howes warden fields argued october decided february respondent fields michigan state prisoner escorted prison cell corrections officer conference room questioned two sheriff deputies criminal activity allegedly engaged coming prison time fields given miranda warnings advised speak deputies relevant fields questioned five seven hours fields told free leave return cell deputies armed fields remained free restraints conference room door sometimes open sometimes shut several times interview fields stated longer wanted talk deputies ask go back cell fields confessed interview concluded wait additional minutes escort returned cell well hour generally retired trial denied fields motion suppress confession miranda arizona convicted michigan appeals affirmed rejecting fields contention statements suppressed subjected custodial interrogation without miranda warning district eastern district michigan subsequently granted fields habeas relief affirming sixth circuit held interview custodial interrogation within meaning miranda reasoning mathis clearly established isolation general prison population combined questioning conduct occurring outside prison makes interrogation custodial per se held precedents clearly establish categorical rule sixth circuit relied repeatedly declined adopt rule see illinois perkins sixth circuit misread mathis simply held relevant prisoner otherwise meets requirements miranda custody taken outside scope miranda incarcerated unconnected offense hold imprisonment alone constitutes miranda custody statement maryland shatzer one questions inmate shatzer custody miranda purposes support per se rule means issue custody contested case finally contrary respondent suggestion miranda hold inherently compelling pressures custodial interrogation always present prisoner taken aside questioned events outside prison walls pp sixth circuit categorical rule imprisonment questioning private questioning events outside world create custodial situation miranda purposes simply wrong pp initial step determining whether person miranda custody ascertain given circumstances surrounding interrogation suspect gauged freedom movement stansbury california however restraints freedom movement amount miranda custody see berkemer mccarty shatzer distinguishing restraints freedom movement miranda custody held break miranda custody suspect invocation right counsel initiation subsequent questioning may occur suspect serving uninterrupted term imprisonment break custody occur must follow imprisonment alone enough create custodial situation within meaning miranda least three strong grounds support conclusion questioning person already prison generally involve shock often accompanies arrest prisoner unlikely lured speaking longing prompt release prisoner knows questioners probably lack authority affect duration sentence thus service prison term without enough constitute miranda custody pp two elements sixth circuit rule likewise insufficient taking prisoner aside questioning may necessitate additional limitations prisoner freedom movement necessarily convert noncustodial situation miranda custody isolation may contribute coercive atmosphere nonprisoner questioned questioning prisoner private generally remove supportive atmosphere may best interest neither questioning prisoner criminal activity outside prison significantly greater potential coercion questioning otherwise identical circumstances criminal activity within prison walls coercive pressure miranda guards neither mitigated magnified location conduct questions asked pp prisoner questioned determination custody focus features interrogation record case reveals respondent taken custody miranda purposes facts lend support argument miranda custody requirement met offset others important told outset interrogation reminded thereafter free leave go back cell whenever wanted moreover physically restrained threatened interviewed conference room door sometimes left open offered food water facts consistent environment reasonable person felt free terminate interview leave subject ordinary restraints life behind bars pp reversed alito delivered opinion roberts scalia kennedy thomas kagan joined ginsburg filed opinion concurring part dissenting part breyer sotomayor joined opinion notice opinion subject formal revision publication preliminary print reports readers requested notify reporter decisions washington typographical formal errors order corrections may made preliminary print goes press carol howes warden petitioner randall lee fields writ certiorari appeals sixth circuit february justice alito delivered opinion appeals sixth circuit held precedents clearly establish prisoner custody within meaning miranda arizona prisoner taken aside questioned events occurred outside prison walls decisions however clearly establish rule therefore appeals erred holding rule provides permissible basis federal habeas relief relevant provision antiterrorism effective death penalty act aedpa indeed rule applied represent correct interpretation miranda case law therefore reverse serving sentence michigan jail randall fields escorted corrections officer conference room two sheriff deputies questioned allegations came prison engaged sexual conduct boy order get conference room fields go one floor pass locked door separated two sections facility see app pet cert fields arrived conference room questioned five seven beginning interview fields told free leave return cell see later told leave whenever wanted see two interviewing deputies armed interview fields remained free handcuffs restraints door conference room sometimes open sometimes shut see halfway interview fields confronted allegations abuse became agitated began yell see fields testified one deputies using expletive told sit said want cooperate leave see also fields eventually confessed engaging sex acts boy according fields testimony suppression hearing said several times interview longer wanted talk deputies ask go back cell prior end interview see eventually ready leave wait additional minutes corrections officer summoned escort back cell return cell well hour generally time fields given miranda warnings advised speak deputies state michigan charged fields criminal sexual conduct relying miranda fields moved suppress confession trial denied motion renewed objection defense counsel one interviewing deputies testified trial fields admissions jury convicted fields two counts criminal