california
greenwood
argued
january
decided
may
acting
information
indicating
respondent
greenwood
might
engaged
narcotics
trafficking
police
twice
obtained
regular
trash
collector
garbage
bags
left
curb
front
house
basis
items
bags
indicative
narcotics
use
police
obtained
warrants
search
house
discovered
controlled
substances
searches
arrested
respondents
felony
narcotics
charges
finding
probable
cause
search
house
existed
without
evidence
obtained
trash
searches
state
superior
dismissed
charges
people
krivda
cal
held
warrantless
trash
searches
violate
fourth
amendment
california
constitution
although
noting
state
constitutional
amendment
eliminating
exclusionary
rule
evidence
seized
violation
state
federal
law
state
appeal
affirmed
ground
krivda
based
federal
well
state
law
held
fourth
amendment
prohibit
warrantless
search
seizure
garbage
left
collection
outside
curtilage
home
pp
since
respondents
voluntarily
left
trash
collection
area
particularly
suited
public
inspection
claimed
expectation
privacy
inculpatory
items
discarded
objectively
reasonable
common
knowledge
plastic
garbage
bags
left
along
public
street
readily
accessible
animals
children
scavengers
snoops
members
public
moreover
respondents
placed
refuse
curb
express
purpose
conveying
third
party
trash
collector
might
sorted
permitted
others
police
police
reasonably
expected
avert
eyes
evidence
criminal
activity
observed
member
public
pp
greenwood
alternative
argument
expectation
privacy
garbage
deemed
reasonable
matter
federal
constitutional
law
warrantless
search
seizure
garbage
impermissible
matter
california
law
krivda
contends
survived
state
constitutional
amendment
without
merit
reasonableness
search
fourth
amendment
purposes
depend
upon
privacy
concepts
embodied
law
particular
state
search
occurred
rather
turns
upon
understanding
society
whole
certain
areas
deserve
scrupulous
protection
government
invasion
understanding
respect
garbage
left
collection
side
public
street
pp
also
without
merit
greenwood
contention
california
constitutional
amendment
violates
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
fourth
amendment
exclusionary
rule
decisions
required
suppression
benefits
deterring
minor
police
misconduct
overbalanced
societal
costs
exclusion
california
foreclosed
due
process
clause
concluding
benefits
excluding
relevant
evidence
criminal
activity
outweigh
costs
police
conduct
issue
violate
federal
law
pp
white
delivered
opinion
rehnquist
blackmun
stevens
scalia
joined
brennan
filed
dissenting
opinion
marshall
joined
post
kennedy
took
part
consideration
decision
case
michael
pear
argued
cause
petitioner
briefs
cecil
hicks
michael
capizzi
michael
ian
garey
appointment
argued
cause
respondents
filed
brief
respondent
greenwood
richard
schwartzberg
filed
brief
respondent
van
houten
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
state
california
et
al
john
van
de
kamp
attorney
general
california
steve
white
chief
assistant
attorney
general
john
sugiyama
senior
assistant
attorney
general
ronald
niver
laurence
sullivan
supervising
deputy
attorneys
general
attorneys
general
respective
follows
robert
butterworth
florida
warren
price
iii
hawaii
linley
pearson
indiana
david
armstrong
kentucky
hubert
humphrey
iii
minnesota
leroy
zimmerman
pennsylvania
travis
medlock
south
carolina
michael
cody
tennessee
kenneth
eikenberry
washington
donald
hanaway
wisconsin
joseph
meyer
wyoming
americans
effective
law
enforcement
et
al
fred
inbau
wayne
schmidt
james
manak
david
crump
courtney
evans
daniel
hales
jack
yelverton
justice
white
delivered
opinion
issue
whether
fourth
amendment
prohibits
warrantless
search
seizure
garbage
left
collection
outside
curtilage
home
conclude
accordance
vast
majority
lower
courts
addressed
issue
early
investigator
jenny
stracner
laguna
beach
police
department
received
information
indicating
