corley argued january decided april mcnabb mallory generally rende inadmissible confessions made periods detention violat prompt presentment requirement federal rule criminal procedure rule turn provides person making arrest must take defendant without unnecessary delay magistrate judge congress enacted response miranda arizona applications rule attempt eliminate miranda provides confession shall admissible evidence voluntarily given lists several considerations courts address assessing voluntariness subsection focuses provides confession made defendant arrest shall inadmissible solely delay bringing person magistrate judge confession found trial judge made voluntarily within six hours arrest extends time limit delay reasonable considering means transportation distance nearest available magistrate petitioner corley arrested assaulting federal officer around fbi agents took philadelphia hospital treat minor injury taken hospital local fbi office told suspect bank robbery though office building nearest magistrate judges agents bring magistrate judge questioned hoping confession hours arrest corley began oral confession robbed bank asked break held overnight interrogation resumed next morning ending signed written confession finally presented magistrate judge hours arrest charged armed bank robbery related charges district denied motion suppress confessions rule reasoned oral confession occurred within window time corley medical treatment excluded delay also found written confession admissible explaining unreasonable delay rule corley requested break convicted conspiracy bank robbery third circuit affirmed relying circuit precedent effect abrogated replaced pure voluntariness test concluded district found confession voluntary considering points listed admissible even presentment delay unreasonable held section modified supplant pp government claims makes confession admissible voluntarily given entirely eliminates bar admitting even voluntary confession given unreasonable presentment delay corley argues meant overrule miranda notes touches making rule inapplicable confessions given within six hours arrest better argument pp government reading renders nonsensical superfluous subsection really meant voluntary confession admissible subsection add nothing confession made voluntarily admissible period never inadmissible solely delay even delay beyond six hours government reading thus odds basic interpretive canon statute construed give effect provisions part inoperative superfluous void insignificant hibbs winn government claims providing confession shall admissible congress meant confession shall involuntary thus read specify rule applying cases delay tell courts delay alone make confession involuntary unless delay exceeds six hours write statute way russello terms inadmissible involuntary synonymous congress used presume ascribe difference simple mistake draftsmanship ibid also every reason believe congress used distinct terms deliberately specifying two criteria must satisfied prevent confession inadmissible solely delay confession must made voluntarily within six hours arrest moreover rule inadmissible involuntary mean different things corley position contrast gives effect reading overruling miranda qualifying government counterargument corley reading also create conflict since makes voluntary confessions admissible leave voluntary confessions inadmissible falls short first broad directive aims specific statute given precedence general one busic second reading create conflict make superfluous also create conflicts many rules evidence subsection possibly given literal scope pp legislative history strongly favors corley reading government points nothing history supporting contrary view pp government position leave rule presentment requirement without teeth apparent remedy presentment delay prompt presentment requirement administrative nicety dates back common law rule presentment point judge must take several key steps foreclose government overreaching informing defendant charges giving defendant chance consult counsel without federal agents free question suspects extended periods bringing open even though custodial police interrogation nature isolates pressures individual dickerson inducing people confess crimes never committed pp merit government fallback claim even preserved limited version congress cut enacting federal rule evidence provides relevant evidence admissible except otherwise provided constitution act congress rules rules prescribed advisory committee notes expressly identified statutorily authorized rule survive rule government previously conceded rule preserved pp vacated remanded souter delivered opinion stevens kennedy ginsburg breyer joined alito filed dissenting opinion roberts scalia thomas joined johnnie corley petitioner writ certiorari appeals third circuit april justice souter delivered opinion question whether congress intended discard merely narrow rule mcnabb mallory arrested person confession inadmissible given unreasonable delay bringing judge hold congress meant limit eliminate common law obliged arresting officer bring prisoner magistrate soon reasonably see county riverside mclaughlin scalia dissenting presentment requirement tended prevent secret detention served inform suspect charges law nearly every american state national government see mcnabb supra mcnabb raised question enforce number federal statutes codifying presentment rule citing among others ed provided shall duty marshal may arrest person take defendant nearest judicial officer federal agents flouted requirement interrogating several murder suspects days bringing magistrate given confessions convicted defendants motions exclude confessions evidence saw need reach constitutional issue instead invoked supervisory power establish maintain civilized standards procedure evidence federal