brown
thomson
argued
march
decided
june
wyoming
legislature
consists
senate
house
representatives
state
constitution
provides
state
counties
shall
constitute
senatorial
representative
district
shall
least
one
senator
one
representative
requires
senators
representatives
apportioned
among
counties
nearly
may
according
number
inhabitants
wyoming
statute
reapportioned
house
representatives
provided
representatives
based
census
placing
wyoming
population
ideal
apportionment
persons
per
representative
reapportionment
resulted
average
deviation
population
equality
maximum
deviation
niobrara
county
state
least
populous
county
given
one
representative
even
though
population
legislature
provided
county
representative
even
statutory
formula
rounded
county
population
zero
legislature
also
provided
niobrara
county
representation
held
unconstitutional
combined
neighboring
county
single
district
house
consist
representatives
appellants
members
league
women
voters
residents
seven
counties
population
per
representative
greater
state
average
filed
action
federal
district
alleging
granting
niobrara
county
representative
diluted
voting
privileges
appellants
voters
similarly
situated
violation
fourteenth
amendment
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
district
upheld
constitutionality
reapportionment
statute
held
wyoming
violated
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
permitting
niobrara
county
representative
pp
deviations
population
equality
may
necessary
permit
pursue
legitimate
objectives
maintain
ing
integrity
various
political
subdivisions
provid
ing
compact
districts
contiguous
territory
reynolds
sims
apportionment
plan
population
disparities
larger
creates
prima
facie
case
discrimination
therefore
must
justified
state
ultimate
inquiry
whether
plan
may
reasonably
said
advance
rational
state
policy
whether
population
disparities
resulting
plan
exceed
constitutional
limits
pp
case
presents
unusually
strong
example
apportionment
plan
population
variations
entirely
result
consistent
nondiscriminatory
application
legitimate
state
policy
wyoming
since
statehood
followed
constitutional
policy
using
counties
representative
districts
ensuring
county
one
representative
moreover
wyoming
applied
factor
preserving
political
subdivisions
free
taint
arbitrariness
discrimination
pp
wyoming
policy
preserving
county
boundaries
justifies
additional
deviations
population
equality
resulting
provision
representation
niobrara
county
considerable
population
variations
remain
even
niobrara
county
representative
eliminated
plan
average
deviation
per
representative
maximum
deviation
statistics
make
clear
grant
representative
niobrara
county
significant
cause
population
deviations
wyoming
moreover
differences
two
plans
justified
basis
policy
preserving
county
boundaries
enacting
plan
state
ensured
policy
applies
nondiscriminatorily
whereas
effect
plan
deprive
niobrara
county
voters
representative
pp
powell
delivered
opinion
burger
rehnquist
stevens
joined
filed
concurring
opinion
stevens
joined
post
brennan
filed
dissenting
opinion
white
marshall
blackmun
joined
post
sue
davidson
argued
cause
filed
brief
appellants
randall
cox
assistant
attorney
general
wyoming
argued
cause
pro
hac
vice
appellees
thyra
thomson
et
al
brief
mcclintock
attorney
general
peter
mulvaney
deputy
attorney
general
richard
barrett
filed
brief
appellees
james
thomson
et
al
justice
powell
delivered
opinion
issue
whether
state
wyoming
violated
equal
protection
clause
allocating
one
seats
house
representatives
county
population
considerably
lower
average
population
per
state
representative
since
wyoming
became
state
legislature
consisted
senate
house
representatives
state
constitution
provides
state
counties
shall
constitute
senatorial
representative
district
ach
county
shall
least
one
senator
one
representative
senators
representatives
required
apportioned
among
said
counties
nearly
may
according
number
inhabitants
wyo
art
state
counties
since
apportionment
wyoming
house
challenged
three
times
past
years
background
helpful
voters
six
populous
counties
filed
suit
district
district
wyoming
challenging
apportionment
state
senators
representatives
district
held
apportionment
senate
one
senator
allocated
state
counties
two
largest
counties
two
senators
far
departed
principle
population
equality
unconstitutional
schaefer
thomson
supp
wyo
supplemented
supp
aff
sub
nom
harrison
schaefer
upheld
apportionment
state
house
representatives
state
constitutional
requirement
county
shall
least
one
representative
produced
deviations
population
equality
average
deviation
ideal
number
residents
per
representative
maximum
percentage
deviation
largest
smallest
number
residents
per
representative
see
app
exhibits
district
held
population
disparities
justifiable
result
honest
attempt
based
legitimate
considerations
effectuate
rational
practical
policy
house
representatives
conditions
exist
wyoming
reapportionment
house
similar
average
deviation
maximum
deviation
app
exhibits
another
constitutional
challenge
brought
district
upheld
apportionment
house
observing
five
minimal
adjustments
made
since
three
districts
gaining
representative
two
districts
losing
representative
population
shifts
thompson
thomson
supp
wyo
present
case
challenge
wyoming
statute
reapportioning
house
representatives
accordance
requirements
art
state
constitution
wyo
stat
supp
census
placed
wyoming
population
statute
provided
representatives
meaning
ideal
apportionment
persons
per
representative
county
given
one
representative
including
six
counties
population
fell
deviations
population
equality
similar
prior
decades
average
deviation
maximum
deviation
see
app
exhibits
issue
case
concerns
niobrara
county
state
least
populous
county
population
less
half
ideal
district
accordingly
general
statutory
formula
dictated
