exxon mobil allapattah services et argued march decided june exxon dealers filed class action exxon corporation invoking federal district diversity jurisdiction dealers jury verdict certified case interlocutory review question whether properly exercised supplemental jurisdiction claims class members met minimum requirement eleventh circuit upheld extension supplemental jurisdiction girl family sought damages foods diversity action district granted summary judgment finding none plaintiffs met requirement first circuit ruled girl family alleged requisite amount held supplemental jurisdiction family claims improper original jurisdiction lacking diversity case one plaintiff fails satisfy requirement held elements jurisdiction present least one named plaintiff action satisfies requirement authorizes supplemental jurisdiction claims plaintiffs article iii case controversy even claims less requisite amount pp although district courts may exercise jurisdiction absent statutory basis original jurisdiction claims action may exercise supplemental jurisdiction additional claims arising case controversy see mine workers gibbs expansive interpretation apply complete diversity requirement incomplete diversity destroys original jurisdiction respect claims leaving nothing supplemental claims adhere statutory prerequisites including requirements analyzed claim claim enacted every plaintiff separately satisfy requirement clark paul gray zahn international paper grant original jurisdiction claims involving particular parties confer supplemental jurisdiction additional claims involving parties finley pp parties agree overturned finley warrant assuming determine scope requires examination statute text light context structure related statutory provisions section broad grant supplemental jurisdiction claims within case controversy long action one district courts original jurisdiction last sentence makes clear grant extends claims involving joinder intervention additional parties question whether diversity case claims plaintiffs satisfy requirement qualifies civil action district courts original jurisdiction pp answer must yes complaint least one claim satisfying requirement relevant jurisdictional defects district beyond question original jurisdiction claim original jurisdiction single claim complaint original jurisdiction civil action even action comprises fewer claims included complaint original jurisdiction action decide whether constitutional statutory basis exercising supplemental jurisdiction claims action section contains exceptions broad rule withdraw supplemental jurisdiction claims additional parties fact exceptions support conclusion pp accept alternative view supporting theories district lacks original jurisdiction civil action unless original jurisdiction every claim complaint indivisibility theory claims must stand fall single indivisible action inconsistent whole notion supplemental jurisdiction belied practice allowing federal courts cure jurisdictional defects dismissing offending parties instead entire action statute broad general language permit theory apply diversity cases apply cases contamination theory inclusion claim party falling outside district original jurisdiction contaminates every claim complaint makes sense respect complete diversity requirement nondiverse party presence eliminates justification federal forum makes little sense regard requirement meant ensure dispute sufficiently important warrant attention fallacious suppose simply proposition imposes requirements contamination theory germane former also applies latter already considered rejected virtually identical argument closely analogous context see chicago international college surgeons pp light statute text structure plausible reading original jurisdiction civil action comprising claims jurisdictional defect though single nondiverse party contaminate every claim lawsuit contamination occur respect jurisdictional defects going substantive importance individual claims thus threshold requirement satisfied cases plaintiffs diversity action allege sufficient amount controversy section plain text overruled clark zahn authorized supplemental jurisdiction claims diverse parties arising case controversy subject enumerated exceptions applicable ambiguous need examine interpretative tools including legislative history even appropriate give legislative history significant weight pp class action fairness act impact analysis cases pp affirmed reversed remanded kennedy delivered opinion rehnquist scalia souter thomas joined stevens filed dissenting opinion breyer joined ginsburg filed dissenting opinion stevens breyer joined exxon mobil corporation petitioner allapattah services et al writ certiorari appeals eleventh circuit maria del rosario ortega et petitioners foods writ certiorari appeals first circuit june justice kennedy delivered opinion consolidated cases present question whether federal diversity action may exercise supplemental jurisdiction additional plaintiffs whose claims satisfy minimum requirement provided claims part case controversy claims plaintiffs allege sufficient amount controversy decision turns correct interpretation question divided courts appeals granted certiorari resolve conflict hold elements jurisdiction present least one named plaintiff action satisfies requirement authorize supplemental jurisdiction claims plaintiffs article iii case controversy even claims less jurisdictional amount specified statute setting forth requirements diversity jurisdiction affirm judgment appeals eleventh circuit reverse judgment appeals first circuit exxon dealers filed suit exxon corporation district northern district florida dealers alleged intentional systematic scheme exxon overcharged fuel purchased exxon plaintiffs invoked district diversity jurisdiction unanimous jury verdict favor plaintiffs district certified case interlocutory review asking whether properly exercised supplemental jurisdiction claims class members meet jurisdictional minimum amount controversy appeals eleventh circuit upheld district extension supplemental jurisdiction class members allapattah services exxon find held clearly unambiguously provides district courts authority diversity class actions exercise supplemental jurisdiction claims class members meet minimum amount controversy long district original jurisdiction claims least one class representatives decision accords views courts appeals fourth sixth seventh circuits see rosmer pfizer olden lafarge stromberg metal works press mechanical brand name prescription drugs antitrust litigation courts appeals fifth ninth circuits adopting similar analysis statute held diversity class action unnamed class members need meet requirement provided named class members decisions however unclear whether named plaintiffs must satisfy requirement abbott gibson chrysler case us appeals first circuit took different position meaning case girl sued diversity action district district puerto rico seeking damages unusually severe injuries received sliced finger tuna family joined suit seeking damages emotional distress certain medical expenses district granted summary judgment finding none plaintiffs met minimum requirement appeals first circuit however ruled injured girl family members made allegations damages requisite amount appeals addressed whether light fact one plaintiff met requirements original jurisdiction supplemental jurisdiction remaining plaintiffs claims proper held authorizes supplemental jurisdiction district original jurisdiction action diversity case original jurisdiction lacking one plaintiff fails satisfy requirement although appeals claimed express view whether result class action analysis inconsistent appeals eleventh circuit appeals first circuit view however shared courts appeal third eighth tenth circuits latter two courts appeals