respondent
greenwood
might
engaged
narcotics
trafficking
stracner
learned
criminal
suspect
informed
federal
drug
enforcement
agent
february
truck
filled
illegal
drugs
en
route
laguna
beach
address
greenwood
resided
addition
neighbor
complained
heavy
vehicular
traffic
late
night
front
greenwood
home
neighbor
reported
vehicles
remained
greenwood
house
minutes
stracner
sought
investigate
information
conducting
surveillance
greenwood
home
observed
several
vehicles
make
brief
stops
house
early
morning
hours
followed
truck
house
residence
previously
investigation
location
april
stracner
asked
neighborhood
regular
trash
collector
pick
plastic
garbage
bags
greenwood
left
curb
front
house
turn
bags
without
mixing
contents
garbage
houses
trash
collector
cleaned
truck
bin
refuse
collected
garbage
bags
street
front
greenwood
house
turned
bags
stracner
officer
searched
rubbish
found
items
indicative
narcotics
use
recited
information
gleaned
trash
search
affidavit
support
warrant
search
greenwood
home
police
officers
encountered
respondents
house
later
day
arrived
execute
warrant
police
discovered
quantities
cocaine
hashish
search
house
respondents
arrested
felony
narcotics
charges
subsequently
posted
bail
police
continued
receive
reports
many
visitors
greenwood
house
may
investigator
robert
rahaeuser
obtained
greenwood
garbage
regular
trash
collector
manner
stracner
garbage
contained
evidence
narcotics
use
rahaeuser
secured
another
search
warrant
greenwood
home
based
information
second
trash
search
police
found
narcotics
evidence
narcotics
trafficking
executed
warrant
greenwood
arrested
superior
dismissed
charges
respondents
authority
people
krivda
cal
held
warrantless
trash
searches
violate
fourth
amendment
california
constitution
found
police
probable
cause
search
greenwood
home
without
evidence
obtained
trash
searches
appeal
affirmed
cal
app
cal
rptr
noted
outset
fruits
warrantless
trash
searches
longer
suppressed
krivda
based
california
constitution
since
state
barred
suppression
evidence
seized
violation
california
law
federal
law
see
cal
art
lance
cal
krivda
decision
binding
appeal
also
held
fruits
warrantless
trash
searches
excluded
federal
law
hence
superior
correct
dismissing
charges
respondents
cal
app
cal
rptr
california
denied
state
petition
review
appeal
decision
granted
certiorari
reverse
ii
warrantless
search
seizure
garbage
bags
left
curb
outside
greenwood
house
violate
fourth
amendment
respondents
manifested
subjective
expectation
privacy
garbage
society
accepts
objectively
reasonable
ortega
california
ciraolo
oliver
katz
harlan
concurring
respondents
disagree
standard
assert
however
exhibited
expectation
privacy
respect
trash
searched
police
trash
placed
street
collection
fixed
time
contained
opaque
plastic
bags
garbage
collector
expected
pick
mingle
trash
others
deposit
garbage
dump
trash
temporarily
street
little
likelihood
inspected
anyone
may
well
respondents
expect
contents
garbage
bags
become
known
police
members
public
expectation
privacy
give
rise
fourth
amendment
protection
however
unless
society
prepared
accept
expectation
objectively
reasonable
conclude
respondents
exposed
garbage
public
sufficiently
defeat
claim
fourth
amendment
protection
common
knowledge
plastic
garbage
bags
left
side
public
street
readily
accessible
animals
children
scavengers
snoops
members
public
see
krivda
supra
moreover
respondents
placed
refuse
curb
express
purpose
conveying
third
party
trash
collector
might
sorted
respondents
trash
permitted
others
police
accordingly
deposited
garbage
area
particularly
suited
public
inspection
manner
speaking
public
consumption
express
purpose
strangers
take
reicherter
respondents
reasonable
expectation
privacy
inculpatory
items
discarded
furthermore
held
police
reasonably
expected
avert
eyes
evidence
criminal
activity
observed
member
public
hence
hat