population
purposes
representation
rounded
zero
see
ii
deprived
niobrara
county
representative
first
time
since
became
county
state
legislature
found
however
opportunity
oppression
people
state
greater
county
deprived
representative
legislature
guaranteed
least
one
representative
therefore
followed
state
constitution
requirement
expressly
provided
county
receive
representative
even
statutory
formula
rounded
county
population
zero
iii
niobrara
county
thus
given
one
seat
house
legislature
also
provided
representation
niobrara
county
held
unconstitutional
combined
neighboring
county
single
representative
district
house
consist
representatives
iv
appellants
members
state
league
women
voters
residents
seven
counties
population
per
representative
greater
state
average
filed
lawsuit
district
district
wyoming
alleged
granting
niobrara
county
representative
statutorily
entitled
voting
privileges
plaintiffs
citizens
electors
wyoming
similarly
situated
improperly
illegally
diluted
violation
amendment
app
sought
declaratory
injunctive
relief
prevent
state
giving
separate
representative
niobrara
county
thus
implementing
alternative
plan
calling
representatives
district
upheld
constitutionality
statute
supp
noted
narrow
issue
presented
alleged
discriminatory
effect
single
county
representative
concluded
citing
expert
testimony
dilution
plaintiffs
votes
de
minimis
niobrara
county
representative
also
found
wyoming
policy
granting
representative
county
rational
indeed
particularly
well
suited
special
needs
wyoming
noted
probable
jurisdiction
affirm
ii
reynolds
sims
held
equal
protection
clause
requires
seats
houses
bicameral
state
legislature
must
apportioned
population
basis
holding
requires
state
make
honest
good
faith
effort
construct
districts
nearly
equal
population
practicable
practical
impossibility
arrange
legislative
districts
one
identical
number
residents
citizens
voters
see
gaffney
cummings
describing
various
difficulties
measurement
population
recognized
deviations
population
equality
may
necessary
permit
pursue
legitimate
objectives
maintain
ing
integrity
various
political
subdivisions
provid
ing
compact
districts
contiguous
territory
reynolds
supra
stated
gaffney
unrealistic
overemphasis
raw
population
figures
mere
nose
count
districts
may
submerge
considerations
furnish
ready
tool
ignoring
factors
operation
important
acceptable
representation
apportionment
arrangement
view
considerations
held
minor
deviations
mathematical
equality
among
state
legislative
districts
insufficient
make
prima
facie
case
invidious
discrimination
fourteenth
amendment
require
justification
state
decisions
established
general
matter
apportionment
plan
maximum
population
deviation
falls
within
category
minor
deviations
see
connor
finch
white
regester
plan
larger
disparities
population
however
creates
prima
facie
case
discrimination
therefore
must
justified
state
see
swann
adams
de
minimis
deviations
unavoidable
variations
among
senate
districts
among
house
districts
hardly
deemed
de
minimis
none
cases
suggests
differences
magnitude
approved
without
satisfactory
explanation
grounded
acceptable
state
policy
ultimate
inquiry
therefore
whether
legislature
plan
may
reasonably
said
advance
rational
state
policy
whether
population
disparities
among
districts
resulted
pursuit
plan
exceed
constitutional
limits
mahan
howell
case
question
niobrara
county
deviation
population
equality
mean
minor
also
question
wyoming
constitutional
policy
followed
since
statehood
using
counties
representative
districts
ensuring
county
one
representative
supported
substantial
legitimate
state
concerns
abate
mundt
held
desire
preserve
integrity
political
subdivisions
may
justify
apportionment
plan
departs
numerical
equality
see
mahan
howell
supra
indeed
reynolds
sims
supra
singled
preservation
political
subdivisions
clearly
legitimate
policy
see
moreover
undisputed
wyoming
applied
factor
manner
free
taint
arbitrariness
discrimination
roman
sincock
state
policy
preserving
county
boundaries
based
state
constitution
followed
decades
applied
consistently
throughout
state
district
found
policy
particular
force
given
peculiar
size
population
state
nature
governmental
structure
see
supra
addition
population
equality
sole
criterion
used
state
apportionment
formula
ensures
population
deviations
greater
necessary
preserve
counties
representative
districts
see
mahan
howell
supra
evidence
clear
plan
produces
minimum
deviation
norm
keeping
intact
political
boundaries
finally
evidence
bias
tending
favor
particular
political
interests
geographic
areas
abate
mundt
supra
judge
doyle
stated
slightest
sign
group
people
discriminated
indication
larger
cities
towns
discriminated
contrary
cheyenne
laramie
casper
sheridan
shown
suffered
slightest
degree
preference
agricultural
areas
specially
concurring
required
decide
whether
wyoming
nondiscriminatory
adherence
county
boundaries
justifies
population
deviations
exist
throughout
wyoming
representative
districts
appellants
deliberately
limited
challenge
alleged
dilution
voting
power
resulting
one
representative
given
niobrara
county
issue
therefore
whether
average
deviation
maximum
deviation
considering
state
apportionment
plan
whole
constitutionally
permissible
rather
issue
whether
wyoming
policy
preserving
county
boundaries
justifies
additional
deviations
population
equality
resulting
provision
representation
niobrara
county
scarcely
denied
terms
actual
effect
appellants
voting
power
matters
little
whether
house
used
district
noted
example
seven
counties
appellants
reside
elect
representatives
either
plan
difference
therefore
whether
elect
legislature
members
legislature
members
district
aptly
described
difference
de
minimis
ibid
suggest
state
free
create
allocate
additional
representative
seat
way
chooses
simply
additional
seat
little
effect
remainder
