bank
america
corp
et
al
city
miami
florida
argued
november
decided
may
city
miami
filed
suit
bank
america
wells
fargo
banks
alleging
violations
fair
housing
act
fha
act
fha
prohibits
among
things
racial
discrimination
connection
transactions
permits
aggrieved
person
file
civil
damages
action
violation
act
city
complaints
charge
banks
intentionally
targeted
predatory
practices
latino
neighborhoods
residents
lending
minority
borrowers
worse
terms
equally
creditworthy
nonminority
borrowers
inducing
defaults
failing
extend
refinancing
loan
modifications
minority
borrowers
fair
terms
city
alleges
banks
discriminatory
conduct
led
disproportionate
number
foreclosures
vacancies
neighborhoods
impaired
city
effort
assure
racial
integration
diminished
city
revenue
increased
demand
police
fire
municipal
services
district
dismissed
complaints
grounds
harms
alleged
fell
outside
zone
interests
fha
protects
complaints
failed
show
sufficient
causal
connection
city
injuries
banks
discriminatory
conduct
eleventh
circuit
reversed
held
city
aggrieved
person
authorized
bring
suit
fha
addition
satisfying
constitutional
standing
requirements
see
spokeo
robins
plaintiff
must
show
statute
grants
plaintiff
cause
action
asserts
presumed
statute
ordinarily
provides
cause
action
plaintiffs
whose
interests
within
zone
interests
protected
law
invoked
lexmark
static
control
components
city
claims
financial
injury
least
arguably
within
zone
interests
fha
protects
association
data
processing
service
organizations
camp
fha
defines
aggrieved
person
person
either
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
believes
injury
occur
said
definition
person
aggrieved
original
version
fha
showed
congressional
intention
define
standing
broadly
permitted
article
iii
constitution
trafficante
metropolitan
life
ins
held
act
permits
suit
parties
similarly
situated
city
see
gladstone
realtors
village
bellwood
village
alleging
lost
tax
revenue
racial
balance
community
undermined
practices
backdrop
decisions
congress
materially
alter
definition
person
aggrieved
reenacted
current
version
act
banks
nonetheless
contend
definition
sets
boundaries
fall
short
constitution
sets
even
assuming
form
argument
valid
concludes
city
financial
injuries
fall
within
zone
interests
fha
protects
city
claims
similar
kind
village
bellwood
held
gladstone
supra
bring
suit
fha
explained
defendants
discriminatory
conduct
adversely
affected
village
among
things
producing
significant
reduction
property
values
directly
injures
municipality
diminishing
tax
base
thus
threatening
ability
bear
costs
local
government
provide
services
city
alleged
economic
injuries
thus
arguably
fall
within
fha
zone
interests
previously
interpreted
statute
stare
decisis
principles
compel
adherence
precedents
principles
statutory
interpretation
demand
respect
congress
decision
ratify
precedents
reenacted
relevant
statutory
text
pp
eleventh
circuit
erred
concluding
complaints
met
fha
requirement
based
solely
finding
city
alleged
financial
injuries
foreseeable
results
banks
misconduct
claim
damages
fha
akin
tort
action
meyer
holley
thus
subject
requirement
loss
attributable
proximate
cause
remote
cause
lexmark
analysis
asks
whether
harm
alleged
sufficiently
close
connection
conduct
statute
prohibits
respect
fha
foreseeability
alone
ensure
required
close
connection
nothing
statute
suggests
congress
intended
provide
remedy
foreseeable
result
fha
violation
may
ripples
harm
far
beyond
defendant
misconduct
associated
gen
contractors
carpenters
risk
massive
complex
damages
litigation
rather
proximate
cause
fha
requires
direct
relation
injury
asserted
injurious
conduct
alleged
holmes
securities
investors
protection
corporation
repeatedly
applied
directness
principles
statutes
foundations
anza
ideal
steel
supply
general
cases
regard
damages
least
go
beyond
first
step
hemi
group