courts exercised sake making good traditional obligation embodied federal presentment legislation saw statutes traditional rule aimed checking likelihood resort third degree meant generally avoid evil implications secret interrogation persons accused crime acknowledged congress ha explicitly forbidden use evidence procured derogation presentment obligation realized permit ting evidence made basis conviction federal courts stultify policy congress ha enacted law exercise supervisory authority held confessions inadmissible obtained unreasonable presentment delay shortly mcnabb combined action judicial conference congress produced federal rule criminal procedure pulled several statutory presentment provisions together one place see mallory supra describing rule compendious restatement without substantive change several prior specific federal statutory provisions first enacted rule told officer making arrest warrant issued upon complaint person making arrest without warrant take arrested person without unnecessary delay nearest available commissioner nearby officer empowered commit persons charged offenses laws fed rule crim proc rule remains much today person making arrest within must take defendant without unnecessary delay magistrate judge fed rule crim proc case applying mcnabb rule together soon arose upshaw despite government confession error circuit thought mcnabb exclusionary rule applied involuntary confessions obtained coercion period delay held defendant voluntary confession admissible evidence error reiterated reasoning years earlier mcnabb case held plain purpose requirement prisoners promptly taken committing magistrates check resort officers interrogation persons accused crime quoting mcnabb supra upshaw consequently emphasized even voluntary confessions inadmissible given unreasonable delay presentment applied rule mallory holding confession given seven hours arrest inadmissible unnecessary delay presenting suspect magistrate police questioned suspect hours within vicinity numerous committing magistrates repeated reasons rule explained since delay purpose interrogation epitome unnecessary delay see also mclaughlin scalia dissenting clear common law element bearing upon reasonableness delay circumstances pressing need conduct investigation arresting officer ability prisoner secured reach magistrate upshaw supra thus rule known simply generally render inadmissible confessions made periods detention violat prompt presentment requirement rule law remained congress enacted response miranda arizona application federal courts subsections meant eliminate see dickerson infra subsection provides criminal prosecution brought confession shall admissible evidence voluntarily given subsection lists several considerations courts address assessing subsection focused see infra provides federal prosecution confession made defendant therein person arrest shall inadmissible solely delay bringing person magistrate judge confession found trial judge made voluntarily confession made within six hours arrest time limit extended delay reasonable considering means transportation distance traveled nearest available magistrate issue case whether congress intended sweep exclusionary rule aside entirely merely meant provide immunization voluntary confessions given within six hours suspect arrest petitioner johnnie corley suspected robbing bank norristown pennsylvania federal agents learned corley subject arrest unrelated local matter federal state officers went together execute state warrant september found pulling driveway car corley nearly ran one officer jumped car pushed officer ran agents gave chase caught arrested assaulting federal officer arrest occurred fbi agents first kept corley local police station questioned residents near place captured around took philadelphia hospital treat minor cut hand got chase agents took hospital philadelphia fbi office told suspect norristown bank robbery though office building chambers nearest magistrate judges agents bring corley magistrate questioned instead hopes getting confession app agents repeated arguments sold corley benefits cooperating government signed form waiving miranda rights hours arrest corley began oral confession robbed bank spoke vein agents asked put writing corley said tired wanted break agents decided hold overnight take written statement next morning september began interrogation ended corley signed written confession finally presented magistrate day hours arrest corley charged armed bank robbery conspiracy commit armed bank robbery using firearm furtherance crime violence moved suppress oral written confessions rule district denied motion explanation time corley receiving medical treatment excluded delay oral confession thus given within window crim ed may app district also held corley written confession admissible reasoning break interrogation requested arrestee already begun confession constitute unreasonable delay rule corley convicted conspiracy armed robbery acquitted using firearm crime violence divided panel appeals third circuit affirmed conviction though rationale rejecting corley rule argument different district panel majority considered bound circuit precedent effect entirely abrogated rule replaced pure voluntariness test see citing government virgin islands gereau majority saw district found confession voluntary considering points listed admissible regardless whether delay presentment unnecessary unreasonable judge sloviter read gereau differently dissented opinion displace rule abrogate presentment delays beyond six hours granted certiorari resolve division circuit courts reach compare glover entirely supplanted christopher mansoori limited rule periods six hours arrest perez vacate remand ii government argument focuses provides confession shall admissible evidence federal voluntarily given government subsection