sibron
new
york
argued
decided
june
together
peters
new
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argued
december
also
appeal
new
york
police
officer
patrol
observed
period
man
appellant
sibron
know
information
conversation
six
eight
persons
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knew
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addicts
later
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saw
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bail
pending
appeal
completed
service
sentence
roughly
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possible
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state
appellate
new
york
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person
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place
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crime
kalman
finkel
gretchen
white
oberman
argued
cause
filed
briefs
appellant
robert
stuart
friedman
argued
cause
filed
brief
appellant
william
siegel
argued
cause
appellee
brief
aaron
koota
james
duggan
argued
cause
appellee
briefs
leonard
rubenfeld
michael
juviler
argued
cause
district
attorney
new
york
county
amicus
curiae
brief
filed
cases
frank
hogan
richard
uviller
siegel
argued
cause
district
attorney
kings
county
amicus
curiae
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
cases
filed
jack
greenberg
james
nabrit
iii
michael
meltsner
melvyn
zarr
anthony
amsterdam
naacp
legal
defense
educational
fund
bernard
berkman
melvin
wulf
alan
levine
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
louis
lefkowitz
pro
se
samuel
hirshowitz
first
assistant
attorney
general
maria
marcus
brenda
soloff
assistant
attorneys
general
filed
brief
attorney
general
new
york
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
cases
chief
justice
warren
delivered
opinion
companion
cases
terry
ohio
ante
decided
today
present
related
questions
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
cases
arise
context
new
york
law
code
crim
proc
statute
provides
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officer
may
stop
person
abroad
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place
reasonably
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commit
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five
hundred
chapter
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person
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person
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officer
finds
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time
shall
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return
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possessed
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briefly
sibron
appellant
convicted
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possession
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trial
suppress
heroin
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arresting
officer
brooklyn
patrolman
anthony
martin
trial
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hearing
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officer
martin
testified
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midnight
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stated
period
time
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sibron
conversation
six
eight
persons
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martin
knew
past
experience
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testified
overhear
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pass
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late
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sibron
entered
restaurant
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martin
saw
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speak
three
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addicts
inside
restaurant
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pie
coffee
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patrolman
martin
approached
told
come
outside
outside
officer
said
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know
according
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sibron
mumbled
something
reached
pocket
simultaneously
patrolman
martin
thrust
hand
pocket
discovering
several
glassine
envelopes
turned
contained
heroin
state
difficulty
settling
upon
theory
admissibility
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heroin
sworn
complaint
patrolman
martin
stated
officer
approached
defendant
latter
direction
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seeing
put
hand
left
jacket
pocket
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tinfoil
envelope
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ground
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sight
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contain
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heroin
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hearing
patrolman
martin
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cause
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conversing
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addicts
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martin
part
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martin
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thereupon
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officer
probable
cause
arrest
section
statute
mentioned
point
trial
appellate
term
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conviction
without
opinion
appeals
new
york
sibron
case
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case
appeals
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peters
justified
statute
wrote
opinion
sibron
case
dissents
judges
fuld
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voorhis
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sought
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basis
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noted
probable
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attorney
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county
confessed
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appellant
convicted
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time
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like
sibron
made
pretrial
motion
suppress
trial
denied
motion
pleaded
guilty
preserving
right
appeal
officer
samuel
lasky
new
york
city
police
department
testified
hearing
motion
home
apartment
mount
vernon
new
york
july
finished
taking
shower
drying
heard
noise
door
attempt
investigate
interrupted
telephone
call
returned
looked
peephole
hall
officer
lasky
saw
two
men
tiptoeing
alcove
toward
stairway
immediately
called
police
put
civilian
clothes
armed
service
revolver
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peephole
saw
tall
man
tiptoeing
away
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man
peters
toward
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lasky
testified
lived
building
years
recognize
either
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tenants
believing
happened
upon
two
men
course
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lasky
opened
door
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hallway
slammed
door
loudly
behind
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stairs
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two
men
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lasky
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chase
apartment
located
sixth
floor
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peters
fourth
fifth
floors
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peters
collar
continued
another
flight
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peters
explained
presence
building
officer
lasky
saying
visiting
girl
friend
however
declined
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girl
friend
name
ground
married
woman
officer
lasky
patted
peters
weapons
discovered
hard
object
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stated
hearing
object
feel
like
gun
might
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pocket
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plastic
envelope
containing
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tools
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explicitly
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credit
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testimony
merely
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visit
girl
friend
found
officer
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meaning
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appeals
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dissenting
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clear
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petitioner
service
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habeas
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new
