mcburney
et
al
young
deputy
commissioner
director
virginia
division
child
support
enforcement
et
argued
february
decided
april
virginia
freedom
information
act
foia
grants
virginia
citizens
access
public
records
grants
right
petitioners
mcburney
hurlbert
citizens
virginia
filed
records
requests
act
petitioner
request
denied
filed
suit
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
violations
privileges
immunities
clause
hurlbert
case
dormant
commerce
clause
district
granted
virginia
motion
summary
judgment
fourth
circuit
affirmed
held
virginia
foia
violate
privileges
immunities
clause
protects
privileges
immunities
fundamental
see
baldwin
fish
game
pp
hurlbert
alleges
virginia
foia
abridges
fundamental
right
earn
living
chosen
profession
obtaining
property
records
behalf
clients
privileges
immunities
clause
protects
right
citizens
ply
trade
practice
occupation
pursue
common
calling
hicklin
orbeck
struck
laws
violating
privilege
enacted
protectionist
purpose
burdening
citizens
see
toomer
witsell
virginia
foia
distinction
nonprotectionist
aim
virginia
foia
exists
provide
mechanism
virginia
citizens
obtain
accounting
public
officials
noncitizens
comparable
need
moreover
distinction
citizens
noncitizens
recognizes
citizens
alone
foot
bill
fixed
costs
underlying
recordkeeping
commonwealth
effect
act
preventing
citizens
making
profit
trading
information
contained
state
records
incidental
pp
hurlbert
also
alleges
virginia
foia
abridges
right
transfer
property
commonwealth
right
take
hold
dispose
property
long
seen
one
privileges
citizenship
see
paul
virginia
wall
however
virginia
law
prevent
noncitizens
obtaining
documents
necessary
transfer
property
records
like
title
mortgage
documents
maintained
clerk
circuit
available
inspection
person
real
estate
tax
assessment
records
considered
nonconfidential
often
posted
online
practice
followed
county
hurlbert
sought
records
requiring
noncitizen
obtain
records
clerk
office
internet
instead
burdensome
foia
process
said
impose
significant
burden
ability
transfer
property
virginia
pp
mcburney
alleges
virginia
foia
impermissibly
burdens
access
public
proceedings
privileges
immunities
clause
secures
citizens
one
state
right
resort
courts
another
equally
citizens
latter
state
missouri
pacific
clarendon
boat
oar
requirement
satisfied
nonresident
given
access
upon
terms
reasonable
adequate
enforcing
rights
may
even
though
may
extent
accorded
resident
citizens
canadian
northern
eggen
virginia
foia
clearly
deprive
noncitizens
reasonable
adequate
access
commonwealth
courts
virginia
rules
provide
noncitizens
access
nonpriviledged
documents
needed
litigation
virginia
law
gives
citizens
noncitizens
alike
access
judicial
records
records
pertaining
directly
example
mcburney
utilized
virginia
government
data
collection
dissemination
practices
act
receive
much
information
sought
foia
request
pp
petitioners
sweeping
claim
virginia
foia
violates
privileges
immunities
clause
denies
right
access
public
information
equal
terms
commonwealth
citizens
rejected
right
access
public
information
fundamental
privilege
immunity
citizenship
repeatedly
stated
constitution
guarantee
existence
foia
laws
see
los
angeles
police
dept
reporting
publishing
moreover
right
recognized
common
law
early
republic
sweeping
right
basic
maintenance
union
baldwin
supra
pp
virginia
foia
violate
dormant
commerce
clause
common
thread
among
dormant
commerce
clause
cases
state
interfered
natural
functioning
interstate
market
either
prohibition
thorough
burdensome
regulation
hughes
alexandria
scrap
virginia
foia
contrast
neither
prohibits
access
interstate
market
imposes
burdensome
regulation
market
accordingly
properly
viewed
dormant
commerce
clause
case
even
shoehorned
dormant
commerce
clause
framework
however
hurlbert
claim
fail
insofar
market
public
documents
virginia
market
product
commonwealth
created
commonwealth
sole
manufacturer
state
violate
dormant
commerce
clause
created
market
state
program
limits
benefits
generated
state
program
fund
state
treasury
state
created
serve
reeves
stake
pp
affirmed
alito
delivered
opinion
unanimous
thomas
filed
concurring
opinion
opinion
notice
opinion
subject
formal
revision
publication
preliminary
print
reports
readers
requested
notify
reporter
decisions
washington
typographical
formal
errors
order
corrections
may
made
preliminary
print
goes
press
mark
mcburney