llc
city
new
york
falls
within
step
depends
part
nature
statutory
cause
action
lexmark
supra
assessment
administratively
possible
convenient
holmes
supra
declines
draw
precise
boundaries
proximate
cause
fha
particularly
neither
eleventh
circuit
courts
appeals
weighed
issue
instead
lower
courts
define
first
instance
contours
proximate
cause
fha
decide
standard
applies
city
claims
lost
revenue
increased
municipal
expenses
pp
vacated
remanded
breyer
delivered
opinion
roberts
ginsburg
sotomayor
kagan
joined
thomas
filed
opinion
concurring
part
dissenting
part
kennedy
alito
joined
gorsuch
took
part
consideration
decision
cases
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
reporter
decisions
washington
typographical
formal
errors
order
corrections
may
made
preliminary
print
goes
press
nos
et
al
et
al
writs
certiorari
appeals
eleventh
circuit
may
justice
breyer
delivered
opinion
fair
housing
act
fha
act
forbids
discriminat
ing
person
terms
conditions
privileges
sale
rental
dwelling
provision
services
facilities
connection
therewith
race
makes
unlawful
person
entity
whose
business
includes
engaging
residential
real
transactions
discriminate
person
making
available
transaction
terms
conditions
transaction
race
statute
allows
aggrieved
person
file
civil
action
seeking
damages
violation
statute
defines
aggrieved
person
include
person
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
city
miami
claims
two
banks
bank
america
wells
fargo
intentionally
issued
riskier
mortgages
less
favorable
terms
latino
customers
issued
similarly
situated
white
customers
violation
app
city
amended
complaints
alleges
discriminatory
practices
adversely
impacted
racial
composition
city
impaired
city
goals
assure
racial
integration
desegregation
ibid
frustrate
city
longstanding
active
interest
promoting
fair
housing
securing
benefits
integrated
community
disproportionately
cause
foreclosures
vacancies
minority
communities
miami
foreclosures
vacancies
harmed
city
decreasing
property
value
foreclosed
home
well
values
homes
neighborhood
thereby
reduc
ing
property
tax
revenues
city
forcing
city
spend
municipal
services
provided
still
must
provide
remedy
blight
unsafe
dangerous
conditions
exist
properties
foreclosed
result
banks
illegal
lending
practices
city
claims
practices
violate
fha
entitled
damages
listed
injuries
banks
respond
complaints
set
forth
cause
action
two
basic
reasons
first
contend
city
claimed
harms
arguably
fall
within
zone
interests
statute
seeks
protect
association
data
processing
service
organizations
camp
hence
city
aggrieved
person
entitled
sue
act
second
say
complaint
fails
draw
connection
violation
claimed
harm
allegedly
suffered
view
even
city
proves
violations
charges
distance
violations
harms
city
claims
suffered
simply
great
entitle
city
collect
damages
hold
city
claimed
injuries
fall
within
zone
interests
fha
arguably
protects
hence
city
aggrieved
person
able
bring
suit
statute
also
hold
establish
proximate
cause
fha
plaintiff
must
show
injuries
foreseeably
flowed
alleged
statutory
violation
lower
decided
cases
theory
foreseeability
statute
requires
vacate
remand
proceedings
city
miami
brought
lawsuits
federal
two
banks
bank
america
wells
fargo
city
complaints
charge
banks
discriminatorily
imposed
onerous
indeed
predatory
conditions
loans
made
minority
borrowers
similarly
situated
nonminority
borrowers
app
predatory
practices
included
among
others
excessively
high
interest
rates
unjustified
fees
teaser
loans
overstated
refinancing
opportunities
large
prepayment
penalties
default
loomed
unjustified
refusals
refinance
modify
loans
due
discriminatory
nature
banks
practices
default
foreclosure
rates
among
minority
borrowers
higher
among
otherwise
similar
white
borrowers
concentrated
minority
neighborhoods
higher
foreclosure
rates
lowered
property
values
diminished
revenue
