abramski
argued
january
decided
june
petitioner
bruce
abramski
offered
purchase
handgun
uncle
form
federal
regulations
required
abramski
fill
form
asked
whether
actual
gun
clearly
warned
straw
purchaser
namely
someone
buying
gun
behalf
another
actual
buyer
abramski
falsely
answered
actual
buyer
abramski
convicted
knowingly
making
false
statements
respect
fact
material
lawfulness
sale
gun
making
false
statement
respect
information
required
kept
gun
dealer
records
fourth
circuit
affirmed
held
abramski
misrepresentation
material
pp
abramski
contends
federal
gun
laws
entirely
unconcerned
straw
arrangements
long
person
counter
eligible
gun
sale
legal
statute
sure
federal
law
regulates
licensed
dealer
transactions
persons
transferees
without
specifying
whether
language
refers
straw
buyer
actual
purchaser
read
light
statute
context
structure
purpose
clear
language
refers
true
buyer
rather
straw
federal
gun
law
establishes
elaborate
system
identification
background
checks
ensure
guns
kept
hands
felons
prohibited
purchasers
also
imposes
requirements
assist
law
enforcement
authorities
investigating
serious
crimes
tracing
guns
buyers
provisions
mean
little
gun
buyer
evade
simply
enlisting
aid
intermediary
execute
paperwork
behalf
statute
language
thus
best
read
context
refer
actual
rather
nominal
buyer
conclusion
reinforced
standard
practice
focusing
practical
realities
rather
legal
formalities
identifying
parties
transaction
pp
abramski
argues
narrowly
false
response
material
uncle
legally
bought
gun
abramski
false
statement
prevented
dealer
insisting
true
buyer
alvarez
appear
person
provide
identifying
information
show
photo
id
submit
background
check
nothing
statute
suggests
legal
duties
may
wiped
away
merely
actual
buyer
turns
legally
eligible
gun
dealer
lawfully
sold
gun
known
abramski
true
buyer
misstatement
material
lawfulness
sale
pp
abramski
misrepresentation
identity
actual
buyer
concerned
information
required
chapter
title
code
kept
dealer
records
chapter
contains
provision
requiring
dealer
maintain
records
attorney
general
may
prescribe
attorney
general
requires
every
licensed
dealer
retain
records
completed
copy
form
see
cfr
form
turn
includes
actual
buyer
question
abramski
answered
falsely
therefore
falsely
answering
question
form
violates
pp
affirmed
kagan
delivered
opinion
kennedy
ginsburg
breyer
sotomayor
joined
scalia
filed
dissenting
opinion
roberts
thomas
alito
joined
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
reporter
decisions
washington
typographical
formal
errors
order
corrections
may
made
preliminary
print
goes
press
bruce
james
abramski
petitioner
writ
certiorari
appeals
fourth
circuit
june
justice
kagan
delivered
opinion
federally
licensed
firearms
dealer
may
sell
gun
purchaser
must
provide
certain
personal
information
show
photo
identification
pass
background
check
ensure
accuracy
submissions
federal
statute
imposes
criminal
penalties
person
connection
firearm
acquisition
makes
false
statements
fact
material
lawfulness
sale
case
consider
law
applies
straw
purchaser
namely
person
buys
gun
someone
else
behalf
falsely
claiming
hold
misrepresentation
punishable
statute
whether
true
buyer
purchased
gun
without
straw
federal
law
years
regulated
sales
licensed
firearms
dealers
principally
prevent
guns
falling
wrong
hands
see
gun
control
act
et
seq
certain
classes
people
felons
drug
addicts
mentally
ill
list
may
purchase
possess
firearm
ensure
forbids
licensed
dealer
selling
gun
anyone
knows
reasonable
cause
believe
prohibited
buyer
see
huddleston
focus
federal
scheme
controlling
access
weapons
federally
licensed
firearms
dealer
statute
establishes
detailed
scheme
enable
dealer
verify
point
sale
whether
potential
buyer
may
lawfully
gun
section
brings
purchaser
onto
dealer
business
premises
prohibiting
except
limited
circumstances
sale
firearm
person
appear
person
location
provisions
require
dealer
check
make
use
certain
identifying
information
received
buyer
completing
sale
dealer
must
verif
identity
transferee
examining
valid
identification
document
bearing
photograph
addition
dealer
must
procure
buyer
name
age
place
residence
finally
dealer
must
limited
exceptions
issue
submit
information
national
instant
background
check
system
nics
determine
whether
potential
purchaser
reason
disqualified
owning
firearm
see
statute
insists
dealer
keep
certain
records
enable
federal
authorities
enforce
law
verification
measures
trace
firearms
used
crimes
see
dealer
must
maintain
identifying
information
mentioned
name
age
residence
permanent
files
see
addition
dealer
must
keep
records
sale
