arizona
johnson
argued
december
decided
january
terry
ohio
held
stop
frisk
may
conducted
without
violating
fourth
amendment
ban
unreasonable
searches
seizures
two
conditions
met
first
investigatory
stop
temporary
detention
must
lawful
requirement
met
encounter
police
officer
reasonably
suspects
person
apprehended
committing
committed
crime
second
proceed
stop
frisk
patdown
weapons
officer
must
reasonably
suspect
person
stopped
armed
dangerous
duration
traffic
stop
recently
confirmed
police
officer
effectively
seizes
everyone
vehicle
driver
passengers
brendlin
california
patrolling
near
tucson
neighborhood
associated
crips
gang
police
officers
serving
arizona
gang
task
force
stopped
automobile
vehicular
infraction
warranting
citation
time
stop
officers
reason
suspect
car
occupants
criminal
activity
officer
trevizo
attended
respondent
johnson
passenger
whose
behavior
clothing
caused
trevizo
question
learning
johnson
town
crips
gang
prison
trevizo
asked
get
car
order
question
hearing
passenger
gang
affiliation
suspected
armed
patted
safety
exited
car
patdown
felt
butt
gun
point
johnson
began
struggle
trevizo
handcuffed
johnson
charged
inter
alia
possession
weapon
prohibited
possessor
trial
denied
motion
suppress
evidence
concluding
stop
lawful
trevizo
cause
suspect
johnson
armed
dangerous
johnson
convicted
arizona
appeals
reversed
recognizing
johnson
lawfully
seized
found
prior
frisk
detention
evolved
consensual
conversation
gang
affiliation
trevizo
therefore
concluded
right
pat
johnson
even
reason
suspect
armed
dangerous
arizona
denied
review
held
officer
trevizo
patdown
johnson
violate
fourth
amendment
prohibition
unreasonable
searches
seizures
pp
terry
established
investigatory
stop
based
reasonably
grounded
suspicion
criminal
activity
police
must
positioned
act
instantly
reasonable
cause
suspect
persons
temporarily
detained
armed
dangerous
limited
search
outer
clothing
weapons
serves
protect
officer
public
patdown
constitutional
traffic
stops
resemble
duration
atmosphere
kind
brief
detention
authorized
terry
berkemer
mccarty
especially
fraught
danger
police
officers
michigan
long
may
minimize
risk
harm
exercising
command
situation
maryland
wilson
three
decisions
cumulatively
portray
terry
application
setting
pennsylvania
mimms
per
curiam
held
motor
vehicle
lawfully
detained
traffic
violation
police
officers
may
order
driver
get
vehicle
without
violating
fourth
amendment
government
legitimate
weighty
interest
officer
safety
outweighs
de
minimis
additional
intrusion
requiring
driver
already
lawfully
stopped
exit
vehicle
citing
terry
held
driver
outside
stopped
vehicle
may
patted
weapons
officer
reasonably
concludes
driver
might
armed
dangerous
wilson
held
mimms
rule
applies
passengers
well
drivers
based
weighty
interest
officer
safety
brendlin
held
passenger
seized
driver
moment
car
stopped
police
comes
halt
side
road
passenger
motivation
use
violence
stop
prevent
apprehension
crime
grave
traffic
violation
great
driver
passengers
already
stopped
virtue
stop
vehicle
additional
intrusion
passenger
minimal
pp
arizona
appeals
recognized
initially
johnson
lawfully
detained
incident
legitimate
stop
vehicle
passenger
concluded
officer
trevizo
began
questioning
matter
unrelated
traffic
stop
patdown
authority
ceased
exist
absent
reasonable
suspicion
johnson
engaged
engage
criminal
activity
portrayed
interrogation
consensual
johnson
emphasizes
trevizo
testified
johnson
refused
exit
vehicle
submit
patdown
trevizo
also
testified
never
advised
johnson
answer
questions
otherwise
cooperate
lawful
