
may
possess
drugs
make
inmates
aggressive
toward
officers
drug
trading
lead
violent
confrontations
contraband
value
jail
culture
underground
economy
competition
scarce
goods
lead
violence
extortion
disorder
pp
petitioner
proposal
new
detainees
arrested
serious
crimes
offenses
involving
weapons
drugs
exempt
invasive
searches
unless
give
officers
particular
reason
suspect
hiding
contraband
unworkable
seriousness
offense
poor
predictor
contraband
difficult
determine
whether
individual
detainees
fall
within
proposed
exemption
even
persons
arrested
minor
offense
may
coerced
others
concealing
contraband
exempting
people
arrested
minor
offenses
standard
search
protocol
thus
may
put
greater
risk
result
contraband
brought
detention
facility
also
may
difficult
classify
inmates
current
prior
offenses
intake
search
jail
officials
know
little
outset
arrestee
may
carrying
false
id
lie
identity
officers
conducting
initial
search
often
access
criminal
history
records
records
inaccurate
incomplete
even
accurate
information
officers
encounter
serious
implementation
difficulties
required
determine
quickly
whether
underlying
offenses
serious
enough
authorize
invasive
search
protocol
possible
classifications
based
characteristics
individual
detainees
also
might
prove
unworkable
even
give
rise
charges
discriminatory
application
avoid
liability
officers
might
inclined
conduct
thorough
search
close
case
thus
creating
unnecessary
risk
entire
jail
population
restrictions
petitioner
suggests
limit
intrusion
privacy
detainees
risk
increased
danger
everyone
facility
including
less
serious
offenders
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
require
adoption
proposed
framework
pp
kennedy
delivered
opinion
except
part
iv
roberts
scalia
alito
joined
opinion
full
thomas
joined
part
iv
roberts
alito
filed
concurring
opinions
breyer
filed
dissenting
opinion
ginsburg
sotomayor
kagan
joined
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
reporter
decisions
washington
typographical
formal
errors
order
corrections
may
made
preliminary
print
goes
press
albert
florence
petitioner
board
chosen
freeholders
county
burlington
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
third
circuit
april
justice
kennedy
delivered
opinion
except
part
correctional
officials
legitimate
interest
indeed
responsibility
ensure
jails
made
less
secure
reason
new
detainees
may
carry
bodies
facility
personnel
inmates
new
detainee
may
danger
threats
introduced
jail
population
case
presents
question
rules
limitations
constitution
imposes
searches
arrested
persons
held
jail
cases
processed
term
jail
used
broad
sense
include
prisons
detention
facilities
specific
measures
challenged
described
detail
broad
terms
controversy
concerns
whether
every
detainee
admitted
general
population
may
required
undergo
close
visual
inspection
undressed
case
turns
part
extent
sufficient
expertise
information
record
mandate
constitution
specific
restrictions
limitations
sought
challenge
visual
search
procedures
issue
addressing
type
constitutional
claim
courts
must
defer
judgment
correctional
officials
unless
record
contains
substantial
evidence
showing
policies
unnecessary
unjustified
response
problems
jail
security
necessary
showing
made
case
seven
years
incidents
issue
petitioner
albert
florence
arrested
fleeing
police
officers
essex
county
new
jersey
charged
obstruction
justice
use
deadly
weapon
petitioner
entered
plea
guilty
two
lesser
offenses
sentenced
pay
fine
monthly
installments
fell
behind
payments
failed
appear
enforcement
hearing
bench
warrant
issued
arrest
paid
outstanding
balance
less
week
later
unexplained
reason
warrant
remained
statewide
computer
database
two
years
later
burlington
county
new
jersey
petitioner
wife
stopped
automobile
state
trooper
based
outstanding
warrant
computer
system
officer
arrested
petitioner
took
burlington
county
detention
center
held
six
days
transferred
essex
county
correctional
facility
arrest
confinement
search
process
jail
gives
rise
claims
burlington
county
jail
procedures
required
every
arrestee
shower
delousing
agent
officers
check
arrestees
scars
marks
gang
tattoos
contraband
disrobed
app
pet
cert
petitioner
claims
also
instructed
open
mouth
lift
tongue
hold
arms
turn
around
lift
genitals
clear
whether
last
step
part
normal
practice
see
ibid
petitioner
shared
cell
least
one
person
interacted
inmates
following
admission
jail
tr
oral
arg
essex
county
correctional
facility
petitioner
taken
six
days
largest
county
jail
new
jersey
app
admits
inmates
year
houses
gang
members
given
time
petitioner
transferred
arriving
detainees
passed
metal
detector
waited
group
holding
cell
thorough
search
left
holding
cell
instructed
remove
clothing
officer
looked
body
markings
wounds
contraband
apparently
without
touching
detainees
officer
looked
