taylor
argued
february
decided
june
petitioner
taylor
indicted
hobbs
act
two
counts
affecting
commerce
attempting
robbery
participation
two
home
invasions
targeting
marijuana
dealers
cases
taylor
gang
members
broke
homes
confronted
residents
demanded
location
drugs
money
found
neither
left
relatively
empty
handed
taylor
trial
resulted
hung
jury
retrial
government
urged
trial
preclude
taylor
offering
evidence
drug
dealers
targeted
dealt
marijuana
trial
excluded
evidence
taylor
convicted
counts
fourth
circuit
affirmed
holding
given
aggregate
effect
drug
dealing
interstate
commerce
government
needed
prove
taylor
robbed
attempted
rob
drug
dealer
drugs
drug
proceeds
satisfy
commerce
element
held
prosecution
hobbs
act
robbery
case
satisfies
act
commerce
element
shows
defendant
robbed
attempted
rob
drug
dealer
drugs
drug
proceeds
pp
language
hobbs
act
unmistakably
broad
reaches
obstruction
delay
effect
commerce
jurisdiction
see
culbert
pp
commerce
power
held
congress
may
regulate
among
things
activities
substantial
aggregate
effect
interstate
commerce
see
wickard
filburn
includes
purely
local
activities
part
economic
activities
substantial
effect
interstate
commerce
gonzales
raich
long
activities
economic
nature
see
morrison
one
class
activities
production
possession
distribution
controlled
substances
grafting
holding
raich
onto
hobbs
act
commerce
element
follows
robber
affects
even
intrastate
sale
marijuana
affects
commerce
jurisdiction
pp
arguing
raich
distinguished
controlled
substances
act
lacks
hobbs
act
additional
commerce
element
taylor
confuses
standard
proof
meaning
element
must
proved
meaning
hobbs
act
commerce
element
question
law
raich
establishes
includes
purely
intrastate
drug
production
sale
applying
without
expanding
raich
interpretation
scope
congress
commerce
clause
power
government
proves
beyond
reasonable
doubt
robber
targeted
marijuana
dealer
drugs
illegal
proceeds
government
proved
beyond
reasonable
doubt
commerce
jurisdiction
affected
pp
government
met
burden
introducing
evidence
taylor
gang
intentionally
targeted
drug
dealers
obtain
drugs
drug
proceeds
evidence
included
information
gang
members
targeted
victims
drug
dealing
activities
well
explicit
statements
made
course
robberies
revealed
belief
drugs
money
present
proof
sufficient
meet
hobbs
act
commerce
element
affirmed
alito
delivered
opinion
roberts
kennedy
ginsburg
breyer
sotomayor
kagan
joined
thomas
filed
dissenting
opinion
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
reporter
decisions
washington
typographical
formal
errors
order
corrections
may
made
preliminary
print
goes
press
david
anthony
taylor
petitioner
writ
certiorari
appeals
fourth
circuit
june
justice
alito
delivered
opinion
hobbs
act
makes
crime
person
affect
commerce
attempt
robbery
act
defines
commerce
broadly
interstate
commerce
commerce
jurisdiction
case
requires
us
decide
government
must
prove
satisfy
hobbs
act
commerce
element
defendant
commits
robbery
targets
marijuana
dealer
drugs
drug
proceeds
answer
question
straightforward
dictated
precedent
held
gonzales
raich
commerce
clause
gives
congress
authority
regulate
national
market
marijuana
including
authority
proscribe
purely
intrastate
production
possession
sale
controlled
substance
congress
may
regulate
intrastate
activities
based
aggregate
effect
interstate
commerce
follows
congress
may
also
regulate
intrastate
drug
theft
since
hobbs
act
criminalizes
robberies
attempted
robberies
affect
commerce
jurisdiction
prosecution
hobbs
act
robbery
case
satisfies
act
commerce
element
shows
defendant
robbed
attempted
rob
drug
dealer
drugs
drug
proceeds
targeting
drug
dealer
way
robber
necessarily
affects
attempts
affect
commerce
jurisdiction
case
petitioner
anthony
taylor
convicted
two
hobbs
act
counts
based
proof
attempted
rob
marijuana
dealers
drugs
drug
money
hold
evidence
sufficient
satisfy
act
commerce
element
beginning
early
outlaw
gang
called
southwest
goonz
committed
series
home
invasion
robberies
targeting
drug
dealers
area
roanoke
virginia
obvious
reasons
drug
dealers
likely
ordinary
citizens
keep
large
quantities
cash
illegal
drugs
homes
less
likely
report
robberies
police
participating
two
home
invasions
taylor
convicted
two
counts
hobbs
act
robbery
violation
one
count
using
firearm
furtherance
crime
violence
violation
first
attempted
drug
robbery
taylor
convicted
occurred
august
taylor
others
targeted
home
josh
whorley
obtained
information
whorley
dealt
exotic
high
grade
marijuana
ibid
robbers
expected
find
drugs
money
whorley
home
ibid
taylor
others
broke
home
searched
assaulted
whorley
girlfriend
demanded
told
location
money
drugs
locating
left
jewelry
two
cell
phones
marijuana
cigarette
ibid
second
attempted
drug
