tumey state ohio argued decided march edward moulinier james magrish harry shafer cincinnati ohio plaintiff error wayne wheeler edward dunford washington state ohio chief justice taft delivered opinion question case whether certain statutes ohio providing trial mayor village one accused violating prohibition act state code ohio et seq deprive accused due process law violate fourteenth amendment federal tion pecuniary interest statutes give mayor result trial tumey plaintiff error hereafter called defendant arrested brought mayor pugh village north college hill charged unlawfully possessing intoxicating liquor moved dismissal disqualification mayor try fourteenth amendment mayor denied motion proceeded trial convicted defendant unlawfully possessing intoxicating liquor within hamilton county charged fined ordered imprisoned fine costs paid obtained bill exceptions carried case error common pleas hamilton county heard case reversed judgment ground mayor disqualified claimed ohio nisi prius state sought review appeals first appellate district ohio reversed common pleas affirmed judgment mayor ohio law reporter may state refused defendant application require appeals certify record case defendant filed petition error right asking judgment mayor appellate reversed constitutional grounds may adjudged petition dismissed reason debatable constitutional question involved cause judgment brought upon writ error allowed chief justice state rightly directed matthews huwe treasurer hetrick village lindsey brings us merits case defendant arrested charged unlawful possession intoxicating liquor white oak another village hamilton county ohio warrant issued mayor north college hill mayor acted sections state prohibition act ordinance village north college hill adopted pursuance thereof section general code ohio provides person shall passage act manufacture possess intoxicating liquors section provides person violates provisions act first offense shall fined less one hundred dollars one thousand dollars second offense shall fined less three hundred dollars two thousand dollars third subsequent offense shall fined less five hundred dollars two thousand dollars imprisoned state penitentiary less one year five years mayor authority exercised case order person sentenced pay fine shall remain prison fine costs paid time sentence prisoner received credit cents day day imprisonment recent amendment credit increased day sections code ohio section provides part justice peace mayor municipal police judge probate common pleas judge within county affidavit filed charging violation provisions act offense alleged committed county mayor justice peace judge may sitting shall final jurisdiction try cases upon affidavits without jury unless imprisonment part penalty error may prosecuted judgment mayor justice peace judge herein provided error mayor lies common pleas county bill exceptions necessary present questions arising evidence sections general code ohio appellate review respect evidence judgment set aside reviewing ground clearly unsupported weight evidence indicate misapprehension mistake bias part trial wilful disregard duties datesh state ohio nisi prius section provides arising fines forfeited bonds shall paid state treasury credited general revenue fund half treasury township municipality county prosecution held according whether officer hearing case township municipal county officer section provides council city village may ordinance authorize use part fines collected violation law prohibiting manufacture sale intoxicating liquors purpose hiring attorneys detectives secret service officers secure enforcement prohibition law council hereby authorized appropriate five hundred dollars annually general revenue fund purpose enforcing law prohibiting manufacture sale intoxicating liquors funds available fines collected violation prohibitory law ohio laws authority last section village council north college hill passed ordinance follows ordinance provide compensation paid secret service funds village north college hill hamilton county ohio created authority section general code ohio detectives secret service officers deputy marshals attorneys fees costs services securing evidence necessary conviction prosecuting violation law state ohio prohibiting liquor traffic ordained council village north college hill hamilton county ohio fifty per cent moneys hereafter paid treasury said village north college hill ohio half share fines collected paid belonging said village north college hill ohio received fines collected law state ohio prohibiting liquor traffic shall constitute separate fund called secret service fund used purpose securing enforcement prohibition law ii deputy marshals village north college hill ohio shall receive compensation services securing evidence necessary secure conviction persons violating law state ohio prohibiting liquor traffic amount money equal per cent fine collected fees allowed law iii attorney law record prosecuting persons charged violating law state ohio prohibiting liquor traffic shall receive compensation legal services amount equal per cent fine collected cases whether plea guilty guilty iv detectives secret service officers shall receive compensation services securing evidence necessary secure conviction persons violating law state ohio prohibiting liquor traffic amount money equal per cent fine collected mayor village north college hill ohio shall receive retain amount costs case addition regular salary compensation hearing cases vi ordinance hereby declared emergency ordinance necessary immediate preservation public peace safety made necessary reason flagrant violation laws ohio enacted prohibit traffic intoxicating liquors shall effect passage duties mayor village ohio primarily executive section general code ohio provides follows executive power authority villages shall vested mayor clerk treasurer marshal street commissioner officers departments thereof created law mayor shall chief conservator peace within corporation shall president council shall preside regular special meetings thereof shall vote except case tie shall see ordinances resolutions council faithfully obeyed enforced mayor shall communicate council time time