roadside
stop
begins
vehicle
pulled
investigation
traffic
violation
temporary
seizure
driver
passengers
ordinarily
continues
remains
reasonable
duration
stop
normally
stop
ends
police
need
control
scene
inform
driver
passengers
free
leave
officer
inquiries
matters
unrelated
justification
traffic
stop
convert
encounter
something
lawful
seizure
long
inquiries
measurably
extend
stop
duration
see
muehler
mena
reasonable
passenger
understand
time
car
lawfully
stopped
free
terminate
encounter
police
move
nothing
occurred
case
conveyed
johnson
prior
frisk
traffic
stop
ended
otherwise
free
depart
without
police
permission
brendlin
trevizo
required
fourth
amendment
give
johnson
opportunity
depart
without
first
ensuring
permitting
dangerous
person
get
behind
pp
reversed
remanded
ginsburg
delivered
opinion
unanimous
arizona
petitioner
lemon
montrea
johnson
writ
certiorari
appeals
arizona
division
two
january
justice
ginsburg
delivered
opinion
case
concerns
authority
police
officers
stop
frisk
passenger
motor
vehicle
temporarily
seized
upon
police
detection
traffic
infraction
pathmarking
decision
terry
ohio
considered
whether
investigatory
stop
temporary
detention
frisk
patdown
weapons
may
conducted
without
violating
fourth
amendment
ban
unreasonable
searches
seizures
upheld
stop
frisk
constitutionally
permissible
two
conditions
met
first
investigatory
stop
must
lawful
requirement
met
encounter
terry
determined
police
officer
reasonably
suspects
person
apprehended
committing
committed
criminal
offense
second
proceed
stop
frisk
police
officer
must
reasonably
suspect
person
stopped
armed
dangerous
duration
traffic
stop
recently
confirmed
police
officer
effectively
seizes
everyone
vehicle
driver
passengers
brendlin
california
accordingly
hold
setting
first
terry
condition
lawful
investigatory
stop
met
whenever
lawful
police
detain
automobile
occupants
pending
inquiry
vehicular
violation
police
need
addition
cause
believe
occupant
vehicle
involved
criminal
activity
justify
patdown
driver
passenger
traffic
stop
however
case
pedestrian
reasonably
suspected
criminal
activity
police
must
harbor
reasonable
suspicion
person
subjected
frisk
armed
dangerous
april
officer
maria
trevizo
detectives
machado
gittings
members
arizona
gang
task
force
patrol
tucson
near
neighborhood
associated
crips
gang
approximately
officers
pulled
automobile
license
plate
check
revealed
vehicle
registration
suspended
violation
arizona
law
violation
vehicle
stopped
constituted
civil
infraction
warranting
citation
time
stop
vehicle
three
occupants
driver
passenger
passenger
back
seat
lemon
montrea
johnson
respondent
making
stop
officers
reason
suspect
anyone
vehicle
criminal
activity
see
app
three
officers
left
patrol
car
approached
stopped
vehicle
machado
instructed
occupants
keep
hands
visible
asked
whether
weapons
vehicle
responded
machado
directed
driver
get
car
gittings
dealt
passenger
stayed
vehicle
throughout
stop
see
machado
getting
driver
license
information
vehicle
registration
insurance
see
trevizo
attended
johnson
trevizo
noticed
police
approached
johnson
looked
back
kept
eyes
officers
drew
near
observed
johnson
wearing
clothing
including
blue
bandana
considered
consistent
crips
membership
also
noticed
scanner
johnson
jacket
pocket
struck
highly
unusual
cause
concern
people
carry
around
scanner
way
unless
going
involved
kind
criminal
activity
going
try
evade
police
listening
scanner
response
trevizo
questions
johnson
provided
name
date
birth
said
identification
volunteered
eloy
arizona
place
trevizo
knew
home
crips
gang