sexual conduct judge sentenced term years imprisonment direct appeal michigan appeals affirmed rejecting fields contention statements suppressed subjected custodial interrogation without miranda warning ruled fields custody purposes miranda interview miranda warnings required emphasized fields told free leave return cell never asked michigan denied discretionary review fields filed petition writ habeas corpus federal district granted relief sixth circuit affirmed holding interview conference room custodial interrogation within meaning miranda isolation general prison population combined questioning conduct occurring outside prison makes interrogation custodial per se appeals reasoned clearly established mathis miranda warnings must administered law enforcement officers remove inmate general prison population interrogate regarding criminal conduct took place outside jail prison see also central holding mathis miranda warning required whenever incarcerated individual isolated general prison population interrogated questioned manner likely lead conduct occurring outside prison fields isolated general prison population interrogated conduct occurring outside world appeals found state decision contrary clearly established federal law determined mathis granted certiorari ii aedpa federal may grant state prisoner application writ habeas corpus adjudication pursuant prisoner held resulted decision contrary involved unreasonable application clearly established federal law determined context clearly established law signifies holdings opposed dicta decisions williams taylor case abundantly clear precedents clearly establish categorical rule appeals relied questioning prisoner always custodial prisoner removed general prison population questioned events occurred outside prison contrary repeatedly declined adopt categorical rule respect whether questioning prison inmate custodial illinois perkins upheld admission statements elicited inmate undercover officer masquerading another inmate noted bare fact custody may every instance require warning even suspect aware speaking official occasion explore issue emphasis added instead simply reject ed argument miranda warnings required whenever suspect custody technical sense converses someone happens government agent recently maryland shatzer expressly declined adopt rule determining applicability miranda prisons shatzer considered whether break custody ends presumption involuntariness established edwards arizona whether prisoner return general prison population custodial interrogation constitutes break miranda custody see slip considering latter question noted first never decided whether incarceration constitutes custody miranda purposes indeed explicitly declined address issue slip citing perkins supra emphasis added answer question noted depen upon whether incarceration exerts coercive pressure miranda designed guard coercion results interaction custody official interrogation slip quoting perkins supra concluding precedents establish categorical rule appeals placed great weight decision mathis appeals misread holding case mathis inmate state prison questioned internal revenue agent subsequently convicted federal offenses appeals held miranda apply interview two reasons criminal investigation commenced time interview prisoner incarcerated unconnected offense mathis rejected grounds distinguishing miranda thus holding mathis simply prisoner otherwise meets requirements miranda custody taken outside scope miranda either two factors appeals relied mathis hold imprisonment enough constitute miranda contrary respondent submission see brief respondent oregon mathiason per curiam simply restated dictum holding mathis appeals purported find support per se rule shatzer relying statement one questions shatzer custody miranda purposes interviewed slip statement means issue custody contested us strains credulity read statement constituting unambiguous conclusion finding shatzer custody finally contrary respondent suggestion see brief respondent miranda clearly establish rule applied appeals miranda adopted set prophylactic measures designed ward compelling pressures custodial interrogation shatzer supra slip quoting miranda miranda hold pressures always present prisoner taken aside questioned events outside prison walls indeed miranda even establish police questioning suspect station house always custodial see mathiason supra declining find miranda warnings required simply questioning takes place station house questioned person one police suspect sum decisions clearly establish prisoner always custody purposes miranda whenever prisoner isolated general prison population questioned conduct outside iii categorical rule applied go well beyond anything clearly established prior decisions simply wrong three elements rule imprisonment questioning private questioning events outside world necessarily enough create custodial situation miranda purposes used miranda case law custody term art specifies circumstances thought generally present serious danger coercion determining whether person custody sense initial step ascertain whether light objective circumstances interrogation stansbury nia per curiam reasonable person felt liberty terminate interrogation leave thompson keohane order determine suspect gauge freedom movement courts must examine circumstances surrounding interrogation stansbury supra internal quotation marks omitted relevant factors include location questioning see shatzer supra slip duration see berkemer mccarty statements made interview see mathiason supra yarborough alvarado stansbury supra presence absence physical restraints questioning see new york quarles release interviewee end questioning see california beheler per curiam determining whether individual freedom movement curtailed however simply first step analysis last restraints freedom movement amount custody purposes miranda decline accord talismanic power inquiry berkemer supra instead asked additional question whether relevant environment presents inherently coercive pressures type station house questioning issue miranda cases make clear test identifies necessary sufficient condition miranda custody shatzer slip important point illustrated decision berkemer mccarty supra case held roadside questioning motorist pulled routine traffic stop constitute custodial interrogation acknowledged traffic stop significantly curtails action driver passengers generally