state
voters
allocation
representative
particular
political
subdivision
still
may
violate
equal
protection
clause
greatly
exceeds
population
variations
existing
rest
state
state
provides
legitimate
justifications
creation
seat
however
considerable
population
variations
remain
even
niobrara
county
representative
eliminated
plan
average
deviation
per
representative
maximum
deviation
see
app
exhibits
statistics
make
clear
grant
representative
niobrara
county
significant
cause
population
deviations
exist
wyoming
moreover
believe
differences
two
plans
justified
basis
wyoming
longstanding
legitimate
policy
preserving
county
boundaries
see
supra
particularly
taint
arbitrariness
discrimination
roman
sincock
substantial
deference
accorded
political
decisions
people
state
acting
elected
representatives
noteworthy
enacting
plan
state
ensured
policy
preserving
county
boundaries
applies
nondiscriminatorily
effect
plan
deprive
voters
niobrara
county
representative
even
though
remainder
house
representatives
constituted
facilitate
representation
interests
county
see
doyle
specially
concurring
circumstances
persuaded
wyoming
violated
fourteenth
amendment
permitting
niobrara
county
representative
judgment
district
affirmed
footnotes
county
shall
constitute
senatorial
representative
district
senate
house
representatives
shall
composed
members
elected
legal
voters
counties
respectively
every
two
years
shall
apportioned
among
said
counties
nearly
may
according
number
inhabitants
county
shall
least
one
senator
one
representative
time
shall
number
members
house
representatives
less
twice
greater
three
times
number
members
senate
example
disparity
population
laramie
county
populous
county
state
two
senators
people
whereas
teton
county
least
populous
county
state
one
senator
people
see
schaefer
thomson
wyoming
stat
supp
provides
relevant
part
ratios
apportionment
senators
representatives
fixed
follows
ii
ratio
apportionment
representatives
smallest
number
people
per
representative
divided
population
representative
district
shown
official
results
federal
decennial
census
fractions
rounded
nearest
whole
number
results
house
representatives
iii
number
representatives
county
rounded
zero
formula
paragraph
ii
section
county
shall
given
one
representative
addition
representatives
provided
paragraph
ii
section
iv
provisions
paragraph
iii
section
found
unconstitutional
unconstitutional
result
niobrara
county
shall
joined
goshen
county
single
representative
district
house
representatives
shall
apportioned
provided
paragraph
ii
section
legislature
made
following
findings
hereby
declared
policy
state
preserve
integrity
county
boundaries
election
districts
house
representatives
legislature
considered
present
population
needs
characteristics
county
legislature
finds
needs
county
unique
interests
county
must
guaranteed
voice
legislature
legislature
therefore
utilize
provisions
article
section
wyoming
constitution
determining
standard
reapportionment
wyoming
house
representatives
guarantees
county
least
one
representative
legislature
finds
opportunity
oppression
people
state
greater
county
deprived
representative
legislature
guaranteed
least
one
representative
legislature
finds
dilution
power
counties
join
together
making
declarations
trivial
weighed
need
maintain
integrity
county
boundaries
legislature
also
finds
practical
necessary
increase
size
legislature
beyond
provisions
act
order
meet
obligations
apportion
accordance
constitutional
requirements
consistent
declaration
wyo
sess
laws
ch
district
stated
wyoming
state
unique
among
sister
small
population
encompassed
large
area
counties
always
major
form
government
state
county
special
economic
social
needs
needs
people
different
distinctive
given
fact
representatives
combined
counties
niobrara
goshen
probably
come
larger
county
goshen
interests
people
niobrara
county
virtually
unprotected
people
within
county
many
interests
common
public
facilities
government
administration
work
personal
problems
facts
action
deny
people
representative
borders
abridging
right
represented
determination
futures
wyoming
counties
primary
administrative
agencies
state
government
historically
policy
state
counties
remain
position
taxing
powers
counties
limited
constitution
state
statutes
supplemental
monies
distributed
counties
accordance
appropriations
designated
state
legislature
comes
surprise
financial
requirements
county
different
without
representation
state
house
representatives
people
niobrara
county
well
forgotten
contrast
many
prior
decisions
invalidating
state
apportionment
plans
based
lack
proof
deviations
population
equality
result
application
legitimate
districting
criteria
see
chapman
meier
far
apparent
north
dakota
policy
currently
requires
favors
strict
adherence
political
lines
furthermore
plan
devised
special
master
demonstrates
policy
maintaining
township
lines
preven
attaining
significantly
lower
population
variance
kilgarlin
hill
per
curiam
district
demonstrate
respect
integrity
county
lines
required
particular
deviations
articulate
satisfactory
grounds
rejecting
least
two
plans
presented
respected
county
lines
produced
substantially
smaller
deviations
swann
adams
evidence
presented
justify
population
disparities
reynolds
explained
carried
far
scheme
giving
least
one
seat
one
house
political
subdivision
example
county
easily
result
many
total
subversion
principle
legislative
body
especially
true
state
number
counties
large
many
sparsely
populated
number
seats
legislative
body
apportioned
significantly
exceed
number
counties
discussion
reynolds
illustrated
senatorial
districts
wyoming
invalidated
county
state
one
senator
two
largest
counties
two
county
population
varied
substantially
extremely
large
disparities
population
per
senator
resulted
six
populous
counties
approximately
state
population
eight