johnson
told
trevizo
served
time
prison
burglary
year
app
trevizo
wanted
question
johnson
away
passenger
gain
intelligence
gang
johnson
might
app
reason
asked
get
car
ibid
johnson
complied
based
trevizo
observations
johnson
answers
questions
still
seated
car
trevizo
suspected
might
weapon
exited
vehicle
therefore
patted
officer
safety
ibid
patdown
trevizo
felt
butt
gun
near
johnson
waist
point
johnson
began
struggle
trevizo
placed
handcuffs
ibid
johnson
charged
state
inter
alia
possession
weapon
prohibited
possessor
moved
suppress
evidence
fruit
unlawful
search
trial
denied
motion
concluding
stop
lawful
trevizo
cause
suspect
johnson
armed
dangerous
see
app
jury
convicted
johnson
charge
see
divided
panel
arizona
appeals
reversed
johnson
conviction
recognizing
johnson
lawfully
seized
officers
stopped
car
nevertheless
concluded
prior
frisk
detention
evolved
separate
consensual
encounter
stemming
unrelated
investigation
trevizo
johnson
possible
gang
affiliation
absent
reason
believe
johnson
involved
criminal
activity
arizona
appeals
held
trevizo
right
pat
weapons
even
reason
suspect
armed
dangerous
ibid
judge
espinosa
dissented
found
highly
unrealistic
conclude
merely
trevizo
courteous
johnson
cooperative
ongoing
virtually
simultaneous
chain
events
somehow
consensual
encounter
short
moments
involved
throughout
episode
stressed
johnson
remained
seized
part
valid
traffic
stop
ibid
maintained
trevizo
reasonable
basis
consider
johnson
dangerous
therefore
ensure
safety
others
scene
patting
johnson
weapons
arizona
denied
review
lexis
granted
certiorari
reverse
judgment
arizona
appeals
ii
begin
consideration
constitutionality
officer
trevizo
patdown
johnson
looking
back
leading
decision
terry
ohio
terry
involved
stop
interrogation
men
whose
conduct
attracted
attention
patrolling
police
officer
officer
observation
led
reasonably
suspect
men
casing
jewelry
shop
preparation
robbery
conducted
patdown
disclosed
weapons
concealed
men
overcoat
pockets
upheld
lower
courts
determinations
interrogation
warranted
patdown
permissible
see
terry
established
legitimacy
investigatory
stop
situations
police
may
lack
probable
cause
arrest
stop
justified
suspicion
reasonably
grounded
short
probable
cause
criminal
activity
afoot
explained
police
officer
must
positioned
act
instantly
reasonable
suspicion
persons
temporarily
detained
armed
dangerous
ibid
recognizing
limited
search
outer
clothing
weapons
serves
protect
officer
public
held
patdown
reasonable
fourth
amendment
ost
traffic
stops
observed
resemble
duration
atmosphere
kind
brief
detention
authorized
terry
berkemer
mccarty
furthermore
recognized
traffic
stops
especially
fraught
danger
police
officers
michigan
long
risk
harm
police
occupants
stopped
vehicle
minimized
stressed
officers
routinely
exercise
unquestioned
command
situation
maryland
wilson
quoting
michigan
summers
see
brendlin
three
decisions
cumulatively
portray
terry
application
setting
pennsylvania
mimms
per
curiam
maryland
wilson
brendlin
california
mimms
held
motor
vehicle
lawfully
detained
traffic
violation
police
officers
may
order
driver
get
vehicle
without
violating
fourth
amendment
proscription
unreasonable
searches
seizures
government
legitimate
weighty
interest
officer
safety
said
outweighs
de
minimis
additional
intrusion
requiring
driver
already
lawfully
stopped
exit
vehicle
citing
terry
controlling
held
driver
outside
stopped
vehicle
may
patted
weapons
officer
reasonably
concludes
driver
might
armed
presently
dangerous
wilson
held
mimms
rule
applied
passengers
well
drivers
specifically