person
knowingly
exposes
public
even
home
office
subject
fourth
amendment
protection
katz
supra
held
smith
maryland
example
police
violate
fourth
amendment
causing
pen
register
installed
telephone
company
offices
record
telephone
numbers
dialed
criminal
suspect
individual
legitimate
expectation
privacy
numbers
dialed
telephone
reasoned
voluntarily
conveys
numbers
telephone
company
uses
telephone
observed
person
legitimate
expectation
privacy
information
voluntarily
turns
third
parties
similarly
held
california
ciraolo
supra
police
required
fourth
amendment
obtain
warrant
conducting
surveillance
respondent
fenced
backyard
private
plane
flying
altitude
feet
concluded
respondent
expectation
yard
protected
surveillance
unreasonable
ny
member
public
flying
airspace
glanced
seen
everything
officers
observed
conclusion
society
accept
reasonable
respondents
claim
expectation
privacy
trash
left
collection
area
accessible
public
reinforced
unanimous
rejection
similar
claims
federal
courts
appeals
see
dela
espriella
michaels
cert
denied
kramer
cert
denied
terry
cert
denied
sub
nom
williams
reicherter
supra
vahalik
per
curiam
cert
denied
crowell
cert
denied
magda
benson
per
curiam
mustone
thornton
app
observed
overwhelming
weight
authority
rejects
proposition
reasonable
expectation
privacy
exists
respect
trash
discarded
outside
home
curtilege
sic
thereof
addition
state
appellate
courts
considered
issue
vast
majority
held
police
may
conduct
warrantless
searches
seizures
garbage
discarded
public
areas
see
commonwealth
chappee
mass
cooks
state
okla
crim
cert
denied
state
stevens
cert
denied
state
ronngren
state
brown
ohio
app
state
oquist
people
whotte
app
commonwealth
minton
super
state
schultz
app
people
huddleston
app
willis
state
tex
crim
app
smith
state
alaska
cert
denied
state
fassler
croker
state
wyo
state
purvis
see
state
tanaka
haw
people
krivda
cal
iii
reject
respondent
greenwood
alternative
argument
affirmance
expectation
privacy
garbage
deemed
reasonable
matter
federal
constitutional
law
warrantless
search
seizure
garbage
impermissible
matter
california
law
urges
right
californians
privacy
garbage
announced
california
krivda
supra
survived
subsequent
state
constitutional
amendment
eliminating
suppression
remedy
means
enforcing
right
see
lance
cal
hence
argues
fourth
amendment
vindicate
right
individual
may
surely
construe
constitutions
imposing
stringent
constraints
police
conduct
federal
constitution
never
intimated
however
whether
search
reasonable
within
meaning
fourth
amendment
depends
law
particular
state
search
occurs
emphasized
instead
fourth
amendment
analysis
must
turn
factors
societal
understanding
certain
areas
deserve
scrupulous
protection
government
invasion
oliver
emphasis
added
see
also
rakas
illinois
already
concluded
society
whole
possesses
understanding
regard
garbage
left
collection
side
public
street
respondent
argument
less
suggestion
concepts
privacy
laws
state
determine
reach
fourth
amendment
accept
submission
iv
greenwood
finally
urges
additional
ground
affirmance
california
constitutional
amendment
eliminating
exclusionary
rule
evidence
seized
violation
state
federal
law
violates
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
view
recognized
right
free
warrantless
searches
garbage
california
may
due
process
clause
deprive
citizens
describes
effective
deterrent
violations
right
greenwood
concedes
direct
support
position
found
decisions
relies
instead
cases
holding
individuals
entitled
certain
procedural
protections
deprived
liberty
property
interest
created
state
law
see
hewitt
helms
vitek
jones
see
merit
greenwood
position
california
amend
constitution
negate
holding
krivda
state
law
forbids
warrantless
searches
trash
convinced
state
may
likewise
eliminate
exclusionary
rule
remedy
violations
right
federal
level
required
evidence
obtained
violation
fourth
