plumhoff
et
al
rickard
minor
child
individually
surviving
daughter
rickard
deceased
mother
rickard
parent
next
friend
argued
march
decided
may
donald
rickard
led
police
officers
car
chase
came
temporary
halt
rickard
spun
parking
lot
rickard
resumed
maneuvering
car
continued
use
accelerator
even
though
bumper
flush
patrol
car
officer
fired
three
shots
rickard
car
rickard
managed
drive
away
almost
hitting
officer
process
officers
fired
shots
rickard
sped
away
striking
passenger
died
combination
gunshot
wounds
injuries
suffered
car
eventually
crashed
respondent
rickard
minor
daughter
filed
action
alleging
officers
used
excessive
force
violation
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
district
denied
officers
motion
summary
judgment
based
qualified
immunity
holding
conduct
violated
fourth
amendment
contrary
clearly
established
law
time
question
finding
appellate
jurisdiction
sixth
circuit
held
officers
conduct
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fourth
amendment
affirmed
district
order
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officers
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established
law
held
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circuit
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district
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order
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thus
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qualified
immunity
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johnson
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immediately
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merely
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petitioners
qualified
immunity
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purely
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deciding
legal
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core
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scott
harris
pp
officers
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ing
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graham
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amendment
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force
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chase
even
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far
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many
rounds
pp
officers
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force
police
officer
attempt
terminate
dangerous
car
chase
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lives
innocent
bystanders
violate
fourth
amendment
even
places
fleeing
motorist
risk
serious
injury
death
scott
supra
rickard
outrageously
reckless
driving
lasted
five
minutes
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miles
per
hour
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passing
two
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motorists
posed
grave
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safety
risk
record
conclusively
disproves
chase
rickard
car
came
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standstill
officers
began
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shots
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reasonable
officer
concluded
rickard
conduct
intent
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flight
pose
threat
others
road
pp
petitioners
fire
shots
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public
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officers
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order
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shots
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rickard
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away
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whether
officers
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rickard
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amendment
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personal
rights
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vicariously
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alderman
pp
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still
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immunity
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ashcroft
brosseau
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officer
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vehicle
prevent
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plain
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cases
persuasive
authority
supra
emerged
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respondent
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said
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established
unconstitutionality
using
lethal
force
end
car
chase
pp
fed
appx
reversed
remanded
alito
delivered
opinion
roberts
scalia
kennedy
thomas
sotomayor
kagan
joined
ginsburg
joined
judgment
parts
ii
breyer
joined
except
part
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
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decisions
washington
typographical
formal
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order
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print
goes
press
officer
vance
plumhoff
et
petitioners
whitne
rickard
minor
child
individually
surviving
daughter
donald
rickard
deceased
mother
samantha
rickard
parent
next
friend
writ
certiorari
appeals
sixth
circuit
may
justice
alito
delivered
opinion
courts
denied
qualified
immunity
police
officers
shot
driver
fleeing
vehicle
put
end
dangerous
car
chase
reverse
hold
officers
violate
fourth
amendment
alternative
conclude
officers
entitled
qualified
immunity
violated
clearly
established
law
case
arises
denial
officers