expressly applied rule class actions see meritcare paul mercury ins trimble asarco leonhardt western sugar ii district courts said many times courts limited jurisdiction possess power authorized constitution statute kokkonen guardian life ins america order provide federal forum plaintiffs seek vindicate federal rights congress conferred district courts original jurisdiction cases civil actions arise constitution laws treaties order provide neutral forum come known diversity cases congress also granted district courts original jurisdiction civil actions citizens different citizens foreign citizens foreign citizens ensure diversity jurisdiction flood federal courts minor disputes requires matter controversy diversity case exceed specified amount currently although district courts may exercise jurisdiction absent statutory basis well established certain classes cases original jurisdiction claims action may exercise supplemental jurisdiction additional claims part case controversy leading modern case principle mine workers gibbs gibbs plaintiff alleged defendant conduct violated federal state law district gibbs held original jurisdiction action based federal claims gibbs confirmed district additional power though obligation exercise supplemental jurisdiction related state claims arose article iii case controversy federal claim must substance sufficient confer subject matter jurisdiction ssuming substantiality federal issues power federal courts hear whole later noted decision allowing jurisdiction pendent state claims gibbs mention let alone come grips text jurisdictional statutes bedrock principle federal courts jurisdiction without statutory authorization finley finley nonetheless reaffirmed rationalized gibbs progeny inferring interpretive principle cases involving supplemental jurisdiction additional claims parties properly federal jurisdictional statutes read broadly assumption context congress intended authorize courts exercise full article iii power dispose action comprises one constitutional case quoting gibbs supra however applied gibbs expansive interpretive approach aspects jurisdictional statutes instance consistently interpreted requiring complete diversity case multiple plaintiffs multiple defendants presence action single plaintiff state single defendant deprives district original diversity jurisdiction entire action strawbridge curtiss cranch owen equipment erection kroger complete diversity requirement mandated constitution state farm fire casualty tashire plain text nonetheless adhered complete diversity rule light purpose diversity requirement provide federal forum important disputes state courts might favor perceived favoring litigants presence parties state sides case dispels concern eliminating principal reason conferring jurisdiction claims action see wisconsin dept corrections schacht specific purpose complete diversity rule explains adopted gibbs expansive interpretive approach aspect jurisdictional statute gibbs undermine complete diversity rule order federal invoke supplemental jurisdiction gibbs must first original jurisdiction least one claim action incomplete diversity destroys original jurisdiction respect claims nothing supplemental jurisdiction adhere contrast diversity requirement statutory prerequisites federal jurisdiction including requirements analyzed claim claim true follow necessity district authority exercise supplemental jurisdiction claims provided original jurisdiction one enactment declined contexts instance follow gibbs expansive approach interpretation jurisdictional statutes took restrictive view proper interpretation statutes cases involving supplemental jurisdiction claims involving additional parties plaintiffs defendants district courts lack original jurisdiction claims parties standing alone thus respect jurisdictional requirements held clark paul gray every plaintiff must separately satisfy requirement though clark case time jurisdiction requirement analogous requirement diversity cases proper practice clark held requires several plaintiffs bound establish jurisdictional amount respect claim suit dismissed fail show requisite amount involved reaffirmed rule context class action brought invoking diversity jurisdiction zahn international paper follows inescapably clark held zahn plaintiff without jurisdictional amount must dismissed case even though others allege jurisdictionally sufficient claims took similar approach respect supplemental jurisdiction claims additional defendants fall outside district courts original jurisdiction aldinger howard plaintiff brought action county officials district pursuant statutory grant jurisdiction plaintiff alleged supplemental jurisdiction related claims county even though county suable subject original jurisdiction held supplemental jurisdiction exercised congress enacting declined albeit implicitly extend federal jurisdiction party sued federal civil rights statutes concluded supplemental jurisdiction additional parties exists aldinger held federal must satisfy art icle iii permits congress statutes conferring jurisdiction expressly implication negated existence finley confronted similar issue different statutory context plaintiff finley brought federal tort claims act negligence suit federal aviation administration district original jurisdiction plaintiff tried add related claims defendants invoking district supplemental jurisdiction pendent parties held district lacked sufficient statutory basis exercising supplemental jurisdiction claims relying primarily zahn aldinger kroger held finley grant jurisdiction claims involving particular parties confer jurisdiction additional claims different parties finley limit impair gibbs liberal approach interpreting jurisdictional statutes context supplemental jurisdiction additional claims involving parties finley nevertheless declined extend interpretive assumption claims involving additional parties finley held context parties contrast claims assume full constitutional power congressionally authorized read jurisdictional statutes broadly jurisdictional statutes existed matters stood first diversity requirement required complete diversity absent complete diversity district lacked original jurisdiction claims action strawbridge cranch kroger second district original jurisdiction least one claim jurisdictional statutes implicitly authorized supplemental jurisdiction claims parties arising article iii case controversy gibbs third even district original jurisdiction one claims particular parties jurisdictional statutes authorize supplemental jurisdiction additional claims involving parties clark supra zahn supra finley supra finley emphasized hatever say regarding scope jurisdiction conferred particular statute course changed congress congress accepted invitation passed judicial improvements act stat enacted provision controls cases section provides relevant part except provided subsections expressly provided otherwise federal statute civil action district courts original jurisdiction district courts shall supplemental jurisdiction claims related claims action within original jurisdiction form part case controversy article iii constitution supplemental jurisdiction shall include claims involve joinder intervention additional parties civil action district courts original jurisdiction founded solely section title district courts shall supplemental jurisdiction subsection claims plaintiffs persons made parties rule federal rules civil procedure claims persons proposed joined plaintiffs rule rules seeking intervene plaintiffs rule rules exercising supplemental jurisdiction claims inconsistent jurisdictional requirements section parties litigation courts consider question agree overturned result finley warrant however assuming overrule finley otherwise codify existing state law supplemental jurisdiction must