et
petitioners
thaniel
young
deputy
commissioner
director
virginia
division
child
support
enforcement
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
fourth
circuit
april
justice
alito
delivered
opinion
case
must
decide
whether
virginia
freedom
information
act
code
ann
et
violates
either
privileges
immunities
clause
article
iv
constitution
dormant
commerce
clause
virginia
freedom
information
act
foia
provides
public
records
shall
open
inspection
copying
citizens
commonwealth
grants
right
lexis
petitioners
citizens
unsuccessfully
sought
information
act
brought
constitutional
challenge
hold
however
petitioners
constitutional
rights
violated
means
state
foia
virginia
made
available
petitioners
information
sought
commonwealth
refusal
furnish
additional
information
abridge
constitutionally
protected
privilege
immunity
virginia
violate
dormant
commerce
clause
state
freedom
information
act
regulate
commerce
meaningful
sense
instead
provides
service
related
state
citizenship
reasons
affirm
decision
appeals
rejecting
petitioners
constitutional
claims
petitioners
mark
mcburney
roger
hurlbert
citizens
rhode
island
california
respectively
mcburney
hurlbert
requested
documents
virginia
foia
requests
denied
citizenship
mcburney
former
resident
virginia
whose
virginia
citizen
defaulted
child
support
obligations
mcburney
asked
commonwealth
division
child
support
enforcement
file
petition
child
support
behalf
agency
complied
delay
mcburney
attributes
delay
agency
error
says
cost
nine
months
child
support
ascertain
reason
agency
delay
mcburney
filed
virginia
foia
request
seeking
emails
notes
files
memos
reports
letters
policies
opinions
pertaining
family
along
documents
regarding
application
child
support
documents
pertaining
handling
child
support
claims
like
app
agency
denied
mcburney
request
ground
virginia
citizen
mcburney
later
requested
documents
virginia
government
data
collection
dissemination
practices
act
code
ann
et
request
received
information
sought
pertained
specifically
case
however
receive
general
policy
information
agency
handled
claims
like
hurlbert
sole
proprietor
sage
information
services
business
requests
real
estate
tax
records
clients
behalf
state
local
governments
across
hurlbert
hired
company
obtain
real
estate
tax
records
properties
henrico
county
virginia
filed
virginia
foia
request
documents
henrico
county
real
estate
assessor
office
request
denied
virginia
citizen
petitioners
filed
suit
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
violations
privileges
immunities
clause
hurlbert
case
dormant
commerce
clause
district
granted
virginia
motion
summary
judgment
mcburney
cuccinelli
supp
ed
appeals
affirmed
like
virginia
several
enacted
freedom
information
laws
available
citizens
see
code
cum
supp
ark
code
ann
supp
del
code
tit
supp
mo
rev
stat
rev
stat
ann
west
stat
ann
west
code
ann
lee
minner
third
circuit
held
feature
delaware
foia
violated
privileges
immunities
clause
granted
certiorari
resolve
conflict
ii
privileges
immunities
clause
citizens
state
entitled
privileges
immunities
citizens
several
art
iv
cl
said
object
privileges
immunities
clause
constitute
citizens
one
people
ing
citizens
state
upon
footing
citizens
far
advantages
resulting
citizenship
concerned
lunding
new
york
tax
appeals
tribunal
quoting
paul
virginia
wall
mean
cautioned
state
citizenship
residency
may
never
used
state
distinguish
among
persons
baldwin
fish
game
must
state
always
apply
laws
services
equally
anyone
resident
nonresident
may
request
ibid
rather
long
held
privileges
immunities
clause
protects
privileges
immunities
fundamental
see
petitioners
allege
virginia
foia
provision
violates
four
different
fundamental
privileges
immunities
opportunity
pursue
common
calling
ability
transfer
property
access
virginia
courts
access
public
information
first
three
items
list
however
abridged
virginia
foia
fourth
framed
broadly
protected
privileges
immunities
clause
hurlbert
argues
virginia
foia
provision
abridges
ability
earn
living
chosen
profession
namely
obtaining
property
records
state
local
governments
behalf
clients
correct
privileges
immunities
clause
protects
right
citizens
ply
trade
practice
occupation
pursue
common
calling
hicklin
orbeck
piper
ne
privileges
clause
guarantees
citizens
state
business
state
terms
substantial
equality
citizens
virginia
foia
abridge
hulbert
ability
engage
common