senators
whereas
six
least
populous
counties
approximately
population
six
senators
see
schaefer
thomson
wyoming
house
representatives
presents
different
case
number
representatives
substantially
larger
number
counties
counsel
appellants
represent
state
league
women
voters
explained
oral
argument
referendum
passed
league
women
voters
authorized
attack
one
portion
reapportionment
plan
felt
membership
leadership
group
broader
authority
ever
given
political
ramifications
arguments
presented
membership
attacking
considering
broader
authority
tr
oral
arg
dissent
suggests
required
pass
upon
constitutionality
apportionment
entire
wyoming
house
representatives
see
post
brennan
dissenting
although
prior
cases
challenging
apportionment
one
legislative
house
addressed
constitutionality
house
apportionment
well
never
held
required
example
gaffney
cummings
considered
apportionment
connecticut
general
assembly
noting
expressly
senate
plan
challenged
district
ppellees
challenge
senate
districts
ground
population
deviations
case
see
reason
appellants
bound
choices
made
filing
lawsuit
similarly
appellees
note
plan
state
voters
theoretically
elect
representatives
plan
population
elect
representatives
see
app
exhibits
justice
justice
stevens
joins
concurring
decisions
today
case
karcher
daggett
ante
upholds
former
allocation
one
representative
county
state
legislative
plan
maximum
deviation
population
equality
strikes
latter
congressional
reapportionment
plan
state
new
jersey
maximum
deviation
member
majority
cases
feel
compelled
explain
reasons
joinder
apparently
divergent
decisions
view
principle
guiding
ideal
evaluating
congressional
legislative
redistricting
schemes
situations
however
ensuring
equal
representation
simply
matter
numbers
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flexibility
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size
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state
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examining
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jersey
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districts
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state
ante
contrast
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product
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policy
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case
required
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whether
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representative
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case
maximum
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state
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viewed
whole
additional
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allocation
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representative
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ibid
regard
emphasize
point
acknowledged
majority
see
ante
although
maximum
deviation
figure
controlling
element
apportionment
challenge
even
consistent
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justify
substantial
population
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state
effect
eviscerate
principle
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observes
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outer
limit
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even
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past
recognized
state
legislative
apportionment
scheme
maximum
population
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creates
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see
connor
finch
moreover
mahan
howell
suggested
maximum
deviation
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well
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limits
gravest
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statewide
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plan
maximum
deviation
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scrutiny
despite
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state
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onsideration
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character
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state
legislative
apportionment
plan
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protection
clause
ante
similarly
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observes
showing
required
justify
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size
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interests
consistency
plan
whole
reflects
interests
availability
alternatives
might
substantially
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interests
yet
approximate
population
equality
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necessity
whether
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attention
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ante
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enjoy
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state
legislative
apportionment
scheme
tested
equal
protection
clause
standards
congressional
redistricting
scheme
held
art
constitution
provides
governing
standard
white
regester
justice
brennan
justice
white
justice
marshall
justice
blackmun
join
dissenting
today
upholds
reapportionment
scheme
state
legislature
featuring
maximum
deviation
average
deviation
population
equality
agree
although
disagree
today
holding
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scheme
ante
nn
see
ante
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hence
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view
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result
case
hand
unlikely
future
plaintiffs
challenging