give jurisdictional statutes expansive interpretation text warrants important adopt artificial construction narrower text provides sound canon interpretation requires congress speak extraordinary clarity order modify rules federal jurisdiction within appropriate constitutional bounds ordinary principles statutory construction apply order determine scope supplemental jurisdiction authorized must examine statute text light context structure related statutory provisions section broad grant supplemental jurisdiction claims within case controversy long action one district courts original jurisdiction last sentence makes clear grant supplemental jurisdiction extends claims involving joinder intervention additional parties single question us therefore whether diversity case claims plaintiffs satisfy requirement claims others plaintiffs presents civil action district courts original jurisdiction answer yes confers supplemental jurisdiction claims including independently satisfy requirement claims part article iii case controversy answer inapplicable light holdings clark zahn district statutory basis exercising supplemental jurisdiction additional claims conclude answer must yes complaint contains least one claim satisfies requirement relevant jurisdictional defects district beyond question original jurisdiction claim presence claims complaint district may lack original jurisdiction moment original jurisdiction single claim complaint original jurisdiction civil action within meaning even civil action jurisdiction comprises fewer claims included complaint determines original jurisdiction civil action turn question whether constitutional statutory basis exercising supplemental jurisdiction claims action section commences direction relevant statutes may provide specific exceptions otherwise broad jurisdictional grant distinction drawn cases fact last sentence makes clear provision grants supplemental jurisdiction claims involving joinder intervention additional parties terms acknowledge distinction pendent jurisdiction doctrine ancillary jurisdiction though doctrines pendent ancillary jurisdiction developed separately historical matter recognized doctrines two species generic problem kroger nothing indicates congressional intent recognize preserve create meaningful substantive distinction jurisdictional categories historically labeled pendent ancillary sum total relevant statutory language holding rest language alone statute course instructs us examine determine exceptions apply proceed section qualifies broad rule withdraw supplemental jurisdiction claims additional parties issue specific exceptions contained moreover provide additional support conclusion confers supplemental jurisdiction claims section applies diversity cases withholds supplemental jurisdiction claims plaintiffs proposed joined indispensable parties federal rule civil procedure seek intervene pursuant rule nothing text however withholds supplemental jurisdiction claims plaintiffs permissively joined rule like additional plaintiffs certified members pursuant rule like additional plaintiffs natural indeed necessary inference confers supplemental jurisdiction claims rule rule plaintiffs inference least respect rule plaintiffs strengthened fact explicitly excludes supplemental jurisdiction claims defendants joined rule accept view urged parties commentators courts appeals district lacks original jurisdiction civil action unless original jurisdiction every claim complaint understand position requires assuming either claims complaint must stand fall single indivisible civil action matter definitional necessity refer indivisibility theory else inclusion claim party falling outside district original jurisdiction somehow contaminates every claim complaint depriving original jurisdiction claims refer contamination theory indivisibility theory easily dismissed inconsistent whole notion supplemental jurisdiction district must original jurisdiction every claim complaint order original jurisdiction civil action gibbs civil action district assume original jurisdiction basis exercising supplemental jurisdiction claims indivisibility theory belied practice diversity cases allowing federal courts cure jurisdictional defects dismissing offending parties rather dismissing entire action clark example makes clear claims jurisdictionally defective amount controversy destroy original jurisdiction claims dismissing parties failed meet requirement retaining jurisdiction remaining party presence jurisdictionally problematic claims complaint meant district without original jurisdiction single indivisible civil action district dismiss whole action rather particular parties also find unconvincing say definitional indivisibility theory applies context diversity cases context cases broad general language statute permit result contention premised notion phrase original jurisdiction civil actions means different things implausible however say identical phrase means one thing original jurisdiction actions least one claim complaint meets following requirements something else original jurisdiction actions every claim complaint meets following requirements contamination theory noted make sense special context complete diversity requirement presence nondiverse parties sides lawsuit eliminates justification providing federal forum theory however makes little sense respect requirement meant ensure dispute sufficiently important warrant attention presence single nondiverse party may eliminate fear bias respect claims presence claim falls short minimum amount controversy nothing reduce importance claims meet requirement fallacious suppose simply proposition imposes diversity requirement requirement contamination theory germane former also relevant latter inherent logical connection requirement diversity jurisdiction jurisdiction requirement well requirement revived clear beyond peradventure provides supplemental jurisdiction cases claims involve sufficient amount controversy words unambiguously overrules holding result clark however quite extraordinary say also overrule zahn case premised substantial part holding clark addition theoretical difficulties argument district original jurisdiction civil action original jurisdiction individual claim complaint already considered rejected virtually identical argument closely analogous context removal jurisdiction chicago international college surgeons plaintiff brought claims state defendant removed federal plaintiff objected removal citing text removal statute statutory provision bears striking similarity relevant portion authorizes removal civil action district courts original jurisdiction college surgeons plaintiff urged claims within district original jurisdiction authorize removal disagreed federal law claims held suffice make actions actions within jurisdiction district courts nothing jurisdictional statutes suggests presence related state law claims somehow alters fact plaintiff complaints virtue federal claims actions within federal courts jurisdiction case removed district original jurisdiction federal law claims supplemental jurisdiction claims dissent college surgeons argued plaintiff sought review local administrative agency decision review sought outside scope district jurisdiction opinion ginsburg rejected suggestion claims involving administrative appeals beyond scope supplemental jurisdiction opinion claim administrative review posture case deprived district original jurisdiction claims case importantly present purposes college surgeons stressed district original jurisdiction civil action purposes long original jurisdiction subset claims constituting action even college surgeons dissent took issue interpretation appear contest view although college surgeons involved additional claims parties interpretation applies equally cases involving additional parties