disposition
firearms
attorney
general
may
regulations
prescribe
attorney
general
designee
may
obtain
inspect
records
course
bona
fide
criminal
investigation
determin
disposition
firearms
implement
statutory
requirements
bureau
alcohol
tobacco
firearms
explosives
atf
developed
form
gun
sales
see
supp
app
part
form
completed
buyer
requests
name
birth
date
address
well
certain
identifying
information
example
height
weight
race
form
lists
factors
disqualifying
person
gun
ownership
asks
buyer
whether
apply
ave
ever
convicted
felony
important
question
asks
bolded
emphasis
appearing
form
actual
firearm
listed
form
warning
actual
buyer
acquiring
firearm
behalf
another
person
actual
buyer
dealer
transfer
firearm
ibid
accompanying
instructions
question
provide
question
actual
purposes
form
actual
buyer
purchasing
firearm
otherwise
acquiring
firearm
also
actual
legitimately
purchasing
firearm
gift
third
party
actual
ples
smith
asks
jones
purchase
firearm
smith
smith
gives
jones
money
firearm
jones
actual
firearm
must
answer
question
responding
questions
customer
must
sign
certification
declaring
answers
true
correct
complete
certification
provides
signator
understand
making
false
statement
respecting
transaction
particularly
answering
question
actual
buyer
crime
punishable
felony
federal
law
ibid
bold
typeface
deleted
two
statutory
provisions
designed
ensure
dealer
rely
truthfulness
buyer
disclosures
carrying
obligations
criminalize
certain
false
statements
firearms
transactions
first
foremost
provides
follows
shall
unlawful
person
connection
acquisition
attempted
acquisition
firearm
ammunition
licensed
dealer
knowingly
make
false
fictitious
oral
written
statement
intended
likely
deceive
dealer
respect
fact
material
lawfulness
sale
disposition
firearm
ammunition
provisions
chapter
provision
helps
make
certain
dealer
receive
truthful
information
matter
relevant
gun
sale
legality
addition
prohibits
knowingly
mak
ing
false
statement
representation
respect
information
required
chapter
kept
records
federally
licensed
gun
dealer
question
case
whether
atf
declares
form
certification
statutory
provisions
criminalize
false
answer
question
customer
statement
actual
purchasing
firearm
fact
straw
purchaser
buying
gun
someone
else
behalf
petitioner
bruce
abramski
former
police
officer
offered
buy
glock
handgun
uncle
angel
alvarez
abramski
thought
get
gun
discount
showing
old
police
identification
though
government
contends
fired
job
two
years
earlier
longer
authorized
use
card
accepting
nephew
offer
alvarez
sent
abramski
check
glock
handgun
written
memo
line
two
days
later
abramski
went
town
police
supply
federally
licensed
firearms
dealer
make
purchase
filled
form
falsely
checking
yes
reply
question
asserting
actual
buyer
according
form
clear
definition
also
signed
requisite
certification
acknowledging
understanding
false
answer
question
federal
crime
abramski
name
cleared
nics
background
check
dealer
sold
glock
abramski
deposited
check
bank
account
transferred
gun
alvarez
got
back
receipt
federal
agents
found
receipt
executing
search
warrant
abramski
home
became
suspect
different
crime
grand
jury
indicted
abramski
violating
falsely
affirming
response
question
glock
actual
buyer
abramski
moved
dismiss
charges
argued
misrepresentation
question
material
lawfulness
sale
alvarez
legally
eligible
gun
claimed
false
statement
violate
buyer
response
question
required
kept
records
gun
dealer
district
denied
motions
see
supp
wd
abramski
entered
conditional
guilty
plea
reserving
right
challenge
rulings
district
sentenced
five
years
probation
count
running
concurrently
appeals
fourth
circuit
affirmed
convictions
noted
division
among
appellate
courts
question
abramski
raised
materiality
requirement
three
courts
addressed
issue
one
agreed
abramski
misrepresentation
question
immaterial
true
purchaser
alvarez
lawfully
purchase
firearm
directly
quoting
polk
fourth
circuit
however
thought
majority
position
correct
identity
actual
purchaser
firearm
constant
always
material
lawfulness
firearm
acquisition
also
held
abramski
conviction
valid
finding
statute
required
dealer
maintain
information
issue
records
granted
certiorari
principally
resolve
circuit
split
abramski
renews
claim
false
answer
question
immaterial
true
buyer
legally
eligible
purchase
firearm
abramski
focuses
new
ambitious
argument
concedes
previously
accepted
see
brief
petitioner
brief
alleges
false
response
question
never
material
gun
sale
legality
whether
actual
buyer
eligible
gun
begin
fundamental
question
next
turn
become
abramski
argument
finally
consider
relatively