means district looks considerations finds confession voluntary comes entirely eliminates bar admitting even voluntary confession given unreasonable delay presentment corley argues meant overrule miranda nothing effect touches subsection providing confession shall inadmissible solely delay presentment made voluntarily within six hours arrest subsection leaves inapplicable confessions given within six hours confession comes even later exclusionary rule applies courts see whether delay unnecessary unreasonable corley better argument fundamental problem government reading renders nonsensical superfluous subsection provides confession shall inadmissible solely delay presentment confession made voluntarily within six hours arrest really meant voluntary confession admissible government contends add nothing confession made voluntarily admissible period never inadmissible solely delay matter whether delay went beyond six hours way government concedes tr oral arg congress never needed overnment view always superfluous government reading thus odds one basic interpretive canons statute construed effect given provisions part inoperative superfluous void insignificant hibbs winn quoting singer statutes statutory construction rev ed government attempts mitigate problem rewriting clarifying strictly necessary provision although congress wrote confession shall inadmissible solely delay confession made voluntarily within six hours arrest government tells us congress actually meant confession shall involuntary solely delay confession otherwise voluntary made within six hours arrest thus rewritten coexist peacefully albeit inelegantly simply specifying rule applying cases delay tell courts delay alone make confession involuntary unless delay exceeds six hours proposal short answer congress write statute way russello quoting naftalin government may say sensibly read inadmissible involuntary words virtually synonymous statutory context brief simply begin congress used terms presume ascribe difference simple mistake draftsmanship russello supra fact every reason believe congress used distinct terms deliberately subsection specifies two criteria must satisfied prevent confession inadmissible solely delay confession must made voluntarily within six hours arrest voluntariness thus one several criteria admissibility involuntary inadmissible plainly synonymous government argument ignores fact rule presume congress aware cannon university chicago inadmissible involuntary mean different things explained government concedes makes even voluntary confessions inadmissible given unreasonable delay presentment upshaw tr oral arg well understood excluded totally voluntary confessions accept government attempt confuse critically distinct terms involuntary inadmissible rewriting rule nothing applying corley position contrast gives effect reading overruling miranda qualifying government answers however accepting corley argument result different problem create conflict since provides voluntary confessions admissible corley reading leaves voluntary confessions inadmissible government counterargument falls short two reasons first even read odds conflict resolved recognizing broad directive aims specific statute given precedence general one busic second fundamentally prudently read create conflict make superfluous explained simply reading way create conflicts many rules subsection possibly given literal scope subsection provides criminal prosecution brought confession shall admissible evidence voluntarily given defines confession confession guilt criminal offense statement made given orally writing thus government seriously urged literal reading mean criminal prosecution brought statement respect criminal offense shall admissible evidence voluntarily given thus many rule evidence overridden case case defendant statement lawyer admissible despite insistence privilege hearsay statement defendant allegedly made come defendant confession entirely unrelated crime committed years earlier admissible without absurdities literalism show congress writing literalistic frame turns reductio ad absurdum antisuperfluousness canon confirm subsection leaves alone legislative history says fact government concedes subsections aimed miranda subsection meant modify presentment exclusionary rule tr oral arg concede section considered overrule miranda subsection addressed concession unavoidable senate originated split provision two parts division contained subsections division contained subsection cong rec debate senate floor immediately voting proposals several senators including section prime sponsor senator mcclellan explained division miranda decision division related mallory cong rec distinct intent confirmed separate senate votes adopting two measures division division abrogate government claims voting division entirely superfluous division vote already done job aside sponsor statement full senate carries considerable weight senator mcclellan explanation division specifically addressed miranda confirms never meant reach far enough abrogate background evidentiary rules including legislative history drives point home conclusively shows intent subsection limit replace original draft subsection indeed done away completely bill first written provided criminal prosecution confession made given person defendant therein shall inadmissible solely delay bringing person magistrate confession made voluntarily reported senate committee judiciary cong rec provision conceived resisted however number senators worried allowing indefinite presentment delays see tydings provision permit federal criminal suspects questioned indefinitely presented committing magistrate fong provision open doors practices holding suspects incommunicado indefinite period senator tydings proposed striking bill altogether amendment senator scott introduced compromise qualifying