whose claims fall short jurisdictional amount adopt contrary view presence additional parties means civil action district courts original jurisdiction cases simply removable knowledge issued reasoned opinion adopting view removal statute settled course absent complete diversity case removable district lack original jurisdiction caterpillar lewis however altogether consistent view failure complete diversity unlike failure claims meet requisite amount controversy contaminates every claim action also reject argument similar attempted distinction college surgeons discussed presence additional claims district lacks jurisdiction mean civil action outside purview presence additional parties basis distinction altogether clear considerable tension statutory text section applies terms civil action district courts original jurisdiction last sentence expressly contemplates may supplemental jurisdiction additional parties case presence parties destroys original jurisdiction within meaning civil action otherwise properly also expressly withholds supplemental jurisdiction diversity cases claims plaintiffs joined indispensable parties rule joinder parties sufficient deprive district original jurisdiction civil action within meaning specific limitation supplemental jurisdiction superfluous argument presence additional parties removes civil action scope also mean left finley result undisturbed finley involved federal tort claims act suit federal defendant claims additional defendants otherwise subject federal jurisdiction yet concede one purpose change result reached finley finally suggested interpretation creates anomaly regarding exceptions listed immediately obvious congress withhold supplemental jurisdiction plaintiffs joined parties needed adjudication rule allow supplemental jurisdiction plaintiffs permissively joined rule omission rule plaintiffs list exceptions may unintentional drafting gap meritcare case congress rather courts fix omission may seem odd absurd alternative explanation different treatment rule rule congress concerned extending supplemental jurisdiction rule plaintiffs allow circumvention complete diversity rule nondiverse plaintiff might omitted intentionally original action joined later rule necessary party see stromberg metal works contamination theory described applicable means ruse fail congress may wanted make assurance double sure generally congress may concluded federal jurisdiction appropriate district original jurisdiction claims plaintiffs essential action joined rule extent omission rule plaintiffs list exceptions anomalous moreover anomalous inclusion rule plaintiffs list alternative view prevail district lacks original jurisdiction civil diversity action plaintiff claims fail comply requirements need special exception rule plaintiffs meet requirements though omission rule plaintiffs presents something puzzle view statute inclusion rule plaintiffs section least difficult explain alternative view circle back original question complaint district includes multiple claims part case controversy claims within original jurisdiction civil action district courts original jurisdiction original jurisdiction civil action comprising claims jurisdictional defect reading plausible light text structure jurisdictional statute though special nature purpose diversity requirement mean single nondiverse party contaminate every claim lawsuit contamination occur respect jurisdictional defects go substantive importance individual claims follows conclusion threshold requirement satisfied cases like us plaintiffs diversity action allege sufficient amount controversy hold plain text overruled clark zahn authorized supplemental jurisdiction claims diverse parties arising article iii case controversy subject enumerated exceptions applicable cases us proponents alternative view insist statute least ambiguous look interpretive tools including legislative history supposedly demonstrate congress intend overrule zahn reject argument outset simply ambiguous reasons elaborated interpreting foreclose supplemental jurisdiction plaintiffs diversity cases meet minimum amount controversy inconsistent text read light statutory provisions established jurisprudence even stipulate however reading proponents urge upon us textually plausible legislative history cited support alter view best interpretation urge legislative history refutes interpretation rely primarily house judiciary committee report judicial improvements act house report report report explained authorize jurisdiction case like finley well essentially restore understandings authorization limits forms supplemental jurisdiction house report report stated generally authorizes district exercise jurisdiction supplemental claim whenever forms part constitutional case controversy claim claims provide basis district original jurisdiction codifies gibbs fills statutory gap recognized finley house report report remarked intended affect jurisdictional requirements class actions requirements interpreted prior finley citing without elaboration zahn tribe cauble house report report noted net effect implement principal rationale kroger house report effecting one small change practice respect diversity actions exclude rule extent sought joined plaintiffs rule house report evident report meant refer rule rule repeatedly held authoritative statement statutory text legislative history extrinsic material extrinsic materials role statutory interpretation extent shed reliable light enacting legislature understanding otherwise ambiguous terms extrinsic materials reliable sources insight legislative understandings however legislative history particular vulnerable two serious criticisms first legislative history often murky ambiguous contradictory judicial investigation legislative history tendency become borrow judge leventhal memorable phrase exercise crowd picking friends see wald observations use legislative history term iowa rev second judicial reliance legislative materials like committee reports subject requirements article may give unrepresentative committee members worse yet unelected staffers lobbyists power incentive attempt strategic manipulations legislative history secure results unable achieve statutory text need comment whether problems sufficiently prevalent render legislative history inherently unreliable circumstances point members disagreed clear however instance criticisms right mark first legislative history far murkier selective quotation house report suggest text based substantially draft proposal contained federal study committee working paper drafted subcommittee chaired judge posner report subcommittee role federal courts relationship mar reprinted judicial conference federal courts study committee working papers subcommittee reports july see also judicial conference report federal courts study committee apr study committee report echoing brief summary form subcommittee working paper proposal noting subcommittee working paper contains additional material subject house report section implements recommendation federal courts study committee found pages report subcommittee explained language echoed house report proposal basically restores law existed prior finley subcommittee working paper observed proposal overrule zahn good idea subcommittee working paper although federal courts study committee expressly adopt subcommittee specific reference zahn neither explicitly disagreed subcommittee conclusion best reading proposed text substantially modified proposal avoid result study committee report therefore even house report fairly read reflect understanding text overrule zahn subcommittee working paper based reflected opposite understanding house report authoritative subcommittee working paper utility either extend light sheds enacting legislature understood statutory text trying figure square