robbery
occurred
two
months
later
october
home
william
lynch
ibid
source
informed
leader
gang
prior
occasion
source
robbed
lynch
pounds
marijuana
front
lynch
home
gang
also
received
information
lynch
continued
deal
drugs
taylor
others
broke
lynch
home
held
wife
young
children
gunpoint
assaulted
wife
demanded
know
location
drugs
money
largely
unsuccessful
robbers
made
cell
phone
participation
two
home
invasions
taylor
indicted
hobbs
act
two
counts
affecting
commerce
attempting
robbery
app
first
trial
resulted
hung
jury
retrial
urging
government
district
precluded
taylor
introducing
evidence
drug
dealers
targeted
might
dealing
locally
grown
marijuana
see
second
trial
taylor
twice
moved
judgment
acquittal
ground
prosecution
failed
meet
burden
commerce
element
tr
see
district
denied
motions
holding
proof
taylor
attempted
rob
drug
dealers
sufficient
matter
law
satisfy
element
tr
jury
found
taylor
guilty
hobbs
act
counts
one
firearms
counts
app
appeal
taylor
challenged
sufficiency
evidence
prove
commerce
element
hobbs
act
fourth
circuit
affirmed
drug
dealing
aggregate
necessarily
affects
interstate
commerce
reasoned
government
simply
required
prove
taylor
depleted
attempted
deplete
assets
operation
granted
certiorari
resolve
conflict
circuits
regarding
demands
hobbs
act
commerce
element
cases
involving
theft
drugs
drug
proceeds
drug
dealers
ii
hobbs
act
provides
relevant
part
follows
whoever
way
degree
obstructs
delays
affects
commerce
movement
article
commodity
commerce
robbery
attempts
conspires
shall
fined
title
imprisoned
twenty
years
act
defines
term
commerce
mean
commerce
within
district
columbia
territory
possession
commerce
point
state
territory
possession
district
columbia
point
outside
thereof
commerce
points
within
state
place
outside
state
commerce
jurisdiction
language
hobbs
act
unmistakably
broad
reaches
obstruction
delay
effect
commerce
even
small
act
definition
commerce
encompasses
commerce
jurisdiction
ibid
noted
sweep
act
past
cases
culbert
words
lend
restrictive
interpretation
stirone
hobbs
act
speaks
broad
language
manifesting
purpose
use
constitutional
power
congress
punish
interference
interstate
commerce
extortion
robbery
physical
violence
determine
far
commerce
element
extends
government
must
prove
meet
look
commerce
clause
cases
said
three
categories
activity
congress
may
regulate
commerce
power
use
channels
interstate
commerce
instrumentalities
interstate
commerce
persons
things
interstate
commerce
even
though
threat
may
come
intrastate
activities
activities
substantial
relation
interstate
commerce
activities
substantially
affect
interstate
commerce
lopez
held
activities
third
category
substantially
affect
commerce
may
regulated
long
substantially
affect
interstate
commerce
aggregate
even
individual
impact
interstate
commerce
minimal
see
wickard
filburn
ven
appellee
activity
local
though
may
regarded
commerce
may
still
whatever
nature
reached
congress
exerts
substantial
economic
effect
interstate
commerce
final
category
broad
thus
far
nation
history
cases
upheld
commerce
clause
regulation
intrastate
activity
activity
economic
nature
morrison
case
activity
issue
sale
marijuana
unquestionably
economic
activity
sure
form
business
illegal
federal
law
laws
question
marijuana
trafficking
moneymaking
endeavor
potentially
lucrative
one
raich
addressed
congress
authority
regulate
marijuana
market
reaffirmed
congress
power
regulate
purely
local
activities
part
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activities
substantial
effect
interstate
commerce
production
possession
distribution
controlled
substances
constitute
class
activities
aggregate
substantially
affect
interstate
commerce
therefore
held
congress
possesses
authority
regulate
criminalize
production
possession
distribution
controlled
substances
even
activities
occur
entirely
within
boundaries
single
state
outcome
warned
leave
gaping
enforcement
hole
congress
regulatory
scheme
case
us
requires
graft
holding
raich
onto
commerce
element
hobbs
act
hobbs
act
criminalizes
robberies
affecting
commerce
jurisdiction
raich
market
marijuana
including
intrastate
aspects
commerce
jurisdiction
therefore
follows
simple
matter
logic
robber
affects
attempts
affect
even
intrastate
sale
marijuana
grown
within
state
affects
attempts
affect
commerce
jurisdiction
rejecting
logic
taylor
takes
position
robbery
attempted
robbery
drug
dealer
inventory
violates
hobbs
act
government
proves
something
argument
rests
part
fact
raich
concerned
controlled
substances
act
csa
criminal
provisions
lack
jurisdictional
element
see
hobbs
act
contrast
contains
element
namely
conduct
criminalized
must
affect
attempt
affect
commerce
way
degree
see
therefore
taylor
reasons
prosecution
must