statement finances municipality information relating thereto general condition affairs municipality deems proper may required council mayor shall supervise conduct officers corporation fees mayor marshal received case came virtue general statutes state applying state cases liquor otherwise mayor entitled hold legal fees taxed favor general code ohio state nolte ohio moreover north college hill village council sought remove doubt point providing section ordinance supra receive retain amount costs case addition regular salary compensation hearing cases fees costs cases paid except defendant convicted therefore way mayor may paid service judge convict brought fund marshals inspectors detectives paid services arresting bringing trial furnishing evidence convict cases except initial village may vote treasury set going fund created fines thereafter collected convicted defendants act mayor villages hamilton county half dozen counties large cities deprived jurisdiction hear punish misdemeanors committed county beyond limits corporation prohibition act known crabbe act adopted pt part changed gave mayor every village state jurisdiction within county situate try violations act counsel state brief explain vesting state legislatures country jurisdiction village courts follows purpose extending jurisdiction first instance break places outlawry located municipal boundary outside city legislature also faced situation cities law enforcement agencies failing perform duty therefore order forces believe enforcement upholding law might courts process gave mayors jurisdiction pointed argument system fines collected divided state village proper purpose stimulating activities village officers due enforcement village north college hill hamilton county ohio shown federal census population hamilton county including city cincinnati half million evidence discloses mayor pugh came office ordinance adopted division public sentiment village whether ordinance continue effect petition opposing signed majority voters presented mayor pugh mayor answered declaration village need finances favor carry liquor popularly called needed village financial reasons appears substantial sums expended village treasury fund made fines thus collected village improvements repairs mayor owner house village may december total amount fines violation prohibition law collected village upwards state received north college hill received general uses placed credit village safety fund balance put secret service fund person acting prosecutor liquor ceived period deputy marshals inspectors employees including detectives received paid costs transporting prisoners serving writs services connection trial cases mayor pugh received liquor cases period fees costs addition regular salary officers acting judicial quasi judicial capacity disqualified interest controversy decided course general rule dimes grand junction canal gregory railroad ohio pearce atwood mass taylor commissioners mass kentish artillery gardiner moses julian state crane law railroad company howard stockwell township findley smith nettleton appeal cooley constitutional limitation ed et seq nice questions however often arise degree nature interest must one respect effect membership judge class taxpayers others affected principle law statutory constitutional applied case parties judge interest circumstance judge equally disqualified act case held affect question wheeling black peck freeholders essex law dimes grand junction canal see baron parke answer judges pp year book henry vi roll abridg evans gore stuart mechanics farmers bank johns ranger railroad embarrassed considerations available case judicial officers disqualification either reason character compensation relation village government questions judicial qualification may involve constitutional validity thus matters kinship personal bias state policy remoteness interest seem generally matters merely legislative discretion wheeling black certainly violates fourteenth amendment deprives defendant criminal case due process law subject liberty property judgment judge direct personal substantial pecuniary interest reaching conclusion case mayor village north college hill ohio direct personal pecuniary interest convicting defendant came trial costs imposed behalf received defendant acquitted exceptional result normal operation law ordinance counsel state deny assert validity practice exception general rule rely upon cases ownbey morgan murray lessee hoboken land improvement cases show determining due process law fifth fourteenth amendment must look settled usages modes proceeding existing common statute law england emigration ancestors shown unsuited civil political condition acted settlement country counsel contend ohio economy found necessary maintain administration justice inferior courts justices peace judicial officers like jurisdiction compensation state county township afford fees costs earned compensation small regarded likely influence improperly judicial officer discharge duty prejudicing defendant securing justice even though magistrate receive nothing defendant convicted referred cases common law england prior separation colonies mother country showing practice inferior judicial officers dependant upon conviction defendant receiving compensation indeed analogous cases clear slightest pecuniary interest officer judicial quasi judicial resolving decide rendered decision voidable bonham case coke case brownlow goldesborough reports city london wood modern reports day savage hobart hesketh braddock burrows early richard ii provided commission justices peace six justices county quarter might sit three days justices receive four shillings day wages paid sheriffs fund make fines amercements fund added fines amercements courts lords franchises hundred courts allowed king grant individuals required justices peace knights esquires gentlemen land qualifications modified wages paid used defray common diet soon became obsolete holdsworth history english law wages paid dependant viction defendant paid time distinction torts criminal cases clear holdworth vol pp id vol came fund created fines amercements collected sides controversy always plaintiff whether action tort prosecution offense