subcommittee working paper understanding house report understanding reflective understanding enacting legislators hopeless task second worst fears critics argue legislative history used circumvent article process realized case telltale evidence statement three law professors participated drafting see house report face permits supplemental jurisdiction claims class members satisfy section jurisdictional amount requirement overrule zahn disclaimer intent accomplish result legislative history better statute dealt explicitly problem legislative history attempt correct oversight rowe burbank mengler compounding creating confusion supplemental jurisdiction reply professor freer emory professors frank concede one refuses consider legislative history one choice conclude section wiped zahn books ibid exists acknowledgment parties detailed specific knowledge statute drafting process plain text overruled zahn language contrary house report post hoc attempt alter result one need subscribe wholesale condemnation legislative history refuse give effect deliberate effort amend statute committee report sum even believed resort legislative history appropriate cases point concede give significant weight house report distinguished jurists drafted subcommittee working paper along three participants drafting agree provision face overrules zahn accords best reading statute text nothing legislative history indicates directly explicitly congress understood phrase civil action district courts original jurisdiction exclude cases diversity plaintiffs meet amount controversy requirement credence moreover given claim congress understood overrule zahn proposal controversial little sense whether member congress particularly upset result case one plausibly say concerned legislators might realized possible effect text adopting certainly competent legislative aide studied matter flagged issue matter importance boss especially light subcommittee working paper number reasons legislators spend time arguing none relevant interpretation words statute mean finally note class action fairness act cafa pub stat enacted year bearing analysis cases subject certain limitations cafa confers federal diversity jurisdiction class actions aggregate amount controversy exceeds million abrogates rule aggregating claims rule recognized reaffirmed zahn cafa however retroactive views congress relevant interpretation text enacted congress cafa moreover moot significance interpretation many proposed exercises supplemental jurisdiction even context might fall within cafa ambit cafa impact one way interpretation judgment appeals eleventh circuit affirmed judgment appeals first circuit reversed case remanded proceedings consistent opinion ordered exxon mobil corporation petitioner allapattah services et al writ certiorari appeals eleventh circuit maria del rosario ortega et petitioners foods writ certiorari appeals first circuit june justice stevens justice breyer joins dissenting justice ginsburg carefully reasoned opinion post dissenting opinion demonstrates error rather ambitious reading opaque jurisdictional statute also demonstrated ambiguity term may different meanings different judges made remarkable declaration reading statute obviously correct justice ginsburg obviously wrong text even qualify ambiguous see ante ambiguity apparently eye beholder remain convinced unwise treat ambiguity vel non statute determinative whether legislative history consulted indeed believe judges rather less constrained make accountable reliable evidence legislative intent see koons buick pontiac gmc nigh slip stevens concurring legislative history provides powerful confirmation justice ginsburg interpretation statute helpful consider full relevant portion house report also adopted senate section authorize jurisdiction case like finley well essentially restore understandings authorization limits forms supplemental jurisdiction federal question cases broadly authorizes district courts exercise supplemental jurisdiction additional claims including claims involving joinder additional parties diversity cases district courts may exercise supplemental jurisdiction except inconsistent jurisdictional requirements diversity statute subsection prohibits district case jurisdiction founded solely general diversity provision exercising supplemental jurisdiction specified circumstances net effect subsection implement principal rationale owen equipment erection kroger actions district courts may hear plaintiffs supplemental claims exercising supplemental jurisdiction encourage plaintiffs evade jurisdictional requirement simple expedient naming initially defendants whose joinder satisfies section requirements later adding claims within original federal jurisdiction defendants intervened joined supplemental basis accord case law subsection also prohibits joinder intervention persons plaintiffs adding inconsistent section requirements section intended affect jurisdictional requirements class actions requirements interpreted prior finley tribe cauble zahn international paper subsection makes one small change practice anomalously current practice party might intervene right federal rule civil procedure take advantage supplemental jurisdiction come within supplemental jurisdiction parties already action sought effect joinder rule subsection eliminate anomaly excluding rule extent sought joined plaintiffs rule pp omitted hereinafter house report report house report specifically say intended upset zahn international paper entire explanation statute demonstrates congress mind specific relatively modest task undoing decision finley addition overturning unfortunate statute according report codifies preserves understandings authorization limits forms supplemental jurisdiction house report exception making one small change practice relevant sweeping purpose decision imputes congress bears resemblance house report description statute seem trouble decision today treats statutory interpretation pedantic exercise divorced serious attempt ascertaining congressional intent course situations honor congress apparent intent unless intent made clear text statute way certain congress considered issue intended disfavored outcome see landgraf usi film products requiring clear statement retroactive civil legislation principle provides basis discounting house report given cases never recognized presumption favor expansive diversity jurisdiction reasons ignoring virtual billboard congressional intent unpersuasive subcommittee federal courts study committee believed earlier substantially similar version statute overruled zahn see ante highlights fact statute ambiguous determinative house report explicitly rejected broad reading statutory text report special significance indicator legislative intent congress committee reports normally considered authoritative explication statute text purposes busy legislators assistants rely explication casting votes cf garcia surveying legislative history repeatedly stated authoritative source finding legislature intent lies committee reports bill considered collective understanding congressmen involved drafting studying proposed quoting zuber allen brackets original second reason comment three law professors participated drafting see ante similarly mark law review article refers professors merely saying text statute susceptible overly broad simplistic reading clarification house report therefore appropriate see rowe burbank mengler compounding creating confusion supplemental jurisdiction reply professor freer emory significantly reference zahn house report appear place indeed wholly consistent report broader explanation congress goal overruling finley preserving law suggest professors participated deliberate effort amend statute committee report ante reveals unrealistic view legislative process mention disrespect