shelley
kraemer
argued
decided
may
shelley
kraemer
george
vaughn
herman
willer
louis
petitioners
shelley
thurgood
marshall
new
york
city
loren
miller
petitioners
mcghee
gerald
seegers
louis
respondents
kraemer
henry
gilligan
james
crooks
washington
respondents
sipes
others
philip
perlman
sol
washington
amicus
curiae
special
leave
cheif
justice
vinson
delivered
opinion
cases
present
consideration
questions
relating
validity
enforcement
private
agreements
generally
described
restrictive
covenants
purpose
exclusion
persons
designated
race
color
basic
constitutional
issues
obvious
importance
raised
first
cases
comes
certiorari
missouri
february
thirty
total
owners
property
fronting
sides
labadie
avenue
taylor
avenue
cora
avenue
city
louis
signed
agreement
subsequently
recorded
providing
part
said
property
hereby
restricted
use
occupancy
term
fifty
years
date
shall
condition
time
whether
recited
referred
sic
subsequent
conveyances
shall
attach
land
condition
precedent
sale
hereafter
part
said
property
portion
thereof
shall
said
term
occupied
person
caucasian
race
intended
hereby
restrict
use
said
property
said
period
time
occupancy
owners
tenants
portion
said
property
resident
purpose
people
negro
mongolian
race
entire
district
described
agreement
included
parcels
lamd
thirty
owners
signed
agreement
held
title
parcels
including
particular
parcel
involved
case
time
agreement
signed
five
parcels
district
owned
negroes
one
occupied
negro
families
since
nearly
thirty
years
restrictive
agreement
executed
trial
found
owners
seven
nine
homes
south
side
labadie
avenue
within
restrit
ed
district
immediate
vicinity
premises
question
failed
sign
restrictive
agreement
time
action
brought
four
premises
occupied
negroes
occupied
periods
ranging
years
fifth
parcel
occupied
negroes
year
suit
instituted
august
pursuant
contract
sale
petitioners
shelley
negroes
valuable
consideration
received
one
fitzgerald
warranty
deed
parcel
question
trial
found
petitioners
actual
knowledge
restrictive
agreement
time
purchase
october
respondents
owners
property
subject
terms
restrictive
covenant
brought
suit
circuit
city
louis
prarying
petitioners
shelley
restrained
taking
possession
property
judgment
entered
divesting
title
petitioners
shelley
revesting
title
immediate
grantor
person
direct
trial
denied
requested
relief
ground
restrictive
agreement
upon
respondents
based
action
never
become
final
complete
intention
parties
agreement
become
effective
signed
property
owners
district
signatures
owners
never
obtained
missouri
sitting
en
banc
reversed
directed
trial
grant
relief
respondents
prayed
held
agreement
effective
concluded
enforcement
provisions
violated
rights
guaranteed
petitioners
federal
constitution
time
rendered
decision
petitioners
occupying
property
question
second
cases
consideration
comes
michigan
circumstances
presented
differ
materially
missouri
case
june
one
ferguson
wife
owned
property
located
city
detroit
involved
case
executed
contract
providing
part
property
shall
used
occupied
person
persons
except
caucasian
race
agreed
restriction
shall
effective
unless
least
eighty
percent
property
fronting
sides
street
block
land
located
subjected
similar
restriction
agreement
provided
restrictions
remain
effect
january
contract
subsequently
recorded
similar
agreements
executed
respect
eighty
percent
lots
block
property
question
situated
deed
dated
november
petitioners
found
trial
negroes
acquired
title
property
thereupon
entered
occupancy
january
respondents
owners
property
subject
terms
restrictive
agreement
brought
suit
petitioners
circuit
wayne
county
hearing
entered
decree
directing
petitioners
move
property
within
ninety
days
petitioners
enjoined
restrained
using
occupying
premises
future
appeal
michigan
affirmed
deciding
adversely
petitioners
contentions
denied
rights
protected
fourteenth
amendment
petitioners
placed
primary
reliance
contentions
first
raised
state
courts
judicial
enforcement
restrictive
agreements
cases
violated
rights
guaranteed
petitioners
fourteenth
amendment
federal
constitution
acts
congress
passed
pursuant
amendment
cifically
petitioners
urge
denied
equal
protection
laws
deprived
property
without
due
process
law
denied
privileges
immunities
citizens
pass
consideration
issues
whether
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
inhibits
judicial
enforcement
state
courts
restrictive
covenants
based
race
color
question
heretofore
called
upon
consider
two
cases
decided
way
involved
enforcement
agreements
first
case
corrigan
buckley
suit
brought
courts
district
columbia
enjoin
threatened
violation
certain
restrictive
covenants
relating
lands
situated
city
washington
relief
granted
case
brought
appeal
apparent
case
originated
federal
courts
involved
enforcement
covenants
land
located
district
columbia
present
issues
fourteenth
amendment
amendment
terms
applies
question
validity
enforcement
restrictive
covenants
fifth
amendment
properly
opinion
specifically
recognizes
constitutional
issue
appellants
raised
lower
courts
hence
constitutional
issue
appeal
validity
covenant
agreements
concluded
since
inhibitions
constitutional
provisions
invoked
apply
governmental
action
contrasted
action
private
individuals
showing
covenants
simply
agreements
private
property
owners
invalid
accordingly
appeal
dismissed
want
substantial
question
nothing
opinion
therefore
may
properly
regarded
adjudication
merits