instructed
officer
making
traffic
stop
may
order
passengers
get
car
pending
completion
stop
weighty
interest
officer
safety
observed
present
regardless
whether
occupant
stopped
car
driver
passenger
true
acknowledged
lawful
traffic
stop
probable
cause
believe
driver
committed
minor
vehicular
offense
reason
stop
detain
passengers
ibid
hand
emphasized
risk
violent
encounter
setting
stems
ordinary
reaction
motorist
stopped
speeding
violation
fact
evidence
serious
crime
might
uncovered
stop
motivation
passenger
employ
violence
prevent
apprehension
crime
stated
every
bit
great
driver
ibid
moreover
noted
practical
matter
passengers
already
stopped
virtue
stop
vehicle
additional
intrusion
passenger
minimal
completing
picture
brendlin
held
passenger
seized
driver
moment
car
stopped
police
comes
halt
side
road
passenger
therefore
standing
challenge
stop
constitutionality
wilson
brendlin
stated
dictum
officers
conduct
routine
traffic
stop
may
perform
driver
passengers
upon
reasonable
suspicion
may
armed
dangerous
knowles
iowa
forecast
confirm
accurately
captures
combined
thrust
decisions
mimms
wilson
brendlin
arizona
appeals
recognized
initially
johnson
lawfully
detained
incident
legitimate
stop
vehicle
passenger
see
concluded
officer
trevizo
undertook
question
johnson
matter
unrelated
traffic
stop
johnson
gang
affiliation
patdown
authority
ceased
exist
absent
reasonable
suspicion
johnson
engaged
engage
criminal
activity
see
support
arizona
portrayal
trevizo
interrogation
johnson
consensual
johnson
emphasizes
trevizo
testimony
suppression
hearing
responding
prosecutor
questions
trevizo
affirmed
belief
johnson
refused
get
car
turn
around
pat
app
clear
prosecutor
opposing
suppression
motion
sought
portray
episode
consensual
cf
florida
bostick
holding
police
officers
search
bus
passenger
luggage
based
consent
event
trevizo
also
testified
never
advised
johnson
answer
questions
otherwise
cooperate
see
app
trevizo
disagree
defense
counsel
asked
fact
seeking
johnson
permission
dissenting
judge
observed
consensual
unrealistic
characterization
interaction
encounter
took
place
within
minutes
stop
patdown
followed
within
mere
moments
johnson
exit
vehicle
beyond
genuine
debate
point
johnson
felt
free
leave
yet
occurred
see
lawful
roadside
stop
begins
vehicle
pulled
investigation
traffic
violation
temporary
seizure
driver
passengers
ordinarily
continues
remains
reasonable
duration
stop
normally
stop
ends
police
need
control
scene
inform
driver
passengers
free
leave
see
brendlin
officer
inquiries
matters
unrelated
justification
traffic
stop
made
plain
convert
encounter
something
lawful
seizure
long
inquiries
measurably
extend
duration
stop
see
muehler
mena
sum
stated
brendlin
traffic
stop
car
communicates
reasonable
passenger
free
terminate
encounter
police
move
see
nothing
occurred
case
conveyed
johnson
prior
frisk
traffic
stop
ended
otherwise
free
depart
without
police
permission
ibid
officer
trevizo
surely
constitutionally
required
give
johnson
opportunity
depart
scene
exited
vehicle
without
first
ensuring
permitting
dangerous
person
get
behind
reasons
stated
judgment
arizona
appeals
reversed
case
remanded
proceedings
inconsistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
appeals
majority
assert
johnson
reasonably
felt
free
leave
instead
said
reasonable
person
johnson
position
felt
free
remain
vehicle
position
however
appears
odds
decision
maryland
wilson
see
supra
arizona
appeals
assumed
without
deciding
trevizo
reasonable
suspicion
johnson
armed
dangerous
foreclose
appeals
consideration
issue
remand