motion
summary
judgment
view
facts
light
favorable
nonmoving
party
daughter
driver
attempted
flee
wilkie
robbins
near
midnight
july
lieutenant
joseph
forthman
west
memphis
arkansas
police
department
pulled
white
honda
accord
car
one
operating
headlight
donald
rickard
driver
accord
kelly
allen
passenger
seat
forthman
noticed
indentation
size
head
windshield
car
estate
allen
west
memphis
wl
wd
asked
rickard
drinking
rickard
responded
rickard
failed
produce
driver
license
upon
request
appeared
nervous
forthman
asked
step
car
rather
comply
forthman
request
rickard
sped
away
forthman
gave
chase
soon
joined
five
police
cruisers
driven
sergeant
vance
plumhoff
officers
jimmy
evans
lance
ellis
troy
galtelli
john
gardner
officers
pursued
rickard
east
interstate
toward
memphis
tennessee
attempted
stop
rickard
using
rolling
roadblock
unsuccessful
district
described
vehicles
swerving
traffic
high
speeds
respondent
dispute
cars
attained
speeds
miles
per
see
memorandum
law
response
defendants
motion
summary
judgment
wd
see
also
tr
oral
arg
chase
rickard
officers
passed
two
dozen
vehicles
rickard
eventually
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memphis
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quick
right
turn
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contact
occu
car
evans
cruiser
wl
result
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rickard
car
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parking
lot
collided
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cruiser
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cornered
rickard
put
car
reverse
attempt
escape
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evans
plumhoff
got
cruisers
approached
rickard
car
evans
gun
hand
pounded
window
point
rickard
car
made
contact
yet
another
police
cruiser
ibid
rickard
tires
started
spinning
car
rocking
back
forth
indicating
rickard
using
accelerator
even
though
bumper
flush
police
cruiser
point
plumhoff
fired
three
shots
rickard
car
rickard
reversed
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arc
maneuvered
onto
another
street
forcing
ellis
step
right
avoid
vehicle
ibid
rickard
continued
fleeing
street
gardner
galtelli
fired
shots
toward
rickard
car
bringing
total
number
shots
fired
incident
rickard
lost
control
car
crashed
building
ibid
rickard
allen
died
combination
gunshot
wounds
injuries
suffered
crash
ended
chase
see
app
respondent
rickard
surviving
daughter
filed
action
rev
stat
six
individual
police
officers
mayor
chief
police
west
memphis
alleged
officers
used
excessive
force
violation
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
officers
moved
summary
judgment
based
qualified
immunity
district
denied
motion
holding
officers
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fourth
amendment
contrary
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time
question
officers
appealed
sixth
circuit
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johnson
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later
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panel
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merits
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merits
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johnson
general
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judgment
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claim
qualified
immunity
mitchell
forsyth
ualified
immunity
immunity
suit
rather
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pearson
callahan
quoting
mitchell
supra
result
pretrial
orders
denying
qualified
immunity
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fall
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collateral
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doctrine
see
ashcroft
iqbal
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mitchell
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johnson
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quite
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johnson
plaintiff
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rickard
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pearson
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claim
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ibid
analyze
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thus
allo
fact
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rapidly
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amount
force
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case
respondent
advances
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amendment
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contends
fourth
amendment
allow
petitioners
use
deadly
force
terminate
chase
see
brief
respondent
second
argues
degree
force
excessive
even
officers
permitted
fire
weapons
went
far
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many
rounds
see
address
issue
turn
scott
considered
claim
police
officer
violated
fourth
amendment
terminated
car
chase
using
technique
placed
fleeing
motorist
risk
serious
injury
death
record
case
contained
videotape
chase
found
events
recorded
tape
justified
officer
conduct
wrote
follows
although
obvious
way
quantify
risks
either
side
clear
videotape
respondent
posed
actual
imminent
threat
lives
pedestrians
might
present
civilian
motorists
officers
involved
chase
also
wrote
espondent
vehicle
rac
ed
narrow
roads
dead
night
speeds
shockingly
fast
see
swerve
around
dozen
cars
cross
line
force
cars
traveling
directions
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shoulders
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hit
see
run
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red
lights
travel
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police
officer
violate
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held