ears
nose
mouth
hair
scalp
fingers
hands
arms
armpits
body
openings
app
pet
cert
policy
applied
regardless
circumstances
arrest
suspected
offense
detainee
behavior
demeanor
criminal
history
petitioner
alleges
required
lift
genitals
turn
around
cough
squatting
position
part
process
mandatory
shower
clothes
inspected
petitioner
admitted
facility
app
released
next
day
charges
dismissed
petitioner
sued
governmental
entities
operated
jails
one
wardens
certain
defendants
suit
commenced
district
district
new
jersey
seeking
relief
violations
fourth
fourteenth
amendment
rights
petitioner
maintained
persons
arrested
minor
offense
required
remove
clothing
expose
private
areas
bodies
close
visual
inspection
routine
part
intake
process
rather
contended
officials
conduct
kind
search
reason
suspect
particular
inmate
concealing
weapon
drugs
contraband
district
certified
class
individuals
charged
nonindictable
offense
new
jersey
law
processed
either
burlington
county
essex
county
jail
directed
strip
naked
even
though
officer
articulated
reasonable
suspicion
concealing
contraband
discovery
granted
petitioner
motion
summary
judgment
unlawful
search
claim
concluded
policy
strip
searching
nonindictable
offenders
without
reasonable
suspicion
violated
fourth
amendment
divided
panel
appeals
third
circuit
reversed
holding
procedures
described
district
struck
reasonable
balance
inmate
privacy
security
needs
two
jails
case
proceeds
understanding
officers
searched
detainees
prior
admission
general
population
appeals
seems
assumed
see
petitioner
argued
factual
premise
incorrect
opinions
earlier
proceedings
briefs
file
cases
refer
strip
search
term
imprecise
may
refer
simply
instruction
remove
clothing
officer
observes
distance
say
five
feet
may
mean
visual
inspection
closer
uncomfortable
distance
may
include
directing
detainees
shake
heads
run
hands
hair
dislodge
might
hidden
may
involve
instructions
raise
arms
display
foot
insteps
expose
back
ears
move
spread
buttocks
genital
areas
cough
squatting
position
instant
case
term
include
touching
unclothed
areas
inspecting
officer
allegations
detainees
touched
way
part
searches
federal
courts
appeals
come
differing
conclusions
whether
fourth
amendment
requires
correctional
officials
exempt
detainees
admitted
jail
general
population
searches
issue
granted
certiorari
address
question
ii
difficulties
operating
detention
center
must
underestimated
courts
turner
safley
jails
stricter
sense
term
excluding
prison
facilities
admit
million
inmates
year
see
dept
justice
bureau
justice
statistics
minton
jail
inmates
midyear
statistical
tables
largest
facilities
process
hundreds
people
every
day
smaller
jails
may
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weekend
nights
large
police
operation
detainees
arriving
jurisdictions
maintaining
safety
order
institutions
requires
expertise
correctional
officials
must
substantial
discretion
devise
reasonable
solutions
problems
face
confirmed
importance
deference
correctional
officials
explained
regulation
impinging
inmate
constitutional
rights
must
upheld
reasonably
related
legitimate
penological
interests
turner
supra
see
overton
bazzetta
see
johnson
california
applying
strict
scrutiny
racial
classifications
opinion
bell
wolfish
starting
point
understanding
framework
applies
fourth
amendment
challenges
case
addressed
rule
requiring
pretrial
detainees
correctional
facility
run
federal
bureau
prisons
expose
body
cavities
visual
inspection
part
strip
search
conducted
every
contact
visit
person
outside
institution
inmates
federal
metropolitan
correctional
center
new
york
city
argued
security
justification
searches
officers
searched
guests
entered
visiting
room
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visit
marshall
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facility
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majority
opinion
nonetheless
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search
policy
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judgment
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officials
inspections
served
discover
also
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inside
explained
mechanical
way
determine
whether
intrusions
inmate
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reasonable
need
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resulting
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rights
ibid
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designed
keep
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jails
prisons
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cases
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since
bell
block
rutherford
example
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los
angeles
county
jail
ban