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scheme
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unwise
limit
challenge
scheme
single
objectionable
feature
whether
good
thing
speed
cost
constitutional
litigation
remains
seen
least
plaintiffs
henceforth
know
better
exercise
moderation
restraint
mounting
constitutional
attacks
state
apportionment
statutes
lest
forfeit
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claim
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assert
big
one
ii
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
requires
state
apportioning
legislature
make
honest
good
faith
effort
construct
districts
nearly
equal
population
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reynolds
sims
certain
conditions
constitution
permits
small
deviations
absolute
equality
state
legislative
districts
carefully
circumscribed
range
permissible
deviations
degree
kind
required
faithful
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plan
representation
minor
deviations
may
occur
recognizing
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factors
free
taint
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roman
sincock
overriding
objective
must
substantial
equality
population
among
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districts
vote
citizen
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weight
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state
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supra
cases
since
reynolds
clarified
structure
constitutional
inquiry
state
legislative
apportionments
setting
amounts
test
first
plaintiff
must
show
deviations
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sufficiently
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make
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facie
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discrimination
come
establish
rough
threshold
maximum
deviation
equality
adding
together
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average
district
size
underrepresented
overrepresented
districts
level
deviations
ordinarily
considered
de
minimis
ante
connor
finch
white
regester
second
must
consider
quality
reasons
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state
explain
deviations
acceptable
reasons
must
legitimate
considerations
incident
effectuation
rational
state
policy
reynolds
supra
must
free
taint
arbitrariness
discrimination
roman
supra
see
mahan
howell
third
state
must
show
state
policy
urged
justify
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indeed
furthered
plan
necessarily
requires
showing
deviations
equality
significantly
greater
necessary
serve
state
asserted
policy
another
plan
serve
policy
substantially
well
providing
smaller
deviations
equality
hardly
said
larger
deviations
advance
policy
see
kilgarlin
hill
mahan
supra
connor
supra
fourth
even
state
succeeds
showing
deviations
plan
justified
furtherance
rational
state
policy
must
nevertheless
consider
whether
small
enough
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tolerable
state
policy
urged
justification
disparity
district
population
however
rational
constitutionally
permitted
emasculate
goal
substantial
population
equality
mahan
supra
takes
little
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show
wyoming
house
representatives
apportionment
manifestly
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test
established
cases
whether
one
considers
instance
niobrara
county
alone
combination
large
deviations
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rest
scheme
conceded
around
course
appellants
shown
prima
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discrimination
wyoming
maximum
deviation
greatly
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indeed
great
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plan
even
average
deviation
ideal
district
size
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threshold
set
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hand
one
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state
met
second
third
steps
wyoming
longstanding
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using
counties
basic
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representation
rational
one
found
district
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well
deviations
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least
without
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house
representatives
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wyoming
goals
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county
lines
assuring
county
least
one
representative
plausibly
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plan
passes
fourth
test
deviations
even
justified
state
policy
within
constitutionally
tolerable
range
size
warned
although
maintenance
county
political
boundaries
justify
small
deviations
allowed
negate
fundamental
principle
one
person
one
vote
connor
supra
likewise
recognized
may
always
feasible
within
constitutional
constraints
guarantee
county
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representative
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far
scheme
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least
one
seat
one
house
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example
county
easily
result
many
total
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principle
legislative
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reynolds
omitted
see
mahan
supra
brennan
concurring
part
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part
unambiguously
rejected
reliance
factor
state
urges
reason
plan
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population
far