higher
foreclosure
rates
especially
accompanied
vacancies
also
increased
demand
municipal
services
police
fire
building
code
enforcement
services
needed
remedy
blight
unsafe
dangerous
conditions
foreclosures
vacancies
generate
complaints
describe
statistical
analyses
trace
city
financial
losses
banks
discriminatory
practices
district
dismissed
complaints
grounds
harms
alleged
economic
discriminatory
fell
outside
zone
interests
fha
protects
complaints
fail
show
sufficient
causal
connection
city
injuries
banks
discriminatory
conduct
complaints
fail
allege
unlawful
activity
occurring
within
act
statute
limitations
city
filed
amended
complaints
complaints
us
sought
reconsideration
district
held
amended
complaints
solve
statute
limitations
problem
consequently
declined
reconsider
dismissals
appeals
reversed
district
held
city
injuries
fall
within
zone
interests
lexmark
static
control
components
slip
fha
protects
relying
trafficante
metropolitan
life
ins
gladstone
realtors
village
bellwood
havens
realty
coleman
similar
added
complaints
adequately
allege
proximate
cause
remanded
cases
ordering
district
accept
city
complaints
amended
banks
filed
petitions
certiorari
asking
us
decide
whether
appeals
effect
held
amended
complaints
satisfied
fha
requirements
agreed
ii
satisfy
constitution
restriction
jurisdiction
cases
controversies
art
iii
plaintiff
must
demonstrate
constitutional
standing
plaintiff
must
show
injury
fact
fairly
traceable
defendant
conduct
likely
redressed
favorable
judicial
decision
spokeo
robins
slip
citing
lujan
defenders
wildlife
also
referred
plaintiff
need
satisfy
prudential
statutory
standing
requirements
see
lexmark
slip
lexmark
said
label
misleading
requirement
issue
reality
tied
particular
statute
ibid
question
whether
statute
grants
plaintiff
cause
action
asserts
answering
question
presume
statute
ordinarily
provides
cause
action
plaintiffs
whose
interests
fall
within
zone
interests
protected
law
invoked
slip
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
added
hether
plaintiff
comes
within
zone
interests
issue
requires
us
determine
using
traditional
tools
statutory
interpretation
whether
legislatively
conferred
cause
action
encompasses
particular
plaintiff
claim
slip
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
conclude
city
claims
financial
injury
amended
complaints
specifically
lost
tax
revenue
extra
municipal
expenses
satisfy
prudential
standing
requirement
use
language
data
processing
city
claims
injury
suffered
result
statutory
violations
least
arguably
within
zone
interests
fha
protects
emphasis
added
fha
permits
aggrieved
person
bring
lawsuit
statute
defines
aggrieved
person
person
either
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
believes
injury
occur
repeatedly
written
fha
definition
person
aggrieved
reflects
congressional
intent
confer
standing
broadly
said
definition
person
aggrieved
original
version
fha
stat
showed
congressional
intention
define
standing
broadly
permitted
article
iii
constitution
trafficante
supra
quoting
hackett
mcguire
brothers
see
gladstone
supra
similar
havens
realty
supra
similar
see
also
thompson
north
american
stainless
lp
later
opinions
must
acknowledge
reiterate
term
fha
reaches
far
article
iii
permits
bennett
spear
trafficante
held
standing
expanded
full
extent
permitted
article
iii
civil
rights
act
thus
held
act
allows
suits
white
tenants
claiming
deprived
benefits
interracial
associations
discriminatory
rental
practices
kept
minorities
apartment
complex
trafficante
village
alleging
lost
tax
revenue
racial
balance
community
undermined
practices
gladstone
nonprofit
organization
spent
money
combat
housing
discrimination
havens
realty
contrary
dissent
view
cases
sugges
plaintiffs
similarly
situated
city
cause
action
fha
post
held
much
dissent
wrong
say
characterized
cases
resting
dictum
post