three law professors acted role public servants sure legislative history manipulated situation us little reason fear unholy conspiracy unrepresentative committee members ante law professors unelected staffers lobbyists endeavored torpedo congress attempt overrule without discussion two longstanding features diversity jurisprudence nearly pages complicated analysis explores subtle doctrinal nuances coins various neologisms announces reasonably read another way see ante conclusion difficult accept given justice ginsburg persuasive account statutory text jurisprudential backdrop given uncommonly clear legislative history confident majority interpretation mistaken respectfully dissent exxon mobil corporation petitioner allapattah services et al writ certiorari appeals eleventh circuit maria del rosario ortega et petitioners foods writ certiorari appeals first circuit june justice ginsburg justice stevens justice justice breyer join dissenting cases present question whether congress enacting overruled decisions clark paul gray reaffirming holding troy bank whitehead zahn international paper clark held jurisdiction predicated specified amount controversy plaintiff joined litigation must independently meet jurisdictional amount requirement zahn confirmed class actions governed federal rule civil procedure ach class member must satisfy jurisdictional amount class member must dismissed case section agree designed overturn decision finley finley concerned jurisdiction original jurisdiction cases arising federal law plaintiff finley sued federal tort claims act ftca recover death husband children airplane crash alleged federal aviation administration negligence contributed fatal accident later amended complaint add tort claims two defendants municipality utility company independent basis federal jurisdiction existed claims plaintiff brought entire action state federal jurisdiction ftca actions exclusive hence absent federal jurisdiction embracing claims obliged pursue two discrete actions one federal state held nevertheless district lacked jurisdiction claims holding stressed congress held control rein congress reverse result finley permit pendent jurisdiction claims additional defendants chose congress wrought issue courts appeals sharply divided compare stromberg metal works press mechanical supersedes clark allows jurisdiction additional parties claims worth less jurisdictional minimum abbott nder district exercise supplemental jurisdiction members class although meet requirement class representatives meritcare paul mercury ins preserves prohibition aggregation outlined zahn clark leonhardt western sugar alter historical rules prohibiting aggregation claims including zahn prohibition aggregation diversity class actions today holds although prompted finley case original access federal predicated federal question notably enlarges federal diversity jurisdiction reads overrule clark zahn thereby allowing access federal class members meet excess requirement long least one named class representative jurisdictionally sufficient claim ante adopts plausibly broad reading measure hardly model careful drafter art another plausible reading however one less disruptive jurisprudence regarding supplemental jurisdiction one reads instruct statute text suggests district must first original jurisdiction civil action supplemental jurisdiction attach clark zahn preserved supplemental jurisdiction open way joinder plaintiffs inclusion class members independently meet requirement reasons follow conclude narrower construction better reading section captioned supplemental jurisdiction codifies doctrines formerly labeled pendent ancillary jurisdiction pendent jurisdiction involved enlargement litigation include related claims ancillary jurisdiction evolved primarily protect defending parties others whose rights might adversely affected air claims ongoing action given jurisdiction principal action federal courts entertained certain matters deemed ancillary regardless citizenship parties amount controversy mine workers gibbs leading pendent jurisdiction case involved claim union wrongfully inducing plaintiff discharge plaintiff stated federal claim act allied claim unlawful conspiracy interfere employment contract upheld joinder federal state claims power federal courts hear whole said state federal claims derive common nucleus operative fact linked plaintiff ordinarily expected try one judicial proceeding gibbs involved linkage federal state claims defendant finley contained gibbs without congressional authorization admonished pendent jurisdiction umbrella stretched cover joinder additional parties gibbs departed earlier decisions recognizing jurisdiction must explicitly conferred said observed although resting much narrower basis fallon meltzer shapiro hart wechsler federal courts federal system ed hereinafter hart wechsler already signaled gibbs approach extended field finley finley limit impair gibbs development pendent jurisdiction made plain initiative lie congress domain ancillary jurisdiction evolved sprawling doctrine pendent jurisdiction originally rooted notion federal jurisdiction principal suit effectively controls property fund dispute claimants thereto allowed intervene order protect interests without regard jurisdiction aldinger addressed permissible scope doctrine relation liberal provisions federal rules civil procedure joinder parties claims kroger commenced suit citizen iowa nebraska corporation nebraska defendant impleaded iowa corporation defendant rule plaintiff asserted claims impleaded party independent basis federal jurisdiction existed newly asserted claims plaintiff impleaded defendant citizens iowa held plaintiff draw defendant manner federal courts time kroger routinely exercising ancillary jurisdiction compulsory counterclaims impleader claims among defendants claims parties intervened right see collecting cases kroger however nonfederal claim asserted plaintiff voluntarily chose bring suit upon claim federal contrast ancillary jurisdiction typically involve claims defending party haled another person whose rights might irretrievably lost unless assert ongoing action federal chosen federal rather state forum said plaintiff accept limitations ibid sum cases enactment recognized jurisdiction gibbs jurisdiction finley ancillary jurisdiction adhered limitation diversity cases throughout litigation plaintiffs must remain diverse defendants see kroger although pendent jurisdiction ancillary jurisdiction evolved recognized two species generic problem circumstances may federal hear decide claim arising citizens state finley regarded question one properly addressed congress see wright miller ed supp hart wechsler shortly decided finley congress established federal courts study committee take issues relating federal courts congestion delay expense expansion judicial conference report federal courts study committee apr hereinafter committee report committee charge conduct study addressing crisis federal courts caused rapidly growing caseload internal quotation marks omitted among recommendations committee urged congress authorize federal courts assert pendent jurisdiction parties without independent federal jurisdictional base adopted recommendation overrule finley earlier subcommittee recommended congress overrule finley zahn report subcommittee role federal courts relationship mar reprinted judicial conference federal courts study committee working papers subcommittee reports july hereinafter subcommittee report subcommittee view rom policy standpoint zahn de little sense subcommittee report full committee however urged overruling finley adopt recommendation overrule zahn committee report separate matter substantial majority committee strongly recommend ed elimination diversity jurisdiction save complex litigation interpleader suits