latter called prosecutor failed prove case whether civil criminal subject amercement pro falso clamore succeeded defendant misericordia see commonwealth johnson serg musser good serg thus outcome one amerced every case amercements generally went crown fund considerable statute richard ii remained statute book repealed victoria meantime hundred courts franchise largely disappeared wages referred part costs costs common law amounts paid either plaintiff prosecutor defendant witnesses services officers burn justice vol chitty criminal law ed vol see also george iii hundreds years justices peace england seem received compensation work instead required upon entering upon office pay certain fees holdsworth vol halsbury laws england local judges towns paid salaries common law greatest sensitiveness existence pecuniary interest however small infinitesimal justices peace hawkins pleas crown bk ch find following general rule law certainly justices peace execute office case citing salk even cases proceeding seems indispensably necessary publicly assaulted personally abused authority otherwise contemned execution duty yet another justice present assistance required punish offender stra common law order removal made two justices one inhabitant parish pauper removed order illegal bad ground justice inhabitant interested liable poor rate rex great chart burr stra strict principle unless relief statute seen modern cases queen recorder cambridge ellis blackburn regina hammond law times reports queen rand law reports queen bench queen gaisford queen bench division halsbury laws england usage common law justices peace inferior judicial officers paid fees condition convicted defendants practice certainly find support due process law english precedent may principle stated blackstone book king shall neither pay receive costs king prerogative pay subject beneath dignity receive misunderstood led suggested lewis edition blackstone see lewis blackstone note vol iii practice minor cases allowing inferior judges compensation except fees collected convicted defendant whether principle relied support practice practice prevailed still prevails arkansas kentucky nebraska north carolina georgia ohio texas seems one time obtained indiana oregon illinois alabama two question considered courts held provision payment judge fees case conviction disqualify bennett state tex app wellmaker terrell app discussion either question due process law existence statute authorizing practice seems controlling consideration two cases cited ex parte guerrero cal judge paid regular salary fixed law fund paid increased fees fines collected evidence payment salary dependent amount collections convictions herbert baltimore county md action justice peace county services criminal cases new law limited month statement case distinctly show convictions larger compensation costs collected defendant may assumed argument contention new law invalid give defendants due process held chiefly ground must satisfied compensation law afforded responding argument new law invalid justice induced convict justice acquit said recognize force suggestion founded upon assumption justices violate oaths duties office upon anything law authorizes done far case goes authority contention state issue thus raised considered length one action patient hear pressed justice whose constitutional rights affected tyler california reduction sanitary reduction works case probasco raine auditor ohio question arose whether fee per cent payable county auditors placing omitted property duplicate list taxation required investigation quasi judicial consideration invalid held objection urged based argument man judge case auditor case adjudged contrary taxing officer parties cited appear show cause bear equal burden taxation said action auditor final cut inquiry whole case might gone anew proper proceedings exactly opposite conclusion reached circuit northern district ohio meyers shields et seq mentioned minor courts paid services state county regardless acquittal conviction except virginia minor courts receive usual fees acquittal four put constitutions provision state must pay costs cases case acquittal california florida louisiana south carolina strict rule adopted country one enforced nothing common law controlled citizens taxpayers held incompetent sit suits municipal corporation residents diveny elmira corwein hames johns clark lamb allen mass dively cedar falls iowa fulweiler louis mo petition new boston commonwealth mclane gray mass fine louis public schools mo courts however legislatures strict rule seemed inconvenient impracticable unnecessary view taken remote minute interest litigation might declared legislature reason disqualification judge juror case much cited conclusion reached old english corporation cases considered city council pepper rich recorder city charleston sentenced nonresident city violation city ordinance requiring take license pay fine exceeding contention defendant noncorporator nonresident subject jurisdiction city recorder corporator interested penalty therefore competent try cause said page respect hesketh braddock burr supra remarked case depends altogether upon common law city depended upon jurisdiction objection might fatal establishment jurisdiction city commences act act clothed power trying offences city purpose given concurrent jurisdiction sessions grant power people state legislature surely power dispense objection porators interested intrusted enforcement laws others authority given city try offenders city ordinances impliedly declares notwithstanding objection right proper give power enforce city laws offenders great reason doubted remembered interest corporators minute even thought sheriff juror judge much like interest similar officers feel enforcing state law sanction penalty sum thus recovered goes exoneration part burden government every citizen subjected interest effect upon mind slight excite prejudice defendant thing case judge sheriff jurors members corporation many thousand members interest value fine put eminent calculator great trouble ascertain minute grain interest gentlemen might remove shadowy slight objection legislature thought proper clothe city consisting judge clerk