contact
visits
threat
posed
open
institution
introduction
drugs
weapons
contraband
visitors
easily
conceal
guns
knives
drugs
contraband
countless
ways
pass
inmate
unnoticed
even
vigilant
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items
readily
slipped
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innocent
child
transferred
visitors
permitted
close
contact
inmates
many
justifications
imposing
general
ban
rather
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carve
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certain
detainees
among
problems
difficult
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task
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escape
drug
smuggling
ibid
made
even
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detention
constantly
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nature
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population
ibid
also
recognized
deterring
possession
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part
ability
conduct
searches
without
predictable
exceptions
hudson
palmer
addressed
question
whether
prison
officials
perform
random
searches
inmate
lockers
cells
even
without
reason
suspect
particular
individual
concealing
prohibited
item
upheld
constitutionality
practice
recognizing
one
advocate
prison
searches
must
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pursuant
enunciated
general
policy
suspicion
directed
particular
inmate
ignore
realities
prison
operation
quoting
marrero
commonwealth
inmates
adapt
pattern
loopholes
discovered
search
protocol
undermine
security
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cases
establish
correctional
officials
must
permitted
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policies
detect
deter
possession
contraband
facilities
see
bell
aintaining
institutional
security
preserving
internal
order
discipline
essential
goals
may
require
limitation
retraction
retained
constitutional
rights
convicted
prisoners
pretrial
detainees
task
determining
whether
policy
reasonably
related
legitimate
security
interests
peculiarly
within
province
professional
expertise
corrections
officials
repeated
admonition
absence
substantial
evidence
record
indicate
officials
exaggerated
response
considerations
courts
ordinarily
defer
expert
judgment
matters
block
supra
bell
supra
many
jails
officials
seek
improve
security
requiring
kind
strip
search
everyone
detained
procedures
used
different
places
throughout
country
cranston
rhode
island
sapulpa
oklahoma
idaho
falls
idaho
see
roberts
rhode
island
chapman
nichols
giles
ackerman
per
curiam
see
also
bull
city
cty
san
francisco
en
banc
san
francisco
california
powell
barrett
en
banc
fulton
masters
crouch
jefferson
weber
dell
monroe
stewart
lubbock
lubbock
persons
arrested
minor
offenses
may
among
detainees
processed
facilities
part
consequence
exercise
state
authority
subject
atwater
lago
vista
atwater
addressed
perhaps
fundamental
question
may
deprived
liberty
taken
jail
first
place
case
involved
woman
arrested
police
officer
noticed
neither
children
wearing
seatbelts
arrestee
argued
fourth
amendment
prohibited
custodial
arrest
without
warrant
offense
result
jail
time
compelling
need
immediate
detention
held
fourth
amendment
restriction
power
put
officers
almost
impossible
spot
ability
arrest
suspect
depend
cases
precise
weight
drugs
pocket
whether
repeat
offender
scope
counted
compelling
need
detain
someone
rejected
proposition
fourth
amendment
barred
custodial
arrests
set
cases
matter
constitutional
law
ruled
based
established
principles
officers
may
make
arrest
based
upon
probable
cause
believe
person
committed
criminal
offense
presence
see
stated
responsible
fourth
amendment
balance
well
served
standards
requiring
sensitive
determinations
government
need
lest
every
discretionary
judgment
field
converted
occasion
constitutional
review
atwater
address
whether
constitution
imposes
special
restrictions
searches
offenders
suspected
committing
minor
offenses
taken
jail
federal
courts
appeals
held
corrections
officials
may
conduct
strip
search
detainees
even
touching
involved
absent
reasonable
suspicion
concealed
contraband
courts
appeals
address
issue
last
decade
however
come
opposite
conclusion
see
case
bame
dillard
cadc
powell
supra
bull
supra
current
case
set
precedent
governed
principles
announced
turner
bell
iii
question
whether
undoubted
security
imperatives
involved
jail
supervision
override
assertion
detainees
must
exempt
invasive
search
procedures
issue
absent
reasonable
suspicion
concealed
weapon
contraband
held
deference
must
given
officials
charge
jail
unless
substantial
evidence
demonstrating
response
situation
exaggerated
block
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
petitioner
met
standard
record