involving aliens accord subcommittee report step committee report maintained anywhere nearly much reduce federal caseload pressures contain growth federal judiciary committee report congress responded adopting part judicial improvements act stat recommendations federal courts study committee ranked house committee judiciary modest noncontroversial pp hereinafter see also cong rec congress take study committee immodest proposal curtail diversity jurisdiction however enact supplemental jurisdiction statute codified ii section terms operates civil actions district courts original jurisdiction original jurisdiction relevant jurisdiction conferred character jurisdiction essential backdrop comprehension constitution broadly provides jurisdiction controversies citizens different art iii cl read provision demand minimal diversity long one party plaintiffs side one party defendants side diverse citizenship congress may authorize federal courts exercise diversity jurisdiction see state farm fire casualty tashire constitution includes limitation exercise federal jurisdiction start congress measures construed limited federal exercise diversity jurisdiction two principal ways first unless congress specifies otherwise diversity must complete parties plaintiffs side must diverse parties defendants side strawbridge curtiss cranch see wright miller ed second plaintiff stake must independently meet specification two plaintiffs separate distinct demands unite convenience economy single suit essential demand requisite jurisdictional amount troy bank statute today governing federal exercise diversity jurisdiction generality cases like predecessors incorporates requirement latter statute reads district courts shall original jurisdiction cases matter controversy exceeds sum long held determining whether requirement satisfied single plaintiff may aggregate two claims single defendant even claims unrelated see edwards bates county multiparty cases including class actions unyieldingly adhered nonaggregation rule stated troy bank see clark abandonment nonaggregation rule class actions undercut congressional purpose check degree rising caseload federal courts recently addressed meaning controversy language zahn zahn like snyder decided four years earlier class action snyder class member claim large enough satisfy jurisdictional amount zahn named plaintiffs claims nevertheless declined depart longstanding construction controversy requirement zahn stated snyder invoked rule several plaintiffs asserting separate distinct claims must satisfy requirement claim survive motion dismiss rule plainly mandates may aggregation entire case must dismissed none plaintiffs claims meets requirement also requires plaintiff without jurisdictional amount must dismissed case even though others allege jurisdictionally sufficient claims rule plaintiff must independently satisfy requirement unless congress orders otherwise thus solidly established reading congress enacted judicial improvements act added title cases present question whether congress abrogated nonaggregation rule long tied enacted answering question context provide crucial guide rosario ortega foods assume ordinarily congress legislated background law already place historical development law see national archives records admin favish background statutory grant diversity jurisdiction condition congress start tied grant nonaggregation rule long applied determination matter controversy section provides except provided subsections expressly provided otherwise federal statute civil action district courts original jurisdiction district courts shall supplemental jurisdiction claims related claims action within original jurisdiction form part case controversy article iii constitution supplemental jurisdiction shall include claims involve joinder intervention additional parties unanimous reading permit jurisdiction cases thus overrule finley basic jurisdictional grant provides district courts shall original jurisdiction civil actions arising constitution laws treaties since contained requirement see stat eliminating requirement civil action presenting qualifying claim arising federal law sole requirement met district courts held may adjudicate additionally claims deriv ing common nucleus operative fact gibbs section enlarges category include claims defendant named federal claim also claims involve joinder intervention additional parties divides however impact diversity cases controlled majority reading permits joinder related claims cut loose nonaggregation rule long attended actions claims specified excluded expansion grant diversity jurisdiction contains exception joinder plaintiffs rule class actions rule concludes clark zahn reading surely plausible especially one detaches context attempts reconciliation prior interpretations requirement text first circuit held read another way one involve rejection clark zahn explained first circuit ortega applied class actions tenth circuit leonhardt see supra addresses civil action district courts original jurisdiction formulation diversity cases sensibly read incorporate rules joinder aggregation tightly tied time enactment reading complaint must first meet original jurisdiction measurement supplemental jurisdiction authorized authorizes supplemental jurisdiction related claims words preserve undiminished part parcel original jurisdiction determinations complete diversity rule decisions restricting aggregation arrive amount section office prevent erosion complete diversity requirement might otherwise result expansive application termed doctrine ancillary jurisdiction see pfander supplemental jurisdiction section case sympathetic textualism rev infra contrast construction draws sharp line diversity components see ante supra interpretation presented sever two jurisdictional requirements restrained reading outlined yield affirmance first circuit judgment ortega reversal eleventh circuit judgment exxon discard entirely judicially developed doctrines pendent ancillary jurisdiction existed finley instead recognize essentially codification doctrines placing single heading largely retaining substance overriding finley basic change supplemental jurisdiction district original jurisdiction include claims involve joinder intervention additional parties pendent jurisdiction earlier explained see supra applied cases allowed plaintiffs attach nonfederal claims claims ancillary jurisdiction applied primarily although exclusively diversity cases typically involve claims defending party haled kroger emphasis added see also supra first circuit observed neither doctrine permitted plaintiff circumvent dual requirements diversity citizenship amount controversy simply joining jurisdictionally inadequate claim action brought jurisdictionally competent diversity plaintiff ortega reading find persuasive alig statutory supplemental jurisdiction judicially developed doctrines pendent ancillary jurisdiction also synchronize removal statute first circuit carefully explained section like applies action question one district courts original jurisdiction relying language interpreted prohibit removal unless entire action stands time removal filed federal first instance see syngenta crop protection henson tax graham per curiam section thus held incorporate complaint rule see city chicago international college surgeons complete diversity rule see caterpillar lewis rules calculating amount controversy see paul mercury indem red cab ortega citations omitted added less disruptive view take also accounts omission rule plaintiffs rule class actions text one reads plenary grant supplemental jurisdiction federal courts sitting diversity one indeed look exceptions finding none permissive joinder parties class actions one conclude congress effectively even unintentionally overruled clark zahn one recognizes nonaggregation rule