amendment
suppressed
circumstances
see
leon
janis
calandra
rather
decisions
concerning
scope
fourth
amendment
exclusionary
rule
balanced
benefits
deterring
police
misconduct
costs
excluding
reliable
evidence
criminal
activity
see
leon
declined
apply
exclusionary
rule
indiscriminately
law
enforcement
officers
acted
objective
good
faith
transgressions
minor
magnitude
benefit
conferred
guilty
defendants
circumstances
offends
basic
concepts
criminal
justice
system
citing
stone
powell
foreclosed
due
process
clause
using
similar
balancing
approach
delineate
scope
exclusionary
rules
hence
people
california
permissibly
conclude
benefits
excluding
relevant
evidence
criminal
activity
outweigh
costs
police
conduct
issue
violate
federal
law
judgment
california
appeal
therefore
reversed
case
remanded
proceedings
inconsistent
opinion
ordered
footnotes
example
state
ronngren
involved
search
garbage
bag
dog
acting
behest
one
dragged
defendants
yard
yard
neighbor
neighbor
deposited
bag
trash
later
permitted
police
search
north
dakota
held
search
garbage
bag
violate
defendants
fourth
amendment
rights
homeless
nation
cities
make
use
others
refuse
example
nationally
syndicated
consumer
columnist
suggested
apartment
dwellers
obtain
coupons
mak
ing
friends
fellow
handles
trash
buildings
recounted
tale
rich
lady
westmont
week
puts
rubber
gloves
hip
boots
wades
town
garbage
dump
looking
labels
proofs
purchase
needed
obtain
manufacturers
refunds
sloane
supermarket
shopper
guide
coupons
refunds
even
refuse
prominent
americans
invulnerable
example
reporter
weekly
tabloid
seized
five
bags
garbage
sidewalk
outside
home
secretary
state
henry
kissinger
washington
post
july
newspaper
editorial
criticizing
journalistic
observed
vidently
everybody
washington
post
july
course
dissent
implies
bas
conclusion
individuals
reasonable
expectation
privacy
garbage
sole
incident
post
given
dissenters
among
tiny
minority
judges
whose
views
contrary
distinctly
unimpressed
dissent
prediction
society
shocked
learn
today
decision
post
justice
brennan
justice
marshall
joins
dissenting
every
week
two
months
least
month
later
laguna
beach
police
clawed
trash
respondent
greenwood
left
opaque
sealed
bags
curb
outside
home
record
complete
strangers
minutely
scrutinized
bounty
undoubtedly
dredging
intimate
details
greenwood
private
life
habits
intrusions
proceeded
without
warrant
since
concluded
police
acted
probable
cause
believe
greenwood
engaged
criminal
activity
scrutiny
another
trash
contrary
commonly
accepted
notions
civilized
behavior
suspect
therefore
members
society
shocked
learn
ultimate
guarantor
liberty
deems
unreasonable
expectation
aspects
private
lives
concealed
safely
trash
bag
become
public
container
support
reasonable
expectation
privacy
may
searched
even
probable
cause
without
warrant
jacobsen
citations
omitted
thus
observes
greenwood
reasonable
expectation
contents
bags
placed
curb
remain
private
warrantless
search
bags
violated
fourth
amendment
ante
emergence
analysis
see
katz
harlan
concurring
smith
maryland
reaffirmed
fundamental
principle
robbins
california
example
justice
stewart
writing
plurality
four
pronounced
unless
container
contents
may
said
plain
view
contents
fully
protected
fourth
amendment
soundly
rejected
distinction
fourth
amendment
purposes
among
various
opaque
sealed
containers
ven
one
wished
import
distinction
fourth
amendment
difficult
impossible
perceive
objective
criteria
task
might
accomplished
one
person
may
put
suitcase
another
may
put
paper
bag
constable
citizen
sensibly
asked
distinguish
relative
privacy
interests
closed
suitcase
briefcase
portfolio
duffelbag
box
recently
ross
relying
virtually
unanimous
agreement
robbins
constitutional
distinction
worthy
unworthy
containers
improper
held
distinction
among
paper
bags
locked
trunks
lunch
buckets
orange
crates
inconsistent
central
purpose
fourth