quoting
thompson
supra
dictum
cast
doubt
thompson
addressed
may
sue
title
vii
employment
discrimination
statute
fha
finally
congress
amended
fha
retained
without
significant
change
definition
person
aggrieved
broadly
construed
compare
stat
stat
codified
changing
person
aggrieved
aggrieved
person
making
minor
changes
definition
indeed
congress
aware
precedent
made
considered
judgment
retain
relevant
statutory
text
texas
dept
housing
community
affairs
inclusive
communities
project
slip
see
stating
bill
adopts
definition
language
similar
contained
section
existing
law
modified
reaffirm
broad
holdings
cases
discussing
gladstone
havens
realty
cf
lorillard
pons
congress
normally
adopts
interpretations
statutes
reenacts
statute
without
change
banks
deny
broad
reach
words
aggrieved
person
defined
fha
contend
words
nonetheless
set
boundaries
fall
short
constitution
sets
brief
petitioners
brief
wells
fargo
brief
petitioners
pp
brief
bank
america
language
trafficante
gladstone
havens
realty
argue
exaggerated
unnecessary
decide
cases
see
brief
wells
fargo
brief
bank
america
moreover
warn
taking
words
literally
providing
everyone
constitutional
standing
cause
action
fha
produce
legal
anomaly
thompson
held
words
claiming
title
vii
civil
rights
act
employment
discrimination
statute
stretch
statute
zone
interest
limits
article
iii
reasoned
interpretation
produce
farfetched
results
example
shareholder
company
bring
title
vii
suit
company
discriminatorily
firing
employee
ibid
banks
say
similarly
farfetched
restaurants
plumbers
utility
companies
participant
local
economy
sue
banks
recover
business
lost
people
give
homes
leave
neighborhood
result
banks
discriminatory
lending
practices
brief
wells
fargo
brief
bank
america
believe
intent
congress
enacted
amended
fha
need
discuss
banks
argument
length
even
assume
argument
sake
form
valid
nonetheless
conclude
city
financial
injuries
fall
within
zone
interests
fha
protects
case
law
respect
fha
drives
conclusion
city
complaints
allege
banks
intentionally
targeted
predatory
practices
latino
neighborhoods
residents
app
similar
unlawful
conduct
led
concentration
foreclosures
vacancies
neighborhoods
concentrated
foreclosures
vacancies
caused
stagnation
decline
latino
neighborhoods
hindered
city
efforts
create
integrated
stable
neighborhoods
highly
relevant
reduced
property
values
diminishing
city
revenue
increasing
demand
municipal
services
claims
similar
kind
claims
village
bellwood
raised
gladstone
plaintiff
village
alleged
housing
market
wrongfully
illegally
manipulated
economic
social
detriment
citizens
village
quoting
complaint
alterations
original
held
village
bring
suit
wrote
complaint
effect
alleged
racial
steering
affect
ed
village
racial
composition
reduce
total
number
buyers
bellwood
housing
market
precipitate
exodus
white
residents
caused
prices
deflected
downward
circumstances
adversely
affected
village
among
things
producing
significant
reduction
property
values
directly
injures
municipality
diminishing
tax
base
thus
threatening
ability
bear
costs
local
government
provide
services
emphasis
added
upshot
city
alleges
economic
injuries
arguably
fall
within
fha
zone
interests
previously
interpreted
statute
principles
stare
decisis
compel
adherence
precedents
context
principles
statutory
interpretation
require
us
respect
congress
decision
ratify
precedents
reenacted
relevant
statutory
text
see
supra
iii
remaining
question
one
causation
banks
allegedly
discriminatory
lending
practices
proximately
cause
city
lose
revenue
spend
municipal
services
eleventh
circuit
concluded
answer
yes
city
plausibly
alleged
financial
injuries
foreseeable
results
banks
misconduct
conclude
foreseeability
alone
sufficient
establish
proximate
cause
fha
therefore
vacate
judgment
established
principle
common
law
cases
loss
attribute
proximate
cause
remote
cause
lexmark