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equality
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legitimate
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population
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state
small
population
individual
vote
may
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result
election
highly
populated
state
thus
particular
emphasis
placed
establishing
districts
exact
population
equality
possible
chapman
meier
emphasis
added
implicitly
acknowledges
ante
niobrara
county
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compared
ideal
district
size
considered
kind
minor
variatio
reynolds
sims
indicated
might
justified
local
policies
counseling
maintenance
established
political
subdivisions
apportionment
plans
kilgarlin
kilgarlin
expressed
strong
doubt
maximum
deviation
ever
permitted
ibid
mahan
warned
maximum
deviation
even
though
fully
justified
state
policy
may
well
approach
tolerable
limits
see
also
abate
mundt
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niobrara
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strength
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strength
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counties
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provide
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weight
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part
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hardly
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right
vote
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disfavored
areas
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diluted
reynolds
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creation
district
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deviation
principle
population
equality
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disregard
niobrara
county
alone
state
allocated
seat
basis
wholly
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population
wmca
lomenzo
hardly
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adherence
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representation
roman
rest
state
considered
well
picture
becomes
even
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scheme
treatment
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county
single
isolated
abuse
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wyoming
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per
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crook
counties
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statewide
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washakie
teton
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figure
average
deviation
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size
figures
spun
unnecessary
surprising
makes
effort
uphold
plan
whole
contrary
least
two
members
majority
express
gravest
doubts
statewide
legislative
plan
maximum
deviation
survive
constitutional
scrutiny
despite
presence
state
strong
interest
preserving
county
boundaries
ante
joined
stevens
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premise
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examination
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matters
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ante
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votes
relatively
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number
voters
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result
may
attend
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apportionments
unfortunate
victims
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equally
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enact
scheme
small
group
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plan
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figures
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harm
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fact
large
numbers
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principle
equal
representation
well
votes
individual
plaintiffs
state
may
dilute
reynolds
supra
equal
protection
clause
permit
small
class
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fair
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power
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small
class
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granted
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legislative
elections
grant
vote
voters
named
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licensed
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reasoning
de
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location
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may
judge
constitutionality
niobrara
county
representation
first
severing
feature
rest
scheme
weighing
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effect
increasing
degree
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whole
appellants
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power
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one
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given
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issue
therefore
whether
average
deviation
maximum
deviation
considering
state
apportionment
plan
whole
constitutionally
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rather
issue
whether
wyoming
policy
preserving
county
boundaries
justifies
additional
deviations
population
equality
resulting
provision
representation
niobrara
county
ante
footnotes
omitted
confronted
analogous
situation
maryland
committee
fair
representation
tawes
state
argued
tawes
since
plaintiffs
allegedly
conceded
one
house
maryland
legislature