amendment
traveler
carries
toothbrush
articles
clothing
paper
bag
knotted
scarf
may
claim
equal
right
conceal
possessions
official
inspection
sophisticated
executive
locked
attache
case
justice
stewart
stated
robbins
fourth
amendment
provides
protection
owner
every
container
conceals
contents
plain
view
emphasis
added
citation
omitted
accordingly
found
reasonable
expectation
privacy
contents
footlocker
chadwick
comparatively
small
unlocked
suitcase
arkansas
sanders
totebag
robbins
packages
wrapped
green
opaque
plastic
ibid
see
also
ross
supra
suggesting
warrant
required
search
brown
paper
bag
zippered
red
leather
pouch
found
automobile
jacobsen
supra
suggesting
warrantless
search
ordinary
cardboard
box
wrapped
brown
paper
violated
fourth
amendment
private
party
already
opened
precedent
therefore
leaves
room
doubt
respondents
carrying
personal
effects
opaque
sealed
plastic
bags
identical
ones
placed
curb
privacy
protected
warrantless
police
intrusion
far
fourth
amendment
protection
concerned
opaque
plastic
bags
every
bit
worthy
packages
wrapped
green
opaque
plastic
footlocker
cf
robbins
supra
rehnquist
dissenting
objecting
discovery
reasonable
expectation
privacy
contents
two
plastic
garbage
bags
ii
respondents
deserve
less
protection
greenwood
used
bags
discard
rather
transport
personal
effects
contents
inherently
less
private
greenwood
decision
discard
least
manner
diminish
expectation
privacy
trash
bag
like
containers
common
repository
one
personal
effects
even
many
therefore
inevitably
associated
expectation
privacy
sanders
supra
citing
chadwick
supra
lmost
every
human
activity
ultimately
manifests
waste
products
smith
state
alaska
cert
denied
see
california
rooney
white
dissenting
renowned
archaeologist
emil
haury
said
want
know
really
going
community
look
garbage
quoted
rathje
archaeological
ethnography
sometimes
better
give
receive
explorations
ethnoarchaeology
gould
ed
weberman
art
garbage
analysis
throw
away
esquire
analyzing
trash
various
celebrities
drawing
conclusions
private
lives
single
bag
trash
testifies
eloquently
eating
reading
recreational
habits
person
produced
search
trash
like
search
bedroom
relate
intimate
details
sexual
practices
health
personal
hygiene
like
riffling
desk
drawers
intercepting
phone
calls
rummaging
trash
divulge
target
financial
professional
status
political
affiliations
inclinations
private
thoughts
personal
relationships
romantic
interests
doubted
sealed
trash
bag
harbors
telling
evidence
intimate
activity
associated
sanctity
man
home
privacies
life
fourth
amendment
designed
protect
oliver
quoting
boyd
see
also
dunn
properly
rejects
state
attempt
distinguish
trash
searches
searches
theory
trash
abandoned
therefore
entitled
expectation
privacy
author
opinion
observed
last
term
defendant
property
interest
trash
settle
matter
fourth
amendment
purposes
reach
fourth
amendment
determined
state
property
law
rooney
supra
white
dissenting
evaluating
reasonableness
greenwood
expectation
sealed
trash
bags
invaded
held
must
look
understandings
recognized
permitted
society
us
believe
incensed
discover
meddler
whether
neighbor
reporter
detective
scrutinizing
sealed
trash
containers
discover
detail
personal
lives
see
state
schultz
app
anstead
dissenting
quite
naturally
reaction
sole
incident
bases
conclusion
snoops
like
defeat
expectation
privacy
trash
ante
tabloid
reporter
examined
state
henry
kissinger
trash
published
findings
kissinger
really
revolted
intrusion
wife
suffered
grave
anguish
times
july
public
response
roundly
condemning
reporter
demonstrates
society
recognized
reactions
reasonable
shared
well
commentators
variously
characterized
conduct
disgusting
invasion
personal
privacy
flieger
investigative
trash
news
world
report
july
editor
page
indefensible
civilized
behavior
washington
post
july
editorial
contrary
way
decent
people
behave
relation