slip
assume
congress
familiar
rule
mean
displace
sub
silentio
federal
causes
action
ibid
claim
damages
fha
akin
tort
action
meyer
holley
exception
traditional
requirement
analysis
controlled
nature
statutory
cause
action
question
presents
whether
harm
alleged
sufficiently
close
connection
conduct
statute
prohibits
lexmark
supra
slip
cases
conduct
statute
prohibits
consists
intentionally
lending
minority
borrowers
worse
terms
equally
creditworthy
nonminority
borrowers
inducing
defaults
failing
extend
refinancing
loan
modifications
minority
borrowers
fair
terms
city
alleges
banks
misconduct
led
disproportionate
number
foreclosures
vacancies
specific
miami
neighborhoods
foreclosures
vacancies
purportedly
harmed
city
lost
revenue
value
properties
neighborhoods
fell
forced
spend
municipal
services
affected
areas
eleventh
circuit
concluded
city
adequately
pleaded
banks
misconduct
proximately
caused
financial
injuries
held
context
fha
proper
standard
proximate
cause
based
foreseeability
city
continued
satisfied
element
although
several
links
causal
chain
charged
discriminatory
lending
practices
claimed
losses
city
plausibly
alleged
none
unforeseeable
conclude
eleventh
circuit
erred
holding
foreseeability
sufficient
establish
proximate
cause
fha
explained
proximate
cause
generally
bars
suits
alleged
harm
remote
defendant
unlawful
conduct
lexmark
supra
slip
context
fha
foreseeability
alone
ensure
close
connection
proximate
cause
requires
housing
market
interconnected
economic
social
life
violation
fha
may
therefore
expected
cause
ripples
harm
far
beyond
defendant
misconduct
associated
gen
contractors
carpenters
nothing
statute
suggests
congress
intended
provide
remedy
wherever
ripples
travel
entertaining
suits
recover
damages
foreseeable
result
fha
violation
risk
massive
complex
damages
litigation
rather
proximate
cause
fha
requires
direct
relation
injury
asserted
injurious
conduct
alleged
holmes
securities
investors
protection
corporation
damages
claim
statute
analogous
number
tort
actions
recognized
common
law
curtis
loether
repeatedly
applied
directness
principles
statutes
foundations
anza
ideal
steel
supply
general
cases
regard
damages
least
go
beyond
first
step
hemi
group
llc
city
new
york
falls
within
first
step
depends
part
nature
statutory
cause
action
lexmark
supra
slip
assessment
administratively
possible
convenient
holmes
supra
parties
asked
us
draw
precise
boundaries
proximate
cause
fha
determine
side
line
city
financial
injuries
fall
decline
eleventh
circuit
grounded
decision
theory
proximate
cause
fha
based
foreseeability
alone
therefore
lack
benefit
judgment
contrary
principles
stated
apply
fha
appeals
weighed
issue
lower
courts
define
first
instance
contours
proximate
cause
fha
decide
standard
applies
city
claims
lost
revenue
increased
municipal
expenses
iv
judgments
appeals
eleventh
circuit
vacated
cases
remanded
proceedings
consistent
opinion
ordered
justice
gorsuch
took
part
consideration
decision
cases
opinion
thomas
nos
et
al
et
al
writs
certiorari
appeals
eleventh
circuit
may
justice
thomas
justice
kennedy
justice
alito
join
concurring
part
dissenting
part
cases
arise
lawsuits
filed
city
miami
alleging
residential
mortgage
lenders
engaged
discriminatory
lending
practices
violation
fair
housing
act
fha
fha
prohibits
discrimination
person
race
color
religion
sex
handicap
familial
status
national
origin
respect
sale
rental
dwelling
accord
miami
complaints
allege
defendant
discriminated
within
meaning
fha
neither
miami
attempting
bring
lawsuit
behalf
residents
petitioners
allegedly
discriminated
rather
miami
theory
petitioners
allegedly
discriminatory
practices
led
defaulted
loans
led
foreclosures
led
vacant
houses
led
decreased
property
values
led
reduced
property
taxes
urban
blight
see
miami
seeks
damages
lenders
reduced
property
tax
revenues
cost
increased
municipal