police
officer
attempt
terminate
dangerous
car
chase
threatens
lives
innocent
bystanders
violate
fourth
amendment
even
places
fleeing
motorist
risk
serious
injury
death
see
basis
reaching
different
conclusion
explained
supra
chase
case
exceeded
miles
per
hour
lasted
five
minutes
chase
rickard
passed
two
dozen
vehicles
several
forced
alter
course
rickard
outrageously
reckless
driving
posed
grave
public
safety
risk
true
rickard
car
eventually
collided
police
car
came
temporarily
near
standstill
end
chase
less
three
seconds
later
rickard
resumed
maneuvering
car
shots
fired
front
bumper
car
flush
one
police
cruisers
rickard
obviously
pushing
accelerator
car
wheels
spinning
rickard
threw
car
reverse
attempt
escape
thus
record
conclusively
disproves
respondent
claim
chase
present
case
already
petitioners
began
shooting
circumstances
moment
shots
fired
reasonable
police
officer
concluded
rickard
intent
resuming
flight
allowed
pose
deadly
threat
others
road
rickard
conduct
even
shots
fired
noted
managed
drive
away
despite
efforts
police
block
path
underscores
point
light
circumstances
discussed
beyond
serious
dispute
rickard
flight
posed
grave
public
safety
risk
scott
police
acted
reasonably
using
deadly
force
end
risk
consider
respondent
contention
even
use
deadly
force
permissible
petitioners
acted
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firing
total
shots
reject
argument
stands
reason
police
officers
justified
firing
suspect
order
end
severe
threat
public
safety
officers
need
stop
shooting
threat
ended
petitioners
noted
lethal
force
justified
officers
taught
keep
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threat
fed
span
shots
fired
rickard
never
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indeed
even
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away
continue
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crashed
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case
petitioners
initiated
second
round
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initial
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rickard
ended
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rickard
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seat
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think
factor
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fourth
amendment
rights
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may
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alderman
see
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rakas
illinois
thus
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us
whether
petitioners
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suit
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rickard
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petitioners
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slip
quoting
wilson
layne
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
alter
analysis
qualified
immunity
question
respondent
made
neither
showing
begin
certain
facts
favorable
officers
brosseau
officer
foot
fired
driver
begun
flee
yet
driven
car
dangerous
manner
contrast
officers
shot
rickard
put
end
already
lengthy
pursuit
indisputably
posed
danger
officers
involved
civilians
happened
nearby
indeed
lone
dissenting
justice
brosseau
emphasized
case
ongoing
prior
car
chase
inform
constitutional
analysis
opinion
stevens
attempting
distinguish
brosseau
respondent
focuses
fact
officer
fired
shot
whereas
three
officers
collectively
fired
shots
certainly
clearly
established
time
shooting
case
number
shots
fired
circumstances
present
rendered
use
force
excessive
since
respondent
meaningfully
distinguish
brosseau
option
show
analysis
date
yet
respondent
pointed
us
case
let
alone
controlling
case
robust
consensus
cases
decided
said
clearly
established
unconstitutionality
using
lethal
force
end
car
chase
respondent
receives
help
front
opinions
district
cited
single
case
decided
identified
possible
constitutional
violation
officer
shot
fleeing
driver
facts
case
reasonable
jury
concluded
suspect
merely
accelerated
eighty
miles
per
hour
zone
engag
evasive
maneuvers
vaughan
cox
bear
little
resemblance
circumstances
present
case
hold
fourth
amendment
prohibit
petitioners
using
deadly
force
employed
terminate
dangerous
car
chase
rickard
precipitated
alternative
note
petitioners
entitled
qualified
immunity
conduct
issue
violated
clearly
established
law
judgment
appeals
reversed
case
remanded
proceedings
consistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
ginsburg
joins
judgment
parts
ii
opinion
justice
breyer
joins
opinion
except
part
also
undisputed
forthman
saw
glass
shavings
dashboard
rickard
car
sign
windshield
broken
recently
another
officer
testified
windshield
indentation
glass
shavings
justified
suspicion
someone
possibly
struck
vehicle
like
forthman
saw
beer
rickard
car
see
app
response
defendant
statement
undisputed
material
facts
wd
expressing
confusion
whether
dismiss
affirm
panel
wrote
seem
affirming
district
judgment
fed
holding
petitioners
conduct
violated
fourth
amendment
district
relied
reasoning
irreconcilable
decision
scott
district
held
danger
presented
chase
justify
use
deadly
force
danger
caused
officers
decision
continue
chase
estate
allen
west
memphis
wl
wd
scott
however
declined
lay
rule
requiring
police
allow
fleeing
suspects
get
away
whenever
drive
recklessly
put
people
lives
danger
concluding
constitution
assuredly
impose
invitation
seems
disagreement
among
lower
courts
whether
passenger
allen
situation
recover
fourth
amendment
theory
compare
vaughan
cox
suggesting
yes
fisher
memphis
milstead
kibler
suggesting
cruz
cosme
express
view
question
also
note
county
sacramento
lewis
held
passenger
killed
result
police
chase
recover
substantive
due
process
theory
officer
purpose
cause
harm
unrelated
legitimate
object
arrest