easy
question
pertaining
separate
prohibition
score
affirm
abramski
conviction
ii
abramski
broad
theory
mostly
echoed
dissent
federal
gun
law
simply
care
arrangements
involving
straw
purchasers
long
person
counter
eligible
gun
sale
legal
statute
true
abramski
contends
irrespective
agreement
person
made
purchase
firearm
behalf
someone
else
including
someone
lawfully
buy
gun
accordingly
abramski
concludes
false
statement
glock
buyer
term
defined
question
material
indeed
utterly
irrelevant
lawfulness
sale
emphasis
deleted
see
also
post
opinion
scalia
essence
claims
town
police
supply
legally
sold
gun
even
truthfully
answered
question
disclosing
straw
federal
firearms
law
cares
whether
individual
standing
dealer
counter
meets
requirements
buy
core
argument
relies
one
true
fact
federal
gun
law
regulates
licensed
dealers
transactions
persons
transferees
without
specifically
referencing
straw
purchasers
section
example
bars
dealer
sell
ing
otherwise
dispos
ing
firearm
person
falls
within
prohibited
drug
addicts
mentally
ill
forth
see
supra
see
also
selling
gun
person
dealer
must
take
name
age
residence
selling
gun
person
dealer
must
run
background
check
similarly
requires
dealer
verify
identity
transferee
checking
valid
photo
id
see
supra
see
also
spelling
circumstances
transferee
may
buy
gun
without
appearing
dealer
premises
abramski
contends
congress
use
language
alone
sans
mention
straw
purchasers
actual
buyers
shows
illegal
buy
gun
someone
else
brief
petitioner
reply
brief
see
also
post
language
merely
raises
rather
answers
critical
question
straw
purchase
person
transferee
federal
gun
law
addresses
person
middleman
buying
firearm
someone
else
behalf
often
ultimate
recipient
buy
wants
camouflage
transaction
person
instead
individual
really
paying
gun
meant
take
possession
upon
completion
purchase
conduit
counter
gun
intended
owner
answering
inquiry
must
usual
interpret
relevant
words
vacuum
reference
statutory
context
structure
history
purpose
maracich
spears
slip
tools
divining
meaning
mention
common
sense
fortunate
though
inevitable
construing
statutory
terms
fairly
demonstrate
regulating
licensed
dealers
gun
sales
looks
straw
actual
overarching
reason
abramski
reading
undermine
indeed
important
purposes
virtually
repeal
gun
law
core
noted
earlier
statute
establishes
elaborate
system
verify
gun
purchaser
identity
check
background
see
supra
also
requires
information
gathered
go
dealer
permanent
records
see
supra
twin
goals
comprehensive
scheme
keep
guns
hands
criminals
others
assist
law
enforcement
authorities
investigating
serious
crimes
see
huddleston
supra
part
scheme
work
statute
turned
blind
eye
straw
purchases
words
law
addressed
substance
transaction
empty
formalities
see
consider
happens
typical
straw
purchase
felon
person
buy
gun
still
wants
obtain
one
alternatively
person
legally
buy
firearm
wants
conceal
purchase
maybe
use
gun
criminal
purposes
without
fear
police
officers
later
trace
accordingly
prospective
buyer
enlists
intermediary
help
accomplish
illegal
aim
perhaps
conscripts
loyal
friend
family
member
perhaps
often
hires
stranger
purchase
gun
price
actual
purchaser
might
even
accompany
straw
gun
shop
instruct
firearm
buy
give
money
pay
counter
take
possession
walk
door
see
bowen
fed
appx
describing
straw
purchase
along
lines
paye
fed
appx
per
curiam
true
buyer
leave
straw
possesses
gun
minute
give
identifying
information
dealer
submit
background
check
many
statute
provisions
scenario
lawful
result
abramski
dissent
reading
transferee
person
render
meaningless
start
parts
enabling
dealer
verify
whether
buyer
legally
eligible
firearm
task
noted
earlier
begins
identification
requesting
name
address
age
potential
purchaser
checking
photo
id
see
supra
identification
turn
permits
background
check
dealer
runs
purchaser
name
nics
database
discover
whether
example
felon
drug
addict
mentally
ill
person
see
supra
provisions
designed
accomplish
previously
termed
congress
principal
purpose
enacting
statute
curb
crime
keeping
hands
legally
entitled
possess
huddleston
quoting
sess
abramski
reading
statutory
terms
utterly
ineffectual
identification
background
check
wrong
person
provisions
evaluate
eligibility
mere
conduits
allowing
every
criminal
drug
addict
forth
escape
assessment
walk
away
weapon
similarly
abramski
view
defeat
point
tightly
restricts
sale
guns
person
appear
person
licensee
business
premises
see
supra
narrow
class
prospective
buyers
may
ever
purchase
gun
afar
primarily
individuals
already
eligibility
firearm
verified
state
law
enforcement
officials
access
nics
database
see