constitutionally
apportioned
courts
passed
apportionment
house
required
limit
consideration
apportionment
challenged
house
flatly
rejected
argument
regardless
possible
concessions
made
parties
scope
consideration
courts
reviewing
state
legislative
apportionment
case
must
necessity
consider
challenged
scheme
whole
determining
whether
particular
state
apportionment
plan
entirety
meets
federal
constitutional
requisites
simply
impossible
decide
upon
validity
apportionment
one
house
bicameral
legislature
abstract
without
also
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actual
scheme
representation
employed
respect
house
rather
proper
indeed
indispensable
subject
judicial
focus
legislative
apportionment
controversy
overall
representation
accorded
state
voters
houses
bicameral
state
legislature
therefore
reject
state
contention
precluded
considering
validity
apportionment
maryland
house
delegates
although
invariably
adhered
rule
regard
two
houses
legislature
concerns
led
us
tawes
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houses
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scope
plaintiffs
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forbid
us
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apportionment
house
representatives
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single
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good
deal
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might
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greater
number
substantial
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unacceptable
much
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lucas
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greater
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common
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us
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whole
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playing
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body
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fully
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consider
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see
infra
page
agree
may
consider
niobrara
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existence
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league
women
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ante
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error
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vote
worth
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voters
compounded
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large
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voting
power
existing
rest
apportionment
plan
supra
yet
astonishingly
manages
turn
damning
fact
state
favor
allocation
representative
particular
political
subdivision
still
may
violate
equal
protection
clause
greatly
exceeds
population
variations
existing
rest
state
state
provides
legitimate
justifications
creation
seat
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population
variations
remain
even
niobrara
county
representative
eliminated
statistics
make
clear
grant
representative
niobrara
county
significant
cause
population
deviations
exist
wyoming
ante
justice
joined
justice
stevens
gravest
doubts
statewide
legislative
plan
maximum
deviation
survive
constitutional
scrutiny
ante
concurring
opinion
today
holds
plan
survive
constitutional
scrutiny
dissent
notes
course
substantially
demanding
respect
apportionment
federal
congressional
districts
mahan
howell
see
generally
karcher
daggett
ante
white
weiser
kirkpatrick
preisler
ideal
district
size
statewide
population
divided
number
seats
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county
population
thus
average
representative
represents
times
many
constituents
niobrara
county
representative
similarly
populations
washakie
teton
counties
respectively
times
large
population
niobrara
county
yet
three
counties
given
one
representative
app
exhibits
see
generally
reynolds
sims
baker
carr
frankfurter
dissenting
cf
swann
adams
maryland
committee
fair
representation
tawes
discussed
need
considering
apportionment
seats
houses
bicameral
state
legislature
evaluating
constitutionality
state
legislative
apportionment
scheme
regardless
matters
raised
parties
decided
consistent
approach
determining
whether
good
faith
effort
establish
districts
substantially
equal
population
made
must
necessarily
consider
state
legislative
apportionment
scheme
whole
evaluation
apportionment
plan
totality
determine
whether
sufficient
compliance
requisites
equal
protection
clause
emphasis
added
see
also
burns
richardson
case
also
presents
issue
relief
accorded
absolute
minimum
district
granted
relief
requested
appellants
combination
niobrara
goshen
counties
one
district
provided
wyoming
legislature
case
first
plan
found
unconstitutional
see
ante
yielded
combined
district
virtually
perfect
size
reduced
plan
maximum
deviation
improvement
alone
larger
maximum
deviation
ever
approved
without
justification
see
supra
view
however
district
required
wyoming
devise
apportionment
plan
constitutional
entirety
whitcomb
chavis
plaintiffs
complaint
attacked
indiana
apportionment
statute
one
county
reversed
district
judgment
county
unconstitutionally
apportioned
nevertheless
expressly
approved
district
decision
expand
relief
granted
include
reapportionment
entire
state
determining
marion
county
required
reapportionment
concluded
becomes
clear
beyond
question
evidence
adduced
case
additional
apportionment
requirements
set
forth
call
redistricting
entire
state
houses
general
assembly
plurality
opinion
quoting
supp
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see
douglas
concurring
result
part
see
also
supra
fed
rule
civ
proc