crime either ignore policeman signal stop one car stopped drive away without permission ew motorists noted feel free either disobey directive pull leave scene traffic stop without told might ibid nevertheless held person detained result traffic stop miranda custody detention sufficiently impair detained person free exercise privilege require warned constitutional rights later put temporary relatively nonthreatening detention involved traffic stop terry stop constitute miranda custody shatzer supra slip citation omitted see terry ohio may thought situation berkemer questioning motorist subjected brief traffic stop worlds away present inmate questioned prison said shatzer distinguished restraints freedom movement miranda custody shatzer noted concerned edwards prophylactic rule limits ability police initiate questioning suspect miranda custody suspect invokes right counsel held shatzer rule apply sufficient break custody suspect invocation right counsel initiation subsequent questioning see slip significant present purposes held break custody may occur suspect serving term prison break custody occur prisoner serving uninterrupted term imprisonment must follow imprisonment alone enough create custodial situation within meaning miranda least three strong grounds conclusion first questioning person already serving prison term generally involve shock often accompanies arrest paradigmatic miranda situation person arrested home street whisked police station questioning detention represents sharp ominous change shock may give rise coercive pressures person cut normal life companions shatzer supra slip abruptly transported street atmosphere miranda may feel coerced answering questions contrast person already serving term imprisonment questioned usually change interrogated suspects previously convicted crime live prison shatzer slip person serving term incarceration reasoned shatzer ordinary restrictions prison life doubt unpleasant expected familiar thus involve inherently compelling pressures often present suspect yanked familiar surroundings outside world subjected interrogation police station slip second prisoner unlike person sentenced term incarceration unlikely lured speaking longing prompt release person arrested taken station house interrogation person questioned may pressured speak hope allowed leave go home hand prisoner questioned knows questioning ceases remain confinement slip third prisoner unlike person convicted sentenced knows law enforcement officers question probably lack authority affect duration sentence slip possibility parole exists interrogating officers probably also lack power bring early release ibid suspect reason think listeners official power assumed words motivated reaction expects listeners perkins circumstances little basis assumption suspect feel compelled speak fear reprisal remaining silent hope lenient treatment confess short standard conditions confinement associated restrictions freedom necessarily implicate interests sought protect afforded special safeguards persons subjected custodial interrogation thus service term imprisonment without enough constitute miranda custody two elements included appeals rule questioning private questioning events took place outside prison likewise insufficient taking prisoner aside questioning opposed questioning prisoner presence fellow inmates necessarily convert noncustodial situation one miranda applies mathiason person serving prison term questioned isolation may contribute coercive atmosphere preventing family members friends others may sympathetic providing either advice emotional support without assistance person questioned may feel overwhelming pressure speak refrain asking interview terminated contrast questioning prisoner private generally remove prisoner supportive atmosphere fellow inmates means necessarily friends contrary may hostile variety reasons may react negatively questioning reveals present case example respondent felt ease questioned presence inmates sexual abuse adolescent boy isolation general prison population often best interest interviewee event suggest atmosphere coercion concerned miranda true taking prisoner aside questioning may necessitate additional limitations freedom movement prisoner may example removed exercise yard taken close guard room interview held procedures ordinary familiar attribute life behind bars escorts special security precautions may standard procedures regardless purpose inmate removed regular routine taken special location example ordinary prison procedure may require measures prisoner led meeting attorney finally fail see questioning criminal activity outside prison regarded significantly greater potential coercion questioning otherwise identical circumstances criminal activity within prison walls instances potential additional criminal liability punishment anything distinction seem cut way inmate confesses misconduct occurred within prison may also incur administrative penalties even enough tip scale direction custody threat citizen fifth amendment rights miranda designed neutralize neither mitigated magnified location conduct questions asked berkemer reasons appeals categorical rule unsound iv prisoner questioned determination custody focus features interrogation include language used summoning prisoner interview manner interrogation conducted see yarborough inmate removed general prison population questioning thereafter subjected treatment connection interrogation renders custody practical purposes entitled full panoply protections prescribed miranda berkemer fidelity doctrine announced miranda requires enforced strictly types situations concerns powered decision implicated see shatzer slip mathiason supra confessions voluntarily made prisoners situations suppressed voluntary confessions merely proper element law enforcement unmitigated good essential society compelling interest finding convicting punishing violate law shatzer supra slip internal quotation marks citations omitted record case reveals respondent taken custody purposes miranda sure respondent invite interview consent advance advised free decline speak deputies following facts also lend support respondent argument miranda custody requirement met interview lasted five seven hours evening continued well past hour respondent generally went bed deputies questioned respondent armed one deputies according respondent sed sharp tone app pet cert one occasion profanity