calling
sense
prohibited
privileges
immunities
clause
rather
struck
laws
violating
privilege
pursuing
common
calling
laws
enacted
protectionist
purpose
burdening
citizens
see
hicklin
supra
striking
violation
noncitizens
privileges
immunities
alaska
hire
statute
containing
resident
hiring
preference
employment
related
development
state
oil
gas
resources
toomer
witsell
striking
south
carolina
statute
imposing
license
fee
shrimping
boats
fee
shrimping
boats
petitioners
alleged
purpose
effect
statute
conserve
shrimp
exclude
thereby
create
commercial
monopoly
south
carolina
residents
record
cas
doubt
state
counterassertion
statute
obvious
purpose
conserve
shrimp
supply
building
constr
trades
council
camden
cty
mayor
council
camden
new
jersey
municipal
ordinance
requiring
least
employees
contractors
subcontractors
working
city
construction
projects
city
residents
facially
burdened
citizens
ability
pursue
common
calling
case
clear
aim
statute
issue
advantage
workers
commercial
interests
expense
counterparts
virginia
foia
differs
sharply
statutes
terms
virginia
foia
enacted
ensur
people
commonwealth
ready
access
public
records
custody
public
body
officers
employees
free
entry
meetings
public
bodies
wherein
business
people
conducted
code
ann
lexis
hurlbert
allege
offered
proof
challenged
provision
virginia
foia
enacted
order
provide
competitive
economic
advantage
virginia
citizens
cf
hillside
dairy
lyons
piercing
professedly
nondiscriminatory
statute
find
economic
protectionism
rather
seems
clear
distinction
statute
makes
citizens
noncitizens
distinctly
nonprotectionist
aim
state
foia
essentially
represents
mechanism
ultimately
hold
sovereign
power
citizens
commonwealth
may
obtain
accounting
public
officials
delegate
exercise
power
see
va
art
code
ann
addition
provision
limiting
use
state
foia
virginia
citizens
recognizes
virginia
taxpayers
foot
bill
fixed
costs
underlying
recordkeeping
commonwealth
tr
oral
arg
challenged
provision
state
foia
violate
privileges
immunities
clause
simply
incidental
effect
preventing
citizens
making
profit
trading
information
contained
state
records
clause
forbids
state
intentionally
giving
citizens
competitive
advantage
business
employment
clause
require
state
tailor
every
action
avoid
incidental
effect
tradesmen
hurlbert
next
alleges
challenged
provision
virginia
foia
abridges
right
transfer
property
commonwealth
like
right
pursue
common
calling
right
take
hold
dispose
property
either
real
personal
long
seen
one
privileges
citizenship
see
corfield
coryell
cas
cced
see
also
paul
supra
listing
acquisition
enjoyment
property
among
privileges
citizenship
thus
state
prevented
citizens
accessing
records
like
title
documents
mortgage
records
necessary
transfer
property
state
might
well
run
afoul
privileges
immunities
clause
cf
state
grimes
caveat
emptor
rule
us
absence
special
agreement
essential
protection
persons
intending
purchase
take
incumbrances
allowed
right
inspection
jackson
ex
dem
center
campbell
johns
plain
intention
state
property
records
system
give
notice
medium
county
records
persons
purchase
virginia
however
prevent
citizens
obtaining
documents
virginia
law
records
papers
every
circuit
maintained
clerk
circuit
shall
open
inspection
person
clerk
shall
requested
furnish
copies
thereof
code
ann
lexis
records
papers
include
records
property
transfers
like
title
documents
lexis
notices
federal
tax
liens
federal
liens
property
notices
state
tax
liens
property
lexis
state
taxes
generally
estate
tax
liens
state
taxes
generally
liens
filed
agencies
tax
commission
notice
mortgages
encumbrances
lexis
supp
similar
flaw
undermines
hurlbert
claim
virginia
violates
privileges
immunities
clause
preventing
citizens
accessing
real
estate
tax
assessment
records
true
records
available
virginia
citizens
state
foia
required
statute
made
available
noncitizens
see
associated
tax
service
fitzpatrick
fact
virginia
subdivisions
generally
make
even
less
essential
records
readily
available
records
considered
nonconfidential
virginia
law
accordingly
may
posted
online
lexis
henrico
county
hurlbert
sought
real
estate
tax
assessments
follows
almost
every
county
commonwealth
requiring
noncitizens
conduct
minutes
internet
research
lieu
using
relatively
cumbersome
state
foia
process
said
impose
significant
burden
noncitizens
ability
transfer
property
virginia
mcburney
alleges
virginia
foia