services
police
firefighters
building
inspectors
debris
collectors
others
deployed
attend
blighted
areas
today
holds
congress
intended
remedy
kinds
injuries
enacted
fha
leaves
open
question
whether
miami
sufficiently
alleged
discriminatory
lending
practices
caused
injuries
reasons
explained
hold
miami
injuries
fall
outside
fha
zone
interests
also
hold
event
miami
alleged
injuries
remote
satisfy
fha
requirement
plaintiff
seeking
bring
suit
federal
statute
must
show
standing
article
iii
ante
also
complaint
fall
within
zone
interests
protected
law
invokes
lexmark
static
control
components
slip
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
requirement
root
ed
rule
providing
plaintiff
may
recover
law
negligence
injuries
caused
violation
statute
statute
interpreted
designed
protect
class
persons
plaintiff
included
risk
type
harm
fact
occurred
result
violation
slip
quoting
keeton
dobbs
keeton
owen
prosser
keeton
law
torts
pp
ed
made
clear
congress
presumed
legislate
background
rule
lexmark
slip
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
thus
apply
statutorily
created
causes
action
unless
expressly
negated
ibid
emphasis
added
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
whether
plaintiff
comes
within
zone
interests
issue
requires
us
determine
using
traditional
tools
statutory
interpretation
whether
legislatively
conferred
cause
action
encompasses
particular
plaintiff
claim
slip
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
nothing
text
fha
suggests
congress
intended
deviate
limitation
statute
mechanism
provides
aggrieved
person
may
sue
statute
defines
aggrieved
person
mean
someone
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
believes
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
occur
language
hint
much
less
expressly
provide
congress
sought
depart
rule
considered
similar
language
statutes
reached
conclusion
thompson
north
american
stainless
lp
example
considered
title
vii
provision
provides
person
claiming
may
file
employment
discrimination
charge
equal
employment
opportunity
commission
quoting
unanimously
concluded
congress
depart
limitation
title
vii
using
language
lexmark
interpreted
provision
lanham
act
permitted
person
believes
likely
damaged
defendant
false
advertising
sue
slip
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
even
faced
broader
person
language
expressly
rejected
argument
statute
conferred
cause
action
upon
anyone
claiming
article
iii
injury
fact
observed
unlikely
congress
meant
allow
factually
injured
plaintiffs
recover
concluded
test
appropriate
tool
determining
may
invoke
cause
action
statute
slip
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
sure
language
older
precedents
suggests
fha
zone
interests
extends
limits
article
iii
see
trafficante
metropolitan
life
ins
gladstone
realtors
village
bellwood
havens
realty
coleman
since
described
language
dictum
leading
absurd
consequences
thompson
observed
holdings
cases
compatible
interests
limitation
described
thompson
ibid
limitation
provides
plaintiff
may
sue
interests
marginally
related
inconsistent
purposes
implicit
statute
assumed
congress
intended
permit
suit
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
thus
exclud
es
plaintiffs
might
technically
injured
article
iii
sense
whose
interests
unrelated
statutory
prohibitions
ibid
view
miami
asserted
injuries
marginally
related
inconsistent
purposes
fha
fall
outside
zone
interests
case
text
fha
defines
zone
interests
statute
protects
see
lexmark
supra
slip
fha
permits
aggrieved
person
sue
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
believes
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
occur
emphasis
added
specifically
fha
makes
unlawful
following
basis
race
color
religion
sex
handicap
familial
status
national
origin
refuse
sell
rent
dwelling
discriminate
terms