prove
beyond
reasonable
doubt
either
particular
drugs
question
originated
destined
sale
state
particular
drug
dealer
targeted
robbery
operated
interstate
business
see
brief
petitioner
reply
brief
second
seventh
circuits
adopted
argument
see
needham
peterson
argument
flawed
confuses
standard
proof
meaning
element
must
proved
question
government
hobbs
act
prosecution
must
prove
beyond
reasonable
doubt
defendant
engaged
conduct
satisfies
act
commerce
element
meaning
element
question
law
noted
raich
established
purely
intrastate
production
sale
marijuana
commerce
federal
government
jurisdiction
therefore
government
proves
beyond
reasonable
doubt
robber
targeted
marijuana
dealer
drugs
illegal
proceeds
government
proved
beyond
reasonable
doubt
commerce
jurisdiction
affected
way
escape
conclusion
hold
hobbs
act
exercise
full
measure
congress
commerce
power
reached
opposite
conclusion
years
ago
see
stirone
easy
see
expansive
language
act
interpreted
way
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commerce
provision
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act
superfluous
statute
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provisions
csa
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forms
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commerce
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congress
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like
one
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robbery
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dealer
proof
defendant
conduct
affected
threatened
commerce
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within
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raich
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congress
may
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means
order
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conviction
hobbs
act
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drug
dealer
government
need
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drugs
defendant
stole
attempted
steal
either
traveled
destined
transport
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state
lines
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commerce
element
enough
defendant
knowingly
stole
attempted
steal
drugs
drug
proceeds
matter
law
market
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drugs
commerce
jurisdiction
makes
difference
cases
actual
threatened
effect
commerce
particular
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minimal
see
perez
class
activities
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class
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reach
federal
power
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power
excise
trivial
individual
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class
emphasis
deleted
present
case
government
met
burden
introducing
evidence
taylor
gang
intentionally
targeted
drug
dealers
obtain
drugs
drug
proceeds
one
victims
robbed
substantial
quantities
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residence
past
thought
possess
marijuana
robbers
also
made
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proceeds
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asking
lynch
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element
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act
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limited
cases
defendant
targets
drug
dealers
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proceeds
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government
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hobbs
act
robbery
type
business
victim
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see
stirone
supra
government
offered
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defendant
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extort
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business
actually
obtained
supplies
materials
state
judgment
fourth
circuit
affirmed
ordered
thomas
dissenting
david
anthony
taylor
petitioner
writ
certiorari
appeals
fourth
circuit
june
justice
thomas
dissenting
hobbs
act
makes
federal
crime
commit
robbery
affects
commerce
jurisdiction
decision
today
government
obtain
hobbs
act
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fact
affected
interstate
commerce
commerce
see
ante
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act
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commerce
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act
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see
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