see circumstances however offset others important respondent told outset interrogation reminded thereafter leave go back cell whenever wanted see told get leave whenever wanted moreover respondent physically restrained threatened interviewed conference room uncomfortable see offered food water door conference room sometimes left open see objective facts consistent interrogation environment reasonable person felt free terminate interview leave yarborough supra prison respondent free leave conference room make way facility cell instead escorted conference room ultimately decided end interview wait minutes corrections officer arrive escort cell subject restraint even taken conference room reason police questioning circumstances reasonably expected able roam respondent testified told want cooperate needed go back cell words coerce cooperation threatening harsher conditions app pet cert see told want cooperate leave returning cell merely returned usual environment see shatzer supra slip interrogated suspects previously convicted crime live prison released back general prison population return accustomed surroundings daily routine regain degree control lives prior interrogation taking account circumstances questioning including especially undisputed fact respondent told free end questioning return cell hold respondent custody within meaning miranda judgment appeals reversed opinion ginsburg carol howes warden petitioner randall lee fields writ certiorari appeals sixth circuit february justice ginsburg justice breyer justice sotomayor join concurring part dissenting part given controlling decisions counts custody miranda purposes agree law clearly established respondent fields favor see maryland shatzer slip thompson keohane disagree determination fields custody miranda case direct review vote hold miranda precludes state introduction fields confession evidence miranda arizona reacted police interrogation tactics eroded fifth amendment ban compulsory opinion requiring interrogators convey suspects warnings suspect informed prior interrogation right remain silent statement make may used evidence right presence attorney either retained appointed circumstances miranda warnings required miranda tells us settings person freedom action curtailed significant way given reality police interrogators trad weakness individuals insecurity surroundings found preinterrogation warnings set opinion indispensable warnings elaborated absolute prerequisite overcoming inherent pressures interrogation atmosphere insure suspect timely told fifth amendment privilege freedom exercise fields serving time disorderly conduct course custody purposes miranda concludes ante train question whether custody within custody instead ask miranda put whether fields subjected incommunicado interrogation atmosphere whether placed inherently stressful situation see whether freedom action curtailed significant way key questions answer yes acknowledges fields invite consent interview ante removed cell evening taken conference room sheriff quarters questioned two armed deputies long night early morning ibid told outset right decline speak deputies ibid shut armed officers fields felt trapped app pet cert although told return cell want cooperate fields believed deputies allowed leave room good reason told officers want speak anymore given water app pet cert evening medications yet concludes fields interrogation environment reasonable person felt free terminate interview leave ante quoting yarborough alvarado critical judgment undisputed fact fields told free end questioning return cell ante never mind facts suggesting fields submission overnight interview anything voluntary fields held interrogation see miranda brought left alone deputies surely judgment miranda instructed person must clearly informed right consult lawyer lawyer interrogation ibid warnings along warnings right remain silent anything stated used evidence speaker miranda explained necessary prerequisite interrogation compatible fifth amendment ibid today people already prison finds adequate police say free terminate interrogation return cell statement substitute one ensuring individual aware rights reasons stated hold incommunicado interrogation fields atmosphere without informing rights dishonored fifth amendment privilege miranda designed safeguard footnotes fields testified left cell around interview began around app pet cert michigan appeals sixth circuit stated interview began see appeals stated interview lasted approximately seven hours see figure appears based testimony one interviewing deputies see fields put number hours five five half saying interview began around continued see michigan appeals stated interview ended around midnight put length interview three five hours fields testified normal bedtime see indeed impossible tell either opinion whether prisoner interview routine whether special features may created especially coercive atmosphere decision applied traditional analysis determine whether circumstances respondent interrogation gave rise coercive pressure miranda designed guard shatzer slip first observed defendant prison unrelated offense questioned without mean custody purpose determining whether miranda warnings required app pet cert internal quotation marks omitted emphasis added case noted defendant unquestionably custody matter unrelated interrogation ibid sixth circuit concluded state thereby limited miranda way rejected mathis curtail ed warnings given persons interrogation officers based reason person custody think better reading state merely meant draw distinction incarceration miranda custody reading supported state subsequent consideration whether facts case likely create atmosphere coercion app pet cert respondent testify contrary following colloquy occurred miranda hearing generally allowed roam around lenawee county jail never make sense since experience fact escorted like escorted conference room makes common sense said free leave get get go tell wanted go mind understand mean somebody come get take back cell give freedom get walk away understand question sir whether freedom get walk away understand meant jailer come get take back cell understand got know jailer take back one gentlemen take back understood asked one jailer take back cell assumed believed true assumed app pet cert footnotes night fields took antidepressant due kidney transplant surgery two antirejection medications app pet cert