conditions
privileges
sale
rental
dwelling
provision
services
facilities
connection
therewith
make
print
publish
notice
statement
advertisement
respect
sale
rental
dwelling
indicates
preference
limitation
discrimination
represent
person
dwelling
available
inspection
sale
rental
dwelling
fact
available
induce
person
sell
rent
dwelling
representations
regarding
entry
prospective
entry
neighborhood
person
persons
certain
characteristics
discriminate
provision
real
estate
brokerage
services
quintessential
aggrieved
person
cases
involving
violations
fha
prospective
home
buyer
lessee
discriminated
leasing
process
cases
also
suggested
interests
person
lives
neighborhood
apartment
complex
remains
segregated
risks
becoming
segregated
result
discriminatory
housing
practice
may
arguably
within
outer
limit
interests
fha
protects
see
trafficante
supra
concluding
one
purpose
fha
promote
truly
integrated
balanced
living
patterns
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
miami
asserted
injuries
arguably
related
interests
statute
protects
miami
asserts
received
reduced
property
tax
revenues
app
forced
spend
money
municipal
services
provided
still
must
provide
remedy
blight
unsafe
dangerous
conditions
see
also
ante
city
blames
expenditures
falling
property
values
vacant
homes
resulted
foreclosures
nothing
text
fha
suggests
congress
concerned
decreased
property
values
foreclosures
urban
blight
much
less
strains
municipal
budgets
might
follow
miami
interests
markedly
distinct
interests
confronted
trafficante
gladstone
havens
trafficante
one
white
one
black
tenant
apartment
complex
sued
ground
complex
discriminated
nonwhite
rental
applicants
argued
discrimination
deprived
social
economic
benefits
living
integrated
community
gladstone
residents
village
sued
based
alleged
discrimination
process
contended
white
home
buyers
steered
away
racially
integrated
neighborhood
toward
neighborhood
whereas
black
home
buyers
steered
away
neighborhood
toward
integrated
neighborhood
plaintiffs
thus
alleged
denied
right
select
housing
without
regard
race
ibid
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
village
also
sued
alleging
fha
violations
affecting
racial
composition
replacing
presently
integrated
neighborhood
segregated
one
budget
strained
resulting
lost
tax
revenues
finally
havens
one
white
one
black
plaintiff
sued
posed
testers
purpose
collecting
evidence
unlawful
steering
practices
according
complaint
owner
apartment
complex
told
white
plaintiff
apartments
available
told
black
plaintiff
apartments
held
white
plaintiff
sue
provided
truthful
information
black
plaintiff
sue
fha
requires
truthful
information
housing
without
regard
race
three
cases
plaintiffs
claimed
injuries
based
racial
steering
segregation
interests
precedents
least
arguably
fall
within
zone
interests
fha
protects
miami
asserted
injuries
implicate
none
interests
miami
assert
injured
based
efforts
lenders
steer
certain
residents
one
neighborhood
rather
another
miami
even
assert
injured
neighborhoods
segregated
miami
therefore
majority
describes
similarly
situated
plaintiffs
trafficante
gladstone
havens
ante
rather
miami
asserts
injuries
allegedly
resulting
vacant
homes
fha
zone
interests
expansive
include
kinds
injuries
today
reaches
opposite
conclusion
resting
entirely
brief
mention
gladstone
village
asserted
injury
reduced
tax
revenues
principles
stare
decisis
see
ante
think
gladstone
compels
conclusion
majority
reaches
unlike
cases
gladstone
involved
injuries
interests
racial
balance
stability
cases
suggested
arguably
fall
within
zone
interests
protected
fha
see
supra
fact
village
plaintiff
asserted
injury
addition
injury
mean
city
alleging
injury
authorized
sue
injury
might
necessary
establish
sufficiently
concrete
particularized
injury
purposes
article
iii
sufficient
satisfy
fha
limitation
although
reliance
gladstone