sheriff jurors authority try defendant object view taken commonwealth ryan mass commonwealth reed gray mass thomas mt vernon ohio commissioners lytle ohio wheeling black board justices fennimore law foreman marianna ark cartersville lyon omaha olmstead neb hill wells pick mass commonwealth emery cush mass bennett state tex app welmaker terrell app state craig justice cooley work constitutional limitations edition page points real ground ruling cases remote trifling insignificant may fairly supposed incapable affecting judgment influencing conduct individual penalties imposed recovered municipal judge jurors interested corporators recovery law providing recovery must regarded precluding objection interest learned judge proceeds except cases resting upon reasons see legislature power abolish maxim among fundamentals judicial authority referring remark case matter leefe barb ch people state framing constitution might possibly establish great anomaly saw fit learned author says must deemed doubtful since adoption fourteenth article amendments federal constitution denies state right deprive one life liberty property without due process law review conclude system inferior judge paid service convicts defendant become embedded custom general practice either common law country regarded due process law unless costs usually imposed small may properly ignored within maxim minimis non curat lex mayor received fees costs present case costs prohibition act seven months made month addition salary regard prospect receipt loss emolument case minute remote trifling insignificant interest certainly fair defendant brought mayor careful judicial consideration guilt innocence prospect prospective loss mayor weigh aquittal cases penalties costs negligible field jurisdiction small community engaged enforcing local regulations state agency imposing substantial punishment cases considered gathered whole county energy village marshals detectives regularly employed village purpose treated mere village tribunal village peccadilloes doubtless mayors allow consideration costs case affect judgment requirement due process law judicial procedure satisfied argument men highest honor greatest carry without danger injustice every procedure offer possible temptation average man judge forget burden proof required convict defendant might lead hold balance nice clear true state accused denies latter due process law pecuniary interest mayor result judgment reason holding due process law denied defendant statutes drawn stimulate small municipalities country part counties large cities organize maintain courts try persons accused violations prohibition act everywhere county inducement offered dividing state village large fines provided law violations trial mayor without jury without opportunity retrial review confined questions law presented bill exceptions opportunity reviewing set aside judgment weighing evidence unless appear manifestly evidence indicate mistake bias willful disregard duty trial specifically authorizes village employ detectives deputy marshals assistants detect crime kind county bring offenders mayor offers village council officers means substantially adding income village relieve taxation mayor chief executive village supervises executive officers charged business looking finances village appears evidence case plain evidence show law calculated awaken interest village charged responsibility raising public money expending pecuniarily successful conduct mayor represents village escape representative capacity hand given judicial duty first determining whether defendant guilty second found guilt measure punishment minimum maximum first offenses minimum maximum second offenses interest mayor financial condition village responsibility therefor might defendant reason say feared get fair trial fair sentence one strong motive help village conviction heavy fine old english cases cited days coke holt mansfield nearly strong situation official perforce occupies two practically seriously inconsistent positions one partisan judicial necessarily involves lack due process law trial defendants charged crimes city boston baldwin mass florida ex rel colcord young course common vest mayor villages inferior judicial functions mere union executive power judicial power said violate due process law minor penalties usually attaching ordinances village council misdemeanors mayor may pronounce final judgment without jury involve addition revenue village justify fear mayor influenced judicial judgment fact difference case plan operation statutes us plain call elaboration counsel state argue decided legislature state may provide system courts chooses nothing fourteenth amendment requires jury trial offender may give territorial jurisdiction courts sees fit therefore nothing sinister constitutionally invalid giving village mayor jurisdiction justice peace try misdemeanors committed anywhere county even though mayor presides village people exercises jurisdiction offenses committed county true established decisions missouri lewis claasen see also carey state ohio also correctly pointed completely within power legislature dispose fines collected criminal cases may therefore divide fines state village whose mayor imposed collected said truth legislature state may often stimulate prosecutions crime offering shall initiate carry prosecutions rewards thus acting interest state people legislature may offer rewards percentage recovery informers murphy morgan pet may authorize employment detectives principles affect question whether state operation statutes considered vested judicial power reason interest individual chief executive village disqualified exercise trial defendant finally argued evidence shows clearly defendant guilty fined minimum amount therefore complain lack due process either conviction amount judgment plea guilty convicted matter evidence right impartial judge seasonably raised objection entitled halt trial disqualification judge existed direct pecuniary interest outcome official motive convict graduate fine help financial needs village thus presented outset features disqualification judgment ohio must reversed cause remanded proceedings inconsistent opinion judgment reversed