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pollard
morgan
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new
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expressly
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immaterial
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patrolman
martin
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appeals
new
york
wrote
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case
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stairs
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whose
nature
creates
substantial
likelihood
armed
clear
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possession
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category
nature
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offense
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apprehension
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safety
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agree
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new
york
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thought
constitutional
problems
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interrogation
case
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number
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indicating
suffices
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cause
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influence
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tactics
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influence
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courts
magistrates
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whether
probable
cause
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arrest
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officer
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afternoon
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apartment
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state
conclude
led
believe
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force
entry
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hallway
saw
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men
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building
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lasky
testify
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hand
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man
magistrate
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think
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escape
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neighborhood
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magistrate
issue
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arrest
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person
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special
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police
officer
probable
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evidence
persuade
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man
judging
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officer
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magistrate
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question
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courts
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order
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officer
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state
course
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use
contraband
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foregoing
reasons
concur
result
cases
thoughtful
study
many
points
see
ali
model
code
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tentative
draft
commentary
sections
appearing
true
new
york
courts
attributed
statement
attribution
seems
unwarranted
record
beck
ohio
rios
henry
henry
supra
said
constitutional
standard
felony
arrests
fbi
agents
without
warrant
section
authorized
agents
make
arrests
without
warrant
offense
committed
presence
felony
cognizable
laws
reasonable
grounds
believe
person
arrested
committed
committing
felony
ker
california
parallel
standard
applicable
warrantless
arrests
state
local
police
compare
henry
said
far
enough
evidence
justify
magistrate
issuing
warrant
agents
knew
federal
crime
theft
whisky
interstate
shipment
committed
neighborhood
petitioner
observed
driving
alley
picking
packages
driving
away
agree
facts
constitute
probable
cause
find
hard
see
evidence
impressive
leading
case
rabinowitz
justice
black
concurring
dissenting
concur
affirmance
judgment
peters
dissent
reversal
sibron
new
york
affirm
conviction
sibron
convicted
violating
new
york
law
basis
evidence
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police
reverses
ground
narcotics
seized
result
unreasonable
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violation
fourth
amendment
decided
today
terry
ohio
peters
new
york
policeman
violate
fourth
amendment
makes
limited
search
weapons
person
man
policeman
probable
cause
believe
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weapon
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weapon
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away
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principles
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amendment
policeman
search
person
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cause
believe
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felony
time
reasons
think
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narcotics
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unreasonable
fourth
amendment
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emphasis
facts
find
necessary
restate
patrolman
martin
saw
appellant
sibron
vicinity
broadway
midnight
sibron
remained
time
policeman
saw
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talking
six
eight
persons
policeman
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experience
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later
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patrolman
saw
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speak
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eating
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heroin
patrolman
testified
hearing
suppress
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heroin
evidence
thought
sibron
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counsel
new
york
reason
able
understand
attempted
confess
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reason
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seizure
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agree
need
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policeman
believe
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pocket
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new
york
justified
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pocket
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today
opinions
cases
policeman
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enforcement
officers
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courts
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defense
man
associating
intimately
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addicts
upon
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officer
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weapons
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appraising
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chosen
draw
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drawn
courts
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testimony
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upon
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premise
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ante
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atmosphere
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courts
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lower
state
courts
sitting
marble
halls
building
washington
cautious
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holding
mapp
ohio
due
get
review
literally
thousands
cases
raising
questions
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us
setting
meticulously
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findings
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rue
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state
cases
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egregious
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charge
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violating
new
york
narcotics
laws
previously
argued
think
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evidence
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officer
probable
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believe
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