misplaced
opinion
today
notable
primarily
say
first
conspicuously
reaffirm
broad
language
trafficante
gladstone
havens
suggesting
congress
intended
permit
person
article
iii
standing
sue
fha
appeals
felt
bound
language
see
granted
review
despite
absence
circuit
conflict
decide
whether
language
survived
thompson
lexmark
see
brief
petitioner
limiting
suit
person
congress
require
fha
plaintiff
plead
article
iii
brief
petitioner
whether
term
fair
housing
act
imposes
requirement
stringent
requirement
article
iii
today
opinion
avoids
questions
presented
thus
read
retreating
recent
precedents
limitation
second
reject
lenders
arguments
many
kinds
injuries
fall
outside
fha
zone
interests
explained
thompson
expansive
reading
title
vii
zone
interests
allow
shareholder
sue
company
firing
valuable
employee
racially
discriminatory
reasons
long
show
value
stock
decreased
consequence
petitioners
similarly
argue
miami
sue
lost
tax
revenues
fha
plumbers
utility
companies
participant
local
economy
sue
banks
recover
business
lost
people
give
homes
leave
neighborhood
result
banks
discriminatory
lending
practices
ante
citing
petitioners
briefs
today
decides
need
discuss
argument
gladstone
stare
decisis
compel
conclusion
miami
sue
ante
conclusion
wrong
least
narrow
accordingly
read
authorize
suits
local
businesses
alleging
injuries
miami
alleges
ii
although
disagree
holding
agree
conclusions
proximate
cause
far
go
correctly
holds
foreseeability
alone
sufficient
establish
proximate
cause
fha
ante
instead
statute
requires
direct
relation
injury
asserted
injurious
conduct
alleged
ante
quoting
holmes
securities
investor
protection
corporation
articulating
test
proximate
cause
remands
appeals
decline
draw
precise
boundaries
proximate
cause
fha
determine
side
line
city
financial
injuries
fall
ante
cases
come
motion
dismiss
appeals
advantage
us
evaluating
complaint
theory
moreover
majority
opinion
leaves
little
doubt
neither
miami
similarly
situated
plaintiff
satisfy
rigorous
standard
proximate
cause
adopts
leaves
appeals
apply
see
ante
general
tendency
cases
regard
damages
least
go
beyond
first
step
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
miami
account
causation
shows
link
alleged
fha
violation
asserted
injuries
exceedingly
attenuated
according
miami
lenders
injurious
conduct
target
ing
black
latino
customers
miami
predatory
loans
brief
respondent
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
according
miami
injuries
asserted
loss
tax
revenues
expenditure
additional
monies
municipal
services
address
consequences
urban
blight
miami
describes
chain
causation
injurious
conduct
asserted
injuries
proceeds
follows
result
lenders
discriminatory
loan
practices
borrowers
predominantly
minority
neighborhoods
likely
default
home
loans
leading
foreclosures
foreclosures
led
vacant
houses
vacant
houses
turn
led
decreased
property
values
surrounding
homes
ibid
finally
decreased
property
values
resulted
homeowners
paying
lower
property
taxes
city
government
ibid
also
miami
explains
vacant
homes
eventually
led
vagrancy
criminal
activity
threats
public
health
safety
city
address
expenditures
municipal
resources
ibid
occurred
according
miami
see
ibid
appeals
need
look
far
discern
independent
events
might
well
caused
injuries
miami
alleges
cases
light
attenuated
chain
causation
miami
asserted
injuries
remote
injurious
conduct
alleged
see
associated
gen
contractors
carpenters
indeed
conclusion
lead
disquieting
consequences
miami
theory
causation
injuries
one
step
removed
allegedly
discriminatory
lending
practices
injuries
suffered
neighboring
homeowners
whose
houses
declined
value
one
suggests
homeowners
sue
fha
think
clear
accordingly
hold
miami
failed
sufficiently
plead
proximate
cause
fha
iii
foregoing
reasons
reverse
appeals
footnotes
together
wells
fargo
et
al
city
miami
florida
also
certiorari