words confession made given person within six hours following arrest detention amendment amendment intended confine excluding confessions given six hours delay see cong rec remarks scott amendment provides period confessions may received shall case exceed hours explicitly modeled provision congress passed months earlier govern presentment practice district columbia title iii act relating crime criminal procedure district columbia crime act stat see cong rec remarks scott amendment attempt conform nearly practicable title iii crime act terms act ny statement admission confession made arrested person within three hours immediately following arrest shall excluded evidence courts district columbia solely delay presentment stat given clear intent title iii modify eliminate district columbia see using model plainly shows congress meant much sum legislative history strongly favors corley reading government points nothing history supporting view created rule applying cases presentment issue also counts heavily position leave rule presentment requirement without teeth government forced admit apparent remedy delay presentment tr oral arg one might care prompt presentment requirement administrative nicety fact rule always mattered practical ways still said stretches back common law one important protections unlawful arrest mclaughlin scalia dissenting today presentment point judge required take several key steps foreclose government overreaching informing defendant charges right remain silent right counsel availability bail right preliminary hearing giving defendant chance consult counsel deciding detention release fed rule crim proc see also rule world without federal agents free question suspects extended periods bringing open always known custodial secrecy leads see mcnabb one smattering history dictatorships needs lecture subject understand need even within system take care going far ustodial police interrogation nature isolates pressures individual dickerson mounting empirical evidence pressures induce frighteningly high percentage people confess crimes never committed see drizin leo problem false confessions world rev justice frankfurter point mcnabb fresh ever history liberty largely history observance procedural safeguards one neither text history makes case congress meant away iii government fallback claim even preserved limited version congress cut rule altogether enacting federal rule evidence act pub stat far might matter rule provides relevant evidence admissible except otherwise provided constitution act congress rules rules prescribed pursuant statutory authority government says excludes relevant evidence way otherwise provided four authorities fallen scythe government never raised argument third circuit district justify refusing consider event merit advisory committee notes rule congress enacted rules evidence relied past interpret rules tome plurality opinion expressly identified statutorily authorized rule survive rule rules civil criminal procedure instances require exclusion relevant evidence example effective enforcement rule held require exclusion statements elicited detention violation thereof pp citing mallory see also mallory supra th case calls proper application rule federal rules criminal procedure indeed government previously conceded rule preserved brief payner saying rule left courts questions concerning propriety excluding relevant evidence method implementing constitution federal statute statutorily authorized rule citing example government right first time bizarre hold congress adopted rule purpose exactly opposite advisory committee notes said rule iv hold modified without supplanting rule revised district suppression claim must find whether defendant confessed within six hours arrest unless longer delay reasonable considering means transportation distance traveled nearest available magistrate confession came within period admissible subject rules evidence long made voluntarily weight given left jury ibid confession occurred presentment beyond six hours however must decide whether delaying long unreasonable unnecessary cases confession suppressed case third circuit apply rule consequence never conclusively determined whether corley oral confession treated made within six hours arrest district held circuit consider justifiability delay beyond six hours oral confession treated given outside window make enquiry respect corley written confession therefore vacate judgment appeals remand case consideration issues first instance consistent opinion ordered johnnie corley petitioner writ certiorari appeals third circuit april justice alito chief justice justice scalia justice thomas join dissenting section title code directly unequivocally answers question presented case petitioner arrested federal agents twice waived rights voluntarily confessed first orally later writing participated armed bank robbery taken magistrate judge initial appearance question must decide whether voluntary confession may suppressed ground unnecessary delay bringing petitioner magistrate judge unless unambiguous language ignored petitioner confession may suppressed section criminal prosecution brought confession shall admissible evidence voluntarily given applying settled principles statutory construction must first determine whether statutory text plain unambiguous must apply statute according terms carcieri salazar slip nothing ambiguous language claim otherwise although normally presume congress means statute says connecticut nat bank germain today concludes mean says voluntary confession may suppressed supervisory rule requires suppression confession unnecessary delay bringing federal criminal defendant judicial officer arrest announced long adopted according rule survived enactment congress adopted provision sole purpose abrogating miranda apparently never realized provision broad