ibid
beyond
generalized
expectation
privacy
many
municipalities
whether
reasons
privacy
sanitation
reinforce
confidence
integrity
sealed
trash
containers
prohibit
ing
anyone
except
authorized
employees
town
rummage
pick
collect
move
otherwise
interfere
articles
materials
placed
public
street
collection
dzialak
paraphrasing
ordinance
town
cheektowaga
new
york
see
also
vahalik
per
curiam
magda
benson
per
curiam
people
rooney
cal
app
cal
rptr
cert
dism
people
krivda
cal
vacated
remanded
state
brown
ohio
app
fact
california
constitution
interpreted
state
highest
guarantees
right
privacy
trash
government
officials
see
krivda
supra
recognizing
right
lance
cal
later
constitutional
amendment
abolished
exclusionary
remedy
left
intact
substance
right
deny
isolated
intrusions
opaque
sealed
trash
containers
occur
acting
animals
children
scavengers
snoops
members
public
ante
footnotes
omitted
actually
rummage
bag
trash
expose
contents
plain
view
police
reasonably
expected
avert
eyes
evidence
criminal
activity
observed
member
public
ante
much
follows
cases
like
jacobsen
emphasis
added
held
police
may
constitutionally
inspect
package
whose
integrity
private
carrier
already
compromised
fourth
amendment
implicated
authorities
use
information
respect
expectation
privacy
already
frustrated
california
ciraolo
emphasis
added
held
fourth
amendment
prohibit
police
observing
ny
member
public
flying
airspace
glanced
seen
greenwood
flaunted
intimate
activity
strewing
trash
curb
see
nongovernmental
intruder
invaded
privacy
done
accept
conclusion
expectation
privacy
unreasonable
similarly
police
searching
city
dump
run
across
incriminating
evidence
despite
commingling
trash
others
still
retained
identity
greenwood
different
case
greenwood
exposed
public
ante
exteriors
several
opaque
sealed
containers
bags
opened
police
hid
contents
public
view
every
bit
much
chadwick
footlocker
robbins
green
plastic
wrapping
faithful
application
warrant
requirement
require
police
avert
eyes
evidence
criminal
activity
observed
member
public
rather
requires
adhere
norms
privacy
members
public
plainly
acknowledge
mere
possibility
unwelcome
meddlers
might
open
rummage
containers
negate
expectation
privacy
contents
possibility
burglary
negates
expectation
privacy
home
possibility
private
intrusion
negates
expectation
privacy
unopened
package
possibility
operator
listen
telephone
conversation
negates
expectation
privacy
words
spoken
telephone
person
seeks
preserve
private
even
area
accessible
public
may
constitutionally
protected
katz
therefore
repeatedly
rejected
attempts
justify
state
invasion
privacy
ground
privacy
absolute
see
chapman
search
house
invaded
tenant
fourth
amendment
rights
even
though
landlord
authority
enter
house
purposes
stoner
california
implicit
consent
janitorial
personnel
enter
motel
room
amount
consent
police
search
room
ortega
government
employee
reasonable
expectation
privacy
office
even
though
nature
government
offices
others
fellow
employees
supervisors
consensual
visitors
general
public
may
frequent
access
individual
office
justice
scalia
aptly
put
fourth
amendment
protects
privacy
solitude
supra
opinion
concurring
judgment
dispositive
respondents
placed
refuse
curb
express
purpose
conveying
third
party
might
sorted
respondents
trash
permitted
others
police
ante
first
place
greenwood
hardly
faulted
leaving
trash
curb
county
ordinance
commanded
orange
county
code
must
remov
premises
least
week
solid
waste
created
produced
accumulated
dwelling
house
prohibited
disposing
way
see
orange
county
code
burning
trash
unlawful
unlike
circumstances
privacy
compromised
greenwood
avoid
exposing
personal
belongings
simply
leaving
home
supra
importantly
even
voluntary
relinquishment
possession
control
effect
necessarily
amount
relinquishment
privacy
expectation
otherwise
letter
package
lose
fourth
amendment
protection