provision
impermissibly
burdens
access
public
proceedings
brief
petitioners
mcburney
correct
privileges
immunities
clause
secures
citizens
one
state
right
resort
courts
another
equally
citizens
latter
state
missouri
pacific
clarendon
boat
oar
petitioners
suggest
virginia
foia
slams
courthouse
door
noncitizens
rather
claim
law
creates
information
asymmetry
adversaries
based
solely
state
citizenship
brief
petitioners
privileges
immunities
clause
require
erase
distinction
citizens
might
conceivably
give
state
citizens
detectable
litigation
advantage
rather
made
clear
constitutional
requirement
satisfied
given
access
courts
state
upon
terms
reasonable
adequate
enforcing
rights
may
even
though
may
technically
precisely
extent
accorded
resident
citizens
canadian
northern
eggen
challenged
provision
virginia
foia
clearly
deprive
noncitizens
reasonable
adequate
access
commonwealth
courts
virginia
rules
civil
procedure
provide
discovery
sup
rule
subpoenas
duces
tecum
rule
reason
think
mechanisms
insufficient
provide
noncitizens
relevant
nonprivileged
documents
needed
litigation
moreover
virginia
law
gives
citizens
noncitizens
alike
access
judicial
records
code
ann
see
also
shenandoah
publishing
house
fanning
virginia
possession
information
person
whether
citizen
commonwealth
another
state
person
right
government
data
collection
dissemination
practices
act
inspect
information
lexis
mcburney
case
illustrative
foia
request
denied
mcburney
told
request
materials
sought
pursuant
government
data
collection
dissemination
practices
act
upon
placing
request
act
ultimately
received
much
sought
accordingly
virginia
foia
provision
impermissibly
burden
noncitizens
ability
access
commonwealth
courts
finally
reject
petitioners
sweeping
claim
challenged
provision
virginia
foia
violates
privileges
immunities
clause
denies
right
access
public
information
equal
terms
citizens
commonwealth
agree
privileges
immunities
clause
covers
broad
right
repeatedly
made
clear
constitutional
right
obtain
information
provided
foia
laws
see
houchins
kqed
plurality
opinion
constitution
freedom
information
see
also
los
angeles
police
dept
reporting
publishing
government
decide
give
information
sorrell
ims
health
breyer
dissenting
slip
never
found
first
amendment
prohibits
government
restricting
use
information
gathered
pursuant
regulatory
mandate
certainly
said
broad
right
times
enjoyed
citizens
several
compose
union
time
becoming
free
independent
sovereign
corfield
right
recognized
common
law
see
cross
people
right
know
courts
declared
primary
rule
general
common
law
right
persons
citizens
taxpayers
electors
merely
persons
inspect
public
records
documents
english
cases
provided
persons
personal
interest
records
permitted
access
see
king
shelley
eng
buller
ne
man
right
look
another
title
deeds
records
interest
deeds
rolls
king
justices
staffordshire
ad
eng
utmost
said
ground
interest
applicants
rational
curiosity
gratify
inspection
may
thereby
ascertain
facts
useful
advancing
ulterior
measures
contemplation
regulating
county
expenditure
merely
interest
obtaining
information
general
subject
furnish
equally
good
reason
permitting
inspection
records
county
direct
tangible
interest
necessary
bring
within
rule
acts
granting
inspection
public
documents
american
cases
less
uniform
certainly
support
proposition
right
access
public
information
widely
recognized
early
republic
see
cormack
wolcott
denying
mandamus
plaintiff
seeking
compile
abstracts
title
records
common
law
parties
vested
rights
examination
record
title
public
records
save
interest
land
subject
record
brewer
watson
individual
demanding
access
inspection
public
writings
must
interest
matters
relate
direct
tangible
interest
inspection
must
sought
specific
legitimate
purpose
gratification
mere
curiosity
motives
merely
speculative
entitle
demand
examination
writings
nadel
records
agency
must
made
available
state
freedom
information
act
common
law
person
requesting
inspection
public
record
required
show
interest
therein
enable
maintain
defend
action
document
record
sought
furnish
evidence
necessary
information
sweeping
right
basic
maintenance
union
baldwin
foia
laws
relatively
recent
vintage
federal
foia
enacted
stat
virginia
counterpart
adopted
two
years
later
acts
ch
contention
nation
unity
foundered
absence
suffering
foia
provisions
several
enacted
iii
addition
privileges
immunities