provides
full
justifications
procedures
used
correctional
officials
significant
interest
conducting
thorough
search
standard
part
intake
process
admission
inmates
creates
numerous
risks
facility
staff
existing
detainee
population
new
detainee
danger
introducing
lice
contagious
infections
example
well
documented
see
deger
quick
enduring
menace
mrsa
incidence
treatment
prevention
county
jail
correctional
health
care
bick
infection
control
jails
prisons
healthcare
epidemiology
federal
bureau
prisons
recommends
staff
screen
new
detainees
conditions
see
clinical
practice
guidelines
management
staphylococcus
aureus
mrsa
infections
clinical
practice
guidelines
lice
scabies
protocol
persons
arrested
may
wounds
injuries
requiring
immediate
medical
attention
may
difficult
identify
treat
problems
detainees
remove
clothes
visual
inspection
see
prison
jail
administration
practice
theory
carlson
garrett
ed
hereinafter
carlson
garrett
jails
prisons
also
face
grave
threats
posed
increasing
number
gang
members
go
intake
process
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bull
brief
new
jersey
county
jail
wardens
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amicus
curiae
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new
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francisco
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dept
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justice
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stephan
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state
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correctional
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logan
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center
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mcveigh
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justice
reporters
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kozinski
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wisconsin
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atwater
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case
argued
fourth
amendment
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arrest
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amendment
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offenders
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york
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urge
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alito
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al
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ntentional
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search
procedures
burlington
county
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center
essex
county
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facility
struck
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balance
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privacy
needs
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fourteenth
amendments
require
adoption
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petitioner
proposes
judgment
appeals
third
circuit
affirmed
ordered
roberts
concurring
albert
florence
petitioner
board
chosen
freeholders
county
burlington
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
third
circuit
april
chief
justice
roberts
concurring
join
opinion
justice
alito
however
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foreclose
possibility
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rule
announces
justice
kennedy
explains
circumstances
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florence
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cert
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case
general
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ensure
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northwest
airlines
minnesota
frankfurter
alito
concurring
albert
florence
petitioner
board
chosen
freeholders
county
burlington
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
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circuit
april
justice
alito
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join
opinion
emphasize
limits
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federal
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offenders
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curiae
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city
cty
san
francisco
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ante
light
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join
opinion
full
breyer
dissenting
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florence
petitioner
board
chosen
freeholders
county
burlington