cfr
supra
even
individual
fits
within
category
still
must
submit
dealer
sworn
statement
lawfully
gun
well
provide
name
address
principal
law
enforcement
officer
community
see
dealer
forward
notice
sale
officer
order
allow
law
enforcement
authorities
investigate
legality
sale
necessary
call
stop
see
provision
thus
prevents
remote
sales
except
small
class
buyers
subject
extraordinary
procedures
ensure
effective
verification
potential
purchaser
eligibility
yet
abramski
view
person
easily
bypass
scheme
purchasing
gun
without
ever
leaving
home
dispatching
gun
store
hired
deliveryman
indeed
abramski
right
see
reason
anyone
certainly
anyone
motives
put
procedures
laid
deliverymen
hard
come
likewise
statute
provisions
serve
little
purpose
records
kept
nominal
rather
real
buyers
noted
earlier
dealers
must
store
law
enforcement
officers
may
obtain
information
gun
buyer
identity
see
supra
information
helps
fight
serious
crime
police
officers
retrieve
gun
crime
scene
trace
buyer
consider
suspect
see
national
shooting
sports
foundation
jones
cadc
describing
law
enforcement
use
firearm
tracing
required
records
enable
dealers
identify
certain
suspicious
trends
must
report
federal
authorities
see
imposing
reporting
obligation
person
buys
multiple
handguns
within
five
days
provisions
serve
objective
records
point
person
took
actual
control
gun
otherwise
police
learn
identity
intermediary
responsible
gun
use
might
know
next
nothing
actual
buyer
see
juarez
straw
purchaser
bought
assault
rifles
later
found
among
mexican
gang
members
buyer
known
abramski
view
thus
render
required
records
close
useless
aiding
law
enforcement
putting
true
numbskulls
one
side
anyone
purchasing
gun
criminal
purposes
avoid
leaving
paper
trail
simple
expedient
hiring
straw
sum
far
prerequisites
buying
gun
described
refer
person
transferee
read
abramski
way
man
counter
terms
deny
effect
regulatory
scheme
criminals
always
use
straw
purchasers
evade
read
way
man
getting
always
meant
get
firearm
terms
give
effect
statutory
allowing
accomplish
manifest
objects
alone
provides
sufficient
reason
understand
person
transferee
referring
fictitious
real
buyer
language
confirms
construction
evincing
congress
concern
practical
realities
rather
legal
niceties
firearms
transactions
example
bars
material
misrepresentations
connection
acquisition
purchase
firearm
broader
word
previously
held
focus
legal
title
let
alone
legal
title
short
moments
another
always
intended
transfer
occurs
huddleston
instead
term
signifies
com
ing
possession
control
power
disposal
actual
buyer
straw
purchase
ibid
similarly
reasoned
approach
draws
support
statute
repeated
references
sale
disposition
firearm
see
making
unlawful
sell
otherwise
dispose
gun
prohibited
person
term
stated
aimed
providing
maximum
coverage
think
expansive
language
inconsistent
abramski
view
statute
stare
myopically
nominal
buyer
remaining
blind
person
exiting
transaction
control
gun
finally
reading
comports
courts
standard
practice
evident
many
legal
spheres
presumably
known
congress
ignoring
artifice
identifying
parties
transaction
one
model
ford
deluxe
coach
commercial
credit
example
considered
operation
statute
requiring
forfeiture
interest
property
used
violate
prohibition
laws
except
acquired
good
faith
straw
purchaser
bought
car
name
brother
money
transferred
brother
known
bootlegger
right
driving
lot
see
held
finance
company
lien
car
company
hint
straw
straw
brother
fact
owner
see
company
known
made
clear
different
result
obtained
company
relied
formalities
sale
purchaser
knew
real
owner
purchaser
car
someone
different
similarly
emphasized
need
contexts
involving
criminal
civil
penalties
look
transaction
nominal
parties
true
participants
see
american
needle
national
football
league
focusing
substance
rather
form
assessing
entities
distinct
enough
capable
conspiring
violate
antitrust
laws
gregory
helvering
disregarding
intermediary
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law
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general
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general
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contest
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dealer
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form
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gun
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compromise
among
highly
interested
parties
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pull
provisions
different
directions
barnhart
sigmon
coal
see
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