language also away rule disagree analysis therefore respectfully dissent ii first substantial argument invokes antisuperfluousness canon ante statute read possible provisions given effect none superfluous ante section provides voluntary confession shall inadmissible solely delay bringing defendant judicial officer defendant brought judicial officer within six hours arrest means voluntary confession may never excluded due delay bringing defendant judicial officer reasons provides safe harbor subset voluntary confessions made cases initial appearance occurs within six hours arrest superfluous canons interpretation quite often useful close cases statutory language ambiguous observed canon license judiciary rewrite language enacted legislature monsanto quoting albertini like canons antisuperfluousness canon merely interpretive aid absolute rule see connecticut nat bank words statute unambiguous first canon also last inquiry times congress enacts provisions superfluous may instance cf noting edundancies across statutes unusual events drafting gutierrez de martinez lamagno souter dissenting noting although congress indulged little redundancy inelegance may forgiven congress sensibly seen practical value redundancy moreover superfluity created giving subsection plain meaning may minimized interpreting subsection apply confessions otherwise voluntary government contends though inartfully drafted superfluous provision means confession admissible given within six hours arrest otherwise voluntary basis prepresentment delay concluding confession coerced read way superfluous rejects argument ground write statute way ante thus order adhere narrow reading entirely disregards unambiguous language although says confession admissible voluntarily given reads provision mean voluntary confession may excluded ground confession obtained violation miranda reading short answer congress really write statute way true statutory interpretation questions come question case like jigsaw puzzle simply perfect solution problem us instead must choose two imperfect solutions first one adopted entirely disregards clear simple language rests proposition congress understand plain import language used subsection adheres strictly literal interpretation second option respects clear language subsection either accepts statutory surplusage interprets reference voluntary confession mean otherwise voluntary confession mind latter choice far preferable addition antisuperfluousness canon relies canon favors specific statutory provision conflicting provision cast general terms ante canon inapplicable one thing quite specific specifically provides confession voluntary admissible important provision specific general conflicts see national cable telecommunications gulf power true specific statutory language control general language conflict two however conflict emphasis added subsection conflicting authorize suppression voluntary confession identifies conflict two statutory provisions conflict express language one provision negative implication draws another precludes suppression voluntary confession based solely delay less six hours infers congress must contemplated voluntary confession suppressed based solely delay six hours cites authority canon interpretation favors negative implication sort clear express statutory language contends literal interpretation leave prompt presentment requirement set federal rule criminal procedure without teeth apparent remedy delay presentment ante nothing strange however prompt presentment requirement enforced rule excluding voluntary confessions made period excessive prepresentment delay notes common law obliged arresting officer bring prisoner magistrate soon reasonably ante supervisory rule adopted middle century day required fourth amendment bring arrestee promptly judicial officer see county riverside mclaughlin never held constitutional requirement backed automatic exclusionary sanction see hudson michigan although prompt presentment requirement serves interests addition prevention coerced confessions rule provides sanction excessive prepresentment delay instances confession sought obtained moreover need exclusionary rule longer clear rule adopted long miranda originally served purpose addressed giving miranda warnings upon arrest miranda recognized mcnabb mallory responsive considerations fifth amendment policy miranda rule devised address miranda arizona era requirement prompt presentment ensured persons taken custody within relatively short period receive advice rights see mcnabb however miranda ensures arrestees receive advice even earlier point within moments taken custody course arrestees receiving miranda warnings may waive rights submit questioning law enforcement officers see davis arrestees may likewise waive prompt presentment requirement see new york hill context broad array constitutional statutory provisions articulated general rule presumes availability waiver recognized basic rights criminal defendants subject seems unlikely many arrestees willing waive right remain silent right assistance counsel questioning balk waiving right prompt presentment courts appeals gone far hold waiver miranda rights also constitutes waiver see salamanca cadc cert denied barlow cert denied indian boy cert denied duvall cert denied howell pettyjohn cadc cert denied cert denied whether decisions correct certainly clear rule adds much protection beyond provided miranda contends legislative history supports interpretation legislative history proves nothing evident terms statute respect legislative history certainly shows provision chief backers meant away cites evidence intended accomplish contrary senate report clearly says meant reinstate traditional rule confession excluded involuntary see senate report step obviously consequences beyond elimination miranda senate report repeatedly cited