placed
mailbox
depository
express
purpose
entrusting
postal
officer
private
carrier
bailees
likely
trash
collectors
certainly
greater
incentive
sor
personal
effects
entrusted
permi
others
police
yet
clear
least
years
possibility
intrusion
justify
warrantless
search
police
first
instance
see
ex
parte
jackson
van
leeuwen
jacobsen
supra
iii
holding
warrantless
search
greenwood
trash
consistent
fourth
amendment
paints
grim
picture
society
depicts
society
local
authorities
may
command
citizens
dispose
personal
effects
manner
least
protective
sanctity
home
privacies
life
boyd
monitor
arbitrarily
without
judicial
oversight
society
prepared
recognize
reasonable
individual
expectation
privacy
private
personal
effects
sealed
opaque
container
disposed
manner
designed
commingle
imminently
inextricably
trash
others
ante
american
society
familiar
chooses
dwell
reasonable
security
freedom
surveillance
johnson
dedicated
individual
liberty
sensitive
intrusions
sanctity
home
willing
acknowledge
dissent
see
blackmun
dissenting
rehnquist
dissenting
stevens
dissenting
see
powell
concurring
judgment
rejecting
position
containers
even
trivial
like
cigarbox
dixie
cup
entitled
fourth
amendment
protection
cf
new
york
belton
defining
container
purposes
search
incident
lawful
custodial
arrest
object
capable
holding
another
object
including
luggage
boxes
bags
clothing
like
addition
finding
robbins
reasonable
expectation
privacy
duffelbag
packages
also
held
automobile
exception
warrant
requirement
see
carroll
apply
packages
found
automobile
overruled
latter
determination
ross
reaffirmed
automobile
exception
inapplicable
police
may
conduct
warrantless
search
container
conceals
contents
support
position
society
recognizes
reasonable
privacy
interest
sealed
opaque
trash
bags
refute
prediction
society
shocked
learn
conclusion
supra
relies
heavily
upon
collection
lower
cases
finding
fourth
amendment
bar
trash
searches
authority
leads
distinctly
unimpressed
position
ante
impressively
undistinguished
federal
appeals
cases
cited
least
factually
legally
distinguishable
see
police
may
search
apparently
valuable
briefcase
discarded
next
overflowing
trash
bin
busy
city
street
thornton
app
reasonable
federal
agents
believe
good
faith
trash
search
legal
rely
entirely
almost
entirely
abandonment
theory
noted
infra
discredited
see
dela
espriella
question
becomes
whether
placing
garbage
collection
constitutes
abandonment
property
terry
circumstances
case
clearly
evidence
abandonment
williams
trash
cert
denied
sub
nom
williams
reicherter
placing
trash
garbage
cans
time
place
anticipated
collection
public
employees
hauling
public
dump
signifies
abandonment
vahalik
per
curiam
act
placing
garbage
collection
act
abandonment
terminates
fourth
amendment
protection
cert
denied
crowell
act
placing
garbage
collection
act
abandonment
happens
thereafter
within
protection
fourth
amendment
cert
denied
magda
benson
per
curiam
ederal
case
law
holds
garbage
abandoned
longer
protected
fourth
amendment
mustone
defendant
deposited
bags
sidewalk
abandoned
reading
collection
cases
reveals
equally
unimpressive
pattern
rakas
illinois
see
ante
fourth
amendment
analysis
must
turn
factors
societal
understanding
certain
areas
deserve
scrupulous
protection
government
invasion
quoting
oliver
robbins
california
plurality
opinion
expectations
privacy
established
general
social
norms
dow
chemical
opinion
powell
bush
bly
expectation
privacy
analysis
warrantless
trash
reconnaissance
katz
rev
ocial
custom
serves
basic
foundation
great
many
legitimate
privacy
expectations
citation
omitted
sure
statutes
criminalizing
interference
mails
might
reinforce
expectation
privacy
mail
see
expectation
privacy
way
depends
statutory
protection
fact
none
cases
cited
text
even
mention
statutes
finding
fourth
amendment
protection
materials
handed
public
private
carriers
delivery