clause
claim
hurlbert
contends
virginia
foia
provision
violates
dormant
commerce
clause
commerce
clause
empowers
congress
regulate
commerce
among
several
art
cl
commerce
clause
expressly
impose
constraints
several
several
members
expressed
view
see
general
motors
tracy
scalia
concurring
commerce
clause
unjustified
judicial
intervention
expanded
beyond
existing
domain
haulers
assn
solid
waste
management
authority
thomas
concurring
judgment
negative
commerce
clause
basis
constitution
proved
unworkable
practice
nonetheless
long
inferred
commerce
clause
imposes
certain
implicit
limitations
state
power
see
cooley
board
wardens
port
philadelphia
ex
rel
soc
relief
distressed
pilots
cf
bons
ogden
wheat
marshall
dictum
dormant
commerce
clause
jurisprudence
significantly
limits
ability
localities
regulate
otherwise
burden
flow
interstate
commerce
maine
taylor
driven
concern
economic
protectionism
regulatory
measures
designed
benefit
economic
interests
burdening
competitors
new
energy
ind
limbach
see
also
philadelphia
new
jersey
crucial
inquiry
must
directed
determining
whether
challenged
statute
basically
protectionist
measure
whether
fairly
viewed
law
directed
legitimate
local
concerns
effects
upon
interstate
commerce
incidental
virginia
foia
law
neither
regulates
burdens
interstate
commerce
rather
merely
provides
service
local
citizens
otherwise
available
common
thread
among
cases
found
dormant
commerce
clause
violation
state
interfered
natural
functioning
interstate
market
either
prohibition
burdensome
regulation
hughes
alexandria
scrap
contrast
virginia
neither
prohibits
access
interstate
market
imposes
burdensome
regulation
market
rather
merely
creates
provides
citizens
copies
otherwise
exist
state
records
discussed
express
purpose
virginia
foia
law
ensur
people
commonwealth
ready
access
public
records
custody
public
body
officers
employees
free
entry
meetings
public
bodies
wherein
business
people
conducted
code
ann
case
thus
properly
brought
privileges
immunities
clause
quite
literally
poses
question
whether
virginia
deny
citizens
benefit
conferred
citizens
cf
missouri
pacific
analyzing
whether
privilege
access
state
courts
must
made
available
citizens
equally
citizens
relevant
state
pose
question
constitutionality
state
law
interferes
interstate
market
prohibition
burdensome
regulations
case
governed
dormant
commerce
clause
even
shoehorned
dormant
commerce
clause
framework
however
hurlbert
claim
fail
insofar
market
public
documents
virginia
market
product
commonwealth
created
commonwealth
sole
manufacturer
held
state
violate
dormant
commerce
clause
created
market
state
program
limits
benefits
generated
state
program
fund
state
treasury
state
created
serve
reeves
stake
policies
perhaps
loose
sense
reflect
essential
patently
unobjectionable
purpose
state
government
serve
citizens
state
ibid
cf
department
revenue
davis
government
function
susceptible
standard
dormant
commerce
clause
scrutiny
owing
likely
motivation
legitimate
objectives
distinct
simple
economic
protectionism
clause
abhors
reasons
virginia
foia
provision
violate
dormant
commerce
clause
virginia
foia
provision
neither
abridges
petitioners
fundamental
privileges
immunities
impermissibly
regulates
commerce
petitioners
constitutional
claims
fail
judgment
affirmed
ordered
thomas
concurring
mark
mcburney
et
petitioners
nathaniel
young
deputy
commissioner
director
virginia
division
child
support
enforcement
et
al
writ
certiorari
appeals
fourth
circuit
april
justice
thomas
concurring
join
opinion
though
applied
dormant
commerce
clause
precedents
continue
adhere
view
negative
commerce
clause
basis
text
constitution
makes
little
sense
proved
virtually
unworkable
application
consequently
serve
basis
striking
state
statute
hillside
dairy
lyons
opinion
concurring
part
dissenting
part
citation
internal
quotation
marks
omitted
footnotes
oral
argument
solicitor
general
virginia
contended
matter
virginia
law
hurlbert
entitled
tax
assessment
data
clerk
office
tr
oral
arg
neither
oral
argument
briefs
virginia
cite
virginia
statute
providing
real
estate
tax
assessment
records
filed
clerk
office
virginia
code
ann
lexis
directs
reassessment
records
filed
clerk
may
statute
counsel
referred
without
official
construction
statute
virginia
light
fact
petitioners
afforded
opportunity
rebut
importance
rely
upon
see
http
visited
april
available
clerk
case
file