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
third
circuit
april
justice
breyer
justice
ginsburg
justice
sotomayor
justice
kagan
join
dissenting
petition
certiorari
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us
decide
hether
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amendment
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manual
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matter
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said
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submission
mary
beth
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internal
quotation
marks
omitted
see
also
blackburn
snow
recognized
severe
gross
interference
person
accompany
visual
body
cavity
searches
quoting
arruda
fair
kinds
searches
also
gave
pause
bell
supra
guards
strip
searched
prisoners
received
outside
visits
even
carried
respectful
manner
even
absent
physical
touching
see
ante
searches
inherently
harmful
humiliating
degrading
harm
privacy
interests
seem
particularly
acute
person
searched
may
well
expectation
subject
search
say
simply
received
traffic
ticket
failing
buckle
seatbelt
previously
paid
civil
fine
arrested
minor
trespass
atwater
lago
vista
example
police
arrested
mother
driving
two
children
seat
belts
buckled
held
constitution
forbid
arrest
minor
seatbelt
offense
pointed
woman
held
hour
taken
magistrate
released
bond
search
remove
shoes
contents
pockets
harmful
privacy
physical
interests
quoting
whren
upheld
arrest
magistrate
immediately
available
police
housed
overnight
jail
subjected
search
kind
issue
cf
county
riverside
mclaughlin
presentment
must
within
hours
arrest
petitioner
albert
florence
present
arrest
grew
erroneous
report
failed
pay
minor
civil
fine
previously
assessed
hindered
prosecution
fleeing
police
officers
automobile
app
alleges
held
six
days
jail
taken
magistrate
subjected
two
strip
searches
kind
question
app
pet
cert
amicus
briefs
present
instances
individuals
arrested
minor
offenses
subjected
humiliations
visual
strip
search
include
nun
sister
divine
providence
years
trespassing
antiwar
demonstration
brief
sister
bernie
galvin
et
al
amici
curiae
include
women
periods
lactation
menstruation
describing
humiliating
experience
female
student
strip
searched
menstruating
archuleta
wagner
woman
include
victims
sexual
violence
brief
domestic
violence
legal
empowerment
appeals
project
et
al
amici
curiae
include
individuals
detained
infractions
driving
noisy
muffler
driving
inoperable
headlight
failing
use
turn
signal
riding
bicycle
without
audible
bell
brief
petitioner
see
also
mary
beth
supra
considering
strip
search
person
arrested
outstanding
parking
tickets
person
arrested
making
improper
left
turn
jones
edwards
violation
dog
leash
law
include
persons
perhaps
never
placed
general
jail
population
first
place
see
ante
alito
concurring
admission
general
jail
population
concomitant
humiliation
strip
search
may
reasonable
whose
detention
reviewed
judicial
officer
held
available
facilities
apart
general
population
need
go
doubt
seriously
disagree
nature
strip
search
serious
affront
human
dignity
individual
privacy
presents
basic
question
us
whether
search
nonetheless
justified
individual
arrested
minor
offense
involuntarily
placed
general
jail
prison
population
iii
majority
like
respondents
argues
strip
searches
needed
detect
injuries
diseases
lice
might
spread
confinement
identify
gang
tattoos
might
reflect
need
special
housing
avoid
violence
detect
contraband
including
drugs
guns
knives
even
pens
chewing
gum
might
prove
harmful
dangerous
prison
evaluating
argument
like
majority
recognize
managing
jail
prison
inordinately
difficult
undertaking
turner
prison
regulations
interfere
important
constitutional
interests
generally
valid
long
reasonably
related
legitimate
penological
interests
finding
injuries
preventing
spread
disease
minimizing
threat
gang
violence
detecting
contraband
legitimate
penological
interests
ibid
normally
defer
expertise
jail
prison
administrators
matters
nonetheless
particular
invasion
interests
bell
must
penological
interest
need
must
turner
supra
point
must
part
company
majority
found
convincing
reason
indicating
absence
reasonable
suspicion
involuntary
strip
searches
arrested
minor
offenses
necessary
order
penal
interests
mentioned
strong
reasons
believe
justified
lack
justification
fairly
obvious
respect
first
two
penological
interests
advanced
searches
already
employed
essex
burlington
include
inmates
making
inmates
go
metal
detectors
including
body
orifice
screening
system
boss
chair
used
essex
county
correctional
facility
identifies
metal
hidden
within
body
making
inmates
shower
use
particular
delousing
agents
bathing
supplies
searching
inmates
clothing
addition
petitioner
concedes
detainees
lawfully
subject
viewed
undergarments
jail
officers