delineated clark zahn forms part determination whether original jurisdiction exists diversity case see supra plaintiffs meet requirement fail threshold congress reason resort exception turn plaintiffs away federal given claims start fall outside jurisdiction see pfander moderate reading assign different meanings original jurisdiction diversity cases see ante first circuit stated riginal jurisdiction meaning every case underlying statutory grant original jurisdiction must satisfied differs federal question diversity cases meaning jurisdiction rather discrete requirements sections sole issue whether federal question appears face plaintiff complaint citizenship parties amounts stand recover bear determination section contrast predicates original jurisdiction identity parties complete diversity satisfaction specification short jurisdiction language operates differently diversity cases meaning term varies statutes different ortega utility reading section allows parties plaintiff assert reactive claims entertained heading ancillary jurisdiction see supra listing claims including compulsory counterclaims impleader claims federal courts routinely exercised ancillary jurisdiction earlier observed see supra stops plaintiffs circumventing jurisdictional requirements using another claim hook add claim plaintiff brought first instance kroger paradigm case see supra held ancillary jurisdiction extend plaintiff claim nondiverse party impleaded defendant rule section corroborative coverage claims formerly called ancillary provides exceptions assure added claims fundamentally alter jurisdictional requirements section see pfander supra enigmatic defies flawless interpretation see supra reading persuaded better accords historical legal context congress enactment supplemental jurisdiction statute see supra established limits pendent ancillary jurisdiction see supra attribute congress jurisdictional enlargement broader one legislators adverted cf finley follows sound counsel close questions statutory construction resolved favor continuity change shapiro continuity change statutory interpretation rev reasons stated hold overrule clark zahn therefore affirm judgment appeals first circuit reverse judgment appeals eleventh circuit footnotes together del rosario ortega et al foods certiorari appeals first circuit footnotes last quoted paragraph intended refer rule rule see ante pointed dissent finley majority decision faithful precedents casually dismissed accumulated wisdom judges henry friendly special learning expertise matters federal jurisdiction professors account challenges faced drafting gives sense think statute proved difficult interpret broadly codifying complex area like supplemental jurisdiction professor freer discussion illustrates complex business danger result effort deal foreseeables statute prolix baroque everyday use application practitioners judges section reflects effort provide sufficient detail without overdoing statute concededly perfect accomplishes however change direction taken finley provide basic guidance particular legislative history general approval case law treated specific issues professor freer raises trust federal courts changed direction interpret statute sensibly emory footnotes oth finley result implications sparked considerable criticism hart wechsler see also wright miller cooper freer federal practice procedure ed supp hereinafter wright miller characterizing finley decision surprising see generally wright miller ed discussing pendent jurisdiction discussing ancillary jurisdiction hart wechsler discussing pendent jurisdiction discussing ancillary jurisdiction anomalously holding class member must satisfy jurisdictional amount zahn international paper zahn refer tribe cauble established class action citizenship named plaintiff controlling see zahn brennan dissenting urging zahn inconsistency omnibus act encompassed civil justice reform act title creation new judgeships title ii federal courts study committee implementation act title iii establishment national commission judicial discipline removal title iv endeavoring preserve complete diversity rule first stated strawbridge curtiss cranch opinion drives wedge two components treating requirement essential requirement readily disposable see ante section however rank order two requirements rdinary principl statutory construction sound canon interpretation ante allows slice way partial explanation asserts amount controversy analyzed diversity requirement see ante altogether clear cure improper joinder nondiverse party cure improper joinder plaintiff satisfy jurisdictional amount cases original jurisdiction preserved dismissing nonqualifying party see caterpillar lewis diversity zahn noted zahn exercise jurisdiction diversity jurisdiction conditioned limitation nonaggregation rule applied heads federal jurisdiction cf ante added however congress ha exempted major areas jurisdiction requirements thus diminishing impact matter controversy specification cases arising federal law zahn title provides civil action district courts original jurisdiction founded solely section title district courts shall supplemental jurisdiction subsection claims plaintiffs persons made parties rule federal rules civil procedure claims persons proposed joined plaintiffs rule rules seeking intervene plaintiffs rule rules exercising supplemental jurisdiction claims inconsistent jurisdictional requirements section construction see ante beatriz ortega family members remain action joinder merely permissive see fed rule civ proc however presence needed adjudication rule dismissal required inclusion may join exclusion must join defies rational explanation cf ante others adopting interpretation embraces acknowledged see stromberg metal works press mechanical recognizing anomaly inquiring sense make cf wright miller ed distinction rule rule seems incongruous serves apparent public policy purpose reading immaterial withdraw supplemental jurisdiction claims additional parties issue ante claims come within first place congress reason list see infra opinion blends two doctrines according significance discrete development see ante point extended discussion chicago international college surgeons instant cases see ante slips grasp disagreement case none properly read authorize exercise supplemental jurisdiction removed cases international college surgeons unusual federal asked review decision local administrative agency review unsuccessfully argued appellate character therefore outside ken empowered exercise original jurisdiction compare ginsburg dissenting notes passage year class action fairness act cafa pub stat ante dismiss legislation irrelevant subject several exceptions qualifications cafa provides adjudication class actions diversity minimal one plaintiff diversity one defendant suffices matter controversy aggregate amount excess significant cafa enlargement diversity jurisdiction accomplished clearly conspicuously amending cf rosario ortega renders unnecessary listing rule plaintiffs rule class actions see supra similarly unnecessary refer persons proposed joined plaintiffs rule one account congress bracketed persons persons seeking intervene plaintiffs rule modify practice enactment courts entertained heading ancillary jurisdiction claims rule intervenors right see owen equipment erection kroger denied ancillary jurisdiction claims necessary rule plaintiffs see wright miller ed supp congress may sought simply underscore seeking join plaintiffs whether rule rule treated alike denied joinder inconsistent jurisdictional requirements section see ortega internal quotation marks omitted subsection makes one small change practice eliminates rule interpretation described opinion rely measure legislative history history justice stevens shown see ante dissenting opinion corroborative statutory reading set