escobedo illinois example unsound limitation admission voluntary confessions see senate report thus illustrating understood simply provision whether majority members house senate rule specifically mind voted immaterial statutory provisions may often reach broader specific targets lawmakers might mind time enactment legislative history relating suggests nothing members congress may mistakenly thought version finally adopted displace rule relates version emerged senate judiciary committee completely eliminated rule see ante senators opposed version provision eventually passed simply trimmed rule possible identify senators spoke opposition earlier version subsection voted favor version eventually passed fair infer senators likely thought amendment subsection saved rule see cong rec evidence majority house senate shared view member took moments read subsections must readily understood subsection wipe away based rules barring admission voluntary confessions miranda subsection authorize suppression voluntary confessions unjustifiably attributes majority house senate mistake legislative history suggests may made finally argues literal reading many rule evidence overridden case case ante order avoid absurd result says necessary read merely abrogating miranda rule merit language congress used confession admissible voluntarily given virtually verbatim quotation language used describing traditional rule regarding admission confessions see haynes washington short true test admissibility confession made freely voluntarily without compulsion inducement sort quoting wilson lyons oklahoma ziang sung wan bram making statements certainly mean suggest voluntary confession must admitted instances standard rule evidence preclude admission reason suppose congress meant thing either event federal rules evidence make clear supersede ordinary evidence rules including rules regarding privilege rule hearsay rule restrictions use character evidence rule thus necessary disregard plain language order avoid sort absurd results refers reasons affirm decision appeals therefore respectfully dissent footnotes rejected attempt overrule miranda dickerson full subsections provide criminal prosecution brought district columbia confession defined subsection hereof shall admissible evidence voluntarily given confession received evidence trial judge shall presence jury determine issue voluntariness trial judge determines confession voluntarily made shall admitted evidence trial judge shall permit jury hear relevant evidence issue voluntariness shall instruct jury give weight confession jury feels deserves circumstances trial judge determining issue voluntariness shall take consideration circumstances surrounding giving confession including time elapsing arrest arraignment defendant making confession made arrest arraignment whether defendant knew nature offense charged suspected time making confession whether defendant advised knew required make statement statement used whether defendant advised prior questioning right assistance counsel whether defendant without assistance counsel questioned giving confession presence absence factors taken consideration judge need conclusive issue voluntariness confession full subsection provides criminal prosecution district columbia confession made given person defendant therein person arrest detention custody officer agency shall inadmissible solely delay bringing person magistrate judge officer empowered commit persons charged offenses laws district columbia confession found trial judge made voluntarily weight given confession left jury confession made given person within six hours immediately following arrest detention provided time limitation contained subsection shall apply case delay bringing person magistrate judge officer beyond period found trial judge reasonable considering means transportation distance traveled nearest available magistrate judge officer granted certiorari resolve question ultimately resolved case different ground dissent says antisuperfluousness canon place nothing ambiguous language post opinion alito response violates cardinal rule statute read whole king vincent hospital subsection seems clear one ignores absurd results literal reading infra one reads recognizes means literally says serves purpose even dissent concedes read together simply perfect solution problem us post thus dissent point subsection seems clear read isolation proves nothing meaning ambiguity certain words phrases may become evident placed context fda brown williamson tobacco subsection read context avoiding question congress getting better answer congress meant members explicitly said legislative record see infra dissent seeks avoid absurd results claiming supersede ordinary evidence rules post argument conclusion reason suppose congress meant thing post dissent certainly correct reason suppose congress meant thing reductio ad absurdum shows leaves dissent saying must read literally rendering superfluous literally override rules evidence dissent ways means profess literalism take absurdity literalism brings credo quia absurdum tertullian may said take absurd literalism alternative reading statute proviso end relating reasonable delays caused means transportation distance traveled came later separate amendment cong rec footnotes see miranda arizona see mcnabb mallory argument government conceded section considered overrule miranda subsection addressed see tr oral arg apparent attorney government chose words carefully concede seems suggest subsection intended overrule miranda subsection part affected rule contrary suggestion cases one standard rules evidence might block admission voluntary confession seem quite rare cites examples thus justifies reading totally disregards clear language subsection based essentially fanciful hypothetical cases event covered since federal rules evidence