showering
security
purposes
brief
petitioner
tr
oral
arg
showering
presence
officers
something
requires
reasonable
suspicion
one
offered
reason
example
empirical
evidence
suggesting
inadequacy
practices
detecting
injuries
diseases
tattoos
particular
connection
genital
lift
squat
cough
florence
allegedly
subjected
health
gang
concerns
see
brief
academics
gang
behavior
amici
curiae
brief
medical
society
new
jersey
et
al
amici
curiae
lack
justification
strip
search
less
obvious
less
real
respect
third
interest
namely
detecting
contraband
information
demonstrating
lack
justification
three
kinds
first
empirically
based
conclusions
reached
specific
cases
new
york
federal
district
referred
conducted
study
persons
admitted
orange
county
correctional
facility
dodge
supp
persons
underwent
strip
search
kind
described
supra
persons
wrote
county
encountered
three
incidents
drugs
recovered
inmate
anal
cavity
two
incidents
drugs
falling
inmate
underwear
course
strip
search
supp
added
four
five
instances
may
reasonable
suspicion
search
leaving
one
instance
strip
search
policy
arguably
detected
additional
contraband
study
imperfect
search
standards
changed
time
conducted
large
number
inmates
small
number
incidents
district
conclusions
make
study
probative
though
conclusive
similarly
shain
ellison
received
data
produced
county
jail
showing
authorities
conducted
strip
searches
similar
issue
new
inmates
period
five
years
brief
etc
citing
app
instances
searches
led
discovery
contraband
record
showed
pieces
contraband
detected
patdown
search
shoes
three
instances
found
detainee
body
body
cavity
drug
felony
history
justified
strip
search
individualized
reasonable
suspicion
ibid
brief
national
police
accountability
project
amicus
curiae
second
plethora
recommendations
professional
bodies
correctional
associations
studied
thoughtfully
considered
matter
american
correctional
association
aca
association
informs
view
obtainable
acceptable
corrections
philosophy
brown
plata
slip
promulgated
standard
forbids
suspicionless
strip
searches
done
consultation
american
jail
association
national
sheriff
association
national
institute
corrections
department
justice
federal
bureau
prisons
aca
standards
adult
local
detention
facilities
standard
ed
dept
justice
federal
detention
standards
handbook
http
internet
materials
visited
mar
available
clerk
case
file
aca
core
jail
standards
pp
vii
standard
desk
reference
general
information
sound
correctional
practices
advises
suspicionless
strip
searches
dept
justice
national
institute
corrections
martin
rosazza
resource
guide
jail
administrators
see
also
dept
justice
national
institute
corrections
martin
katsampes
sheriff
guide
effective
jail
operations
moreover
many
correctional
facilities
apply
suspicion
standard
strip
searching
inmates
entering
general
jail
population
including
marshals
service
immigration
customs
service
bureau
indian
affairs
see
marshals
policy
directive
prisoner
searches
http
immigration
customs
enforcement
ice
detention
standard
searches
detainees
http
detention
standard
admission
release
http
bureau
indian
affairs
office
justice
bia
adult
detention
facility
guidelines
draft
federal
bureau
prisons
bop
forbids
suspicionless
strip
searches
minor
offenders
though
houses
separately
admit
general
jail
population
person
consent
search
see
dept
justice
bop
program
statement
http
third
general
experience
areas
law
forbidden
suspicionless
searches
laws
least
prohibit
suspicionless
strip
searches
see
mo
stat
ann
person
arrested
detained
traffic
offense
offense
constitute
felony
may
subject
strip
search
body
cavity
search
unless
probable
cause
believe
person
concealing
weapon
contraband
stat
ann
similar
iowa
code
similar
comp
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similar
requiring
reasonable
belief
admin
regs
similar
code
ann
similar
rev
stat
ann
strip
search
absent
individualized
suspicion
unless
person
arraigned
orders
suspect
detained
stat
similar
comp
laws
ann
similar
rev
code
similar
time
least
seven
courts
appeals
considered
question
required
reasonable
suspicion
arrestee
concealing
weapons
contraband
strip
search
one
arrested
minor
offense
take
place
see
roberts
rhode
island
weber
dell
logan
shealy
stewart
lubbock
cty
masters
crouch
mary
beth
edwards
hill
bogans
see
case
bull
city
county
san
francisco
en
banc
powell
barrett
en
banc
respondents
presented
convincing
grounds
believe
administration
legal
standards
increased
smuggling
contraband
prison
indeed
neither
majority
opinion
briefs
set
forth
clear
example
instance
contraband
smuggled
general
jail
population
intake
discovered
jail
employing
reasonable
suspicion
standard
majority
cite
general
examples
atlantic
county
washington
state
contraband
recovered
correctional
facilities
inmates
arrested
driving
influence
disorderly
conduct
ante
similarly
majority
refers
information
provided
san
francisco
jail
authorities
stating
found
handcuff
keys
syringes
crack
pipes
drugs
knives
searches
including
searches
minor
offenders
including
man
arrested
illegally
lodging
drugs
woman
arrested
prostitution
public
nuisance
bindles
crack
cocaine
brief
city
county
san
francisco
et
al
amici
curiae
bull
supra
ante
associated
statistics
indicate
policy
conducting
visual
cavity
searches
admitted
general
population
san
francisco
may
account
discovery
contraband
approximately
instances
per
year
bull
supra
neither
san
francisco
respondents
tell
us
whether
reasonable
suspicion
present
absent
instances
showing
majority
unclear
examples
contraband
recovered
atlantic
county
washington
state
anywhere
else
discovered
policy
required
reasonable
suspicion
strip
searches
without
indication
left
without
example
instance
contraband
found
individual
inspection
private
parts
body
cavities
found
policy
requiring
reasonable
suspicion
hence
minimum
examples
including
san
francisco
statistics
provide
significant
counterweight
presented
dodge
shain
find
majority
lack
examples
surprising
arrested
minor
offenses
often
stopped
arrested
unexpectedly
little
opportunity
hide
things
body
cavities
thus
widespread
advocacy
prison
experts
widespread
application
many
federal
circuits
reasonable
suspicion
requirements
indicates
ability
apply
standards
practice
without
unduly
interfering
legitimate
penal
interest
preventing
smuggling
contraband
majority
left
word
prison
officials
support
contrary
proposition
though
word
important
sufficient
cf
dept
justice
national
institute
corrections
collins
jails
constitution
overview
ed
though
prison
officials
often
passionately
believed
similar
requirements
lead
security
problems
requirements
imposed
problems
develop
majority
also
relies
upon
bell
ante
case
considered
prison
policy
requiring
strip
search
detainees
contact
visits
unimprisoned
visitors
found
policy
justified
majority
suggestion
case
provide
precedent
proposition
word
prison
officials
accompanied
single
instance
empirical
example
sufficient
support
strip
search
policy
ante
majority
correctly
points
one
instance
policy
led
discovery
effort
smuggle
contraband
bell
understood
prison
open
four
months
also
presented
examples
inmates
attempted
smuggle
contraband
contact
visits
true
bell
found
prison
conducting
postcontact
searches
even
detainees
brought
magistrate
denied
bail
committed
detention
facility
less
drastic
means
reasonably
assure
presence
trial
recognized
ordered
detained
magistrate
often
charged
serious
crimes
prior
records
ibid
reason
detainees
posed
least
security
risk
inmates
greater
risk
jail
security
order
greater
risk
escape
ibid
course
bell
inmates
issue
visitors
time
plan
smuggle
contraband
case
unlike
persons
issue
imprisoned
soon
unexpected
arrest
bell
occasion
focus
upon
arrested
minor
crimes
prior
judicial
officer
determination
committed
prison
share
justice
alito
intuition
calculus
may
different
cases
given
ost
arrested
minor
offenses
dangerous
released
custody
prior
time
initial
appearance
magistrate
ante
concurring
opinion
notes
case
address
reserves
judgment
whether
always
reasonable
strip
search
arrestee
arrestee
detention
reviewed
judicial
officer
ante
view
highly
questionable
officials
justified
instance
admitting
dangerous
world
general
jail
population
subjecting
strip
search
someone
criminal
background
arrested
jaywalking
another
similarly
minor
crime
supra
indeed
consideration
likely
underlies
government
many
segregate
individuals
even
admitted
jail
several
jurisdictions
provide
individuals
released
without
detention
ordinary
case
see
cal
penal
code
ann
west
supp
appropriate
case
therefore
remains
open
consider
whether
reasonable
admit
arrestee
minor
offense
general
jail
population
subject
humiliation
strip
search
prior
review
judicial
officer
ante
alito
concurring
reasons
set
forth
find
justification
strip
search
policy
issue
policy
subject
arrested
minor
offenses
serious
invasions
personal
privacy
consequently
dissent
footnotes
justice
thomas
joins
part
iv
opinion
footnotes
amicus
brief
informs
us
according
bop
policy
prison
jail
officials
subject
persons
arrested
misdemeanor
civil
contempt
offenses
visual
searches
without
consent
without
reasonable
suspicion
concealing
contraband
brief
searched
must
housed
separately
inmates
general
population
ibid
similarly
described
appeals
bull
san
francisco
county
jail
system
distinguishes
arrestees
eligible
release
instance
post
bail
within
hours
must
housed
extended
period
time
former
kept
holding
cells
temporary
intake
release
facility
pat
searched
scanned
metal
detector
apparently
strip
searched
ibid
latter
transported
jail
custodial
housing
facilities
strip
searched
prior
admission
general
population
ibid