constitutional
issues
presented
cases
raise
question
validity
private
agreements
judicial
enforcement
agreements
second
cases
involving
racial
restrictive
covenants
hansberry
lee
case
petitioners
white
property
owners
enjoined
state
courts
violating
terms
restrictive
agreement
state
held
petitioners
bound
earlier
judicial
determination
litigation
petitioners
parties
upholding
validity
restrictive
agreement
although
fact
agreement
signed
number
owners
necessary
make
effective
state
law
reversed
judgment
state
upon
ground
petitioners
denied
due
process
law
held
estopped
challenge
validity
agreement
theory
accepted
state
earlier
litigation
petitioners
participate
nature
class
suit
arriving
result
reach
issues
presented
cases
consideration
well
outset
scrutinize
terms
restrictive
agreemens
involved
cases
missouri
case
covenant
declares
part
affected
property
shall
mo
person
caucasian
race
intended
hereby
restrict
use
said
property
occupancy
owners
tenants
portion
said
property
resident
purpose
people
negro
mongolian
race
restricton
seek
proscribe
use
occupancy
affected
properties
members
excluded
class
construed
missouri
courts
agreement
requires
title
person
uses
property
violation
restriction
shall
divested
restriction
covenant
michigan
case
seeks
bar
occupancy
persons
excluded
class
provides
property
shall
used
occupied
person
persons
except
caucasian
race
observed
covenants
seek
proscribe
particular
use
affected
properties
use
properties
residential
occupancy
forbidden
restrictions
agreements
rather
directed
toward
designated
class
persons
seek
determine
may
may
make
use
properties
residential
purposes
excluded
class
defined
wholly
terms
race
color
nothing
doubted
among
civil
rights
intended
protected
discriminatory
state
action
fourteenth
amendment
rights
acquire
enjoy
dispose
property
equality
enjoyment
property
rights
regarded
framers
amendment
essential
realization
basic
civil
rights
liberties
amendment
intended
guarantee
thus
revised
statutes
derived
civil
rights
act
enacted
congress
fourteenth
amendment
also
provides
citizens
shall
right
every
state
territory
enjoyed
white
citizens
thereof
inherit
purchase
lease
sell
hold
convey
real
personal
property
given
specific
recognition
principle
buchanan
warley
likewise
clear
restrictions
right
occupancy
sort
sought
created
private
agreements
cases
squared
requirements
fourteenth
amendment
imposed
state
statute
local
ordinance
understand
respondents
urge
contrary
case
buchanan
warley
supa
unanimous
declared
unconstitutional
provisions
city
ordinance
denied
colr
ed
persons
right
occupy
houses
blocks
greater
number
houses
occupied
white
persons
imposed
similar
restrictions
white
persons
respect
blocks
greater
number
houses
occupied
colored
persons
course
opinion
case
stated
fourteenth
amendment
statutes
enacted
furtherance
purpose
operate
qualify
entitle
colored
man
acquire
property
without
state
legislation
discriminating
solely
color
harmon
tyler
unanimous
authority
buchanan
warley
supra
declared
invalid
ordinance
forbade
negro
establish
home
property
white
community
white
person
establish
home
negro
community
written
consent
majority
persons
opposite
race
inhabiting
community
portion
city
affected
precise
question
buchanan
harmon
cases
involved
rights
white
sellers
dispose
properties
free
restrictions
potential
purchasers
based
considerations
race
color
legislation
also
offensive
rights
desiring
acquire
occupy
property
barred
grounds
race
color
clear
language
opinion
buchanan
warley
supra
disposition
case
city
richmond
deans
negro
barred
occupancy
certain
property
terms
ordinance
similar
buchanan
case
sought
injunctive
relief
federal
courts
enjoin
enforcement
ordinance
grounds
provisions
violated
terms
fourteenth
amendment
relief
granted
affirmed
finding
citation
buchanan
warley
supra
harmon
tyler
supra
sufficient
support
judgment
present
cases
unlike
discussed
involve
action
state
legislatures
city
councils
particular
patterns
discrimination
areas
restrictions
operate
determined
tne
first
instance
terms
agreements
among
private
individuals
participation
state
consists
enforcement
restrictions
defined
crucial
issue
confronted
whether
distinction
removes
cases
operation
prohibitory
provisions
fourteenth
amendment
since
decision
civil
rights
cases
principle
become
firmly
embedded
constitutional
law
action
inhibited
first
section
fourteenth
amendment
action
may
fairly
said
amendment
erects
shield
merely
private
conduct
however
discriminatory
wrongful
conclude
therefore
restrictive
agreements
standing
alone
regarded
violation
rights
guaranteed
pt
itioners
fourteenth
amendment
long
purposes
agreements
effectuated
voluntary
adherence
terms
appear
clear
action
state
provisions
amendment
violated
cf
corrigan
buckley
supra
cases
purposes
agreements
secured
judicial
enforcement
state
courts
restrictive
terms
agreements
respondents
urge
jjdicial
enforcement
private
agreements
amount
state
action
event
participation
state
attenuated
character
amount
state
action
within
meaning
fourteenth
amendment
finally
suggested
even
cases
may
deemed
acted
constitutional
sense
action
deprive
petitioners
rights
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
move
consideration
matters
ii
action
state
courts
judicial
officers
official
capacities
regarded
action
state
within
meaning
fourteenth
amendment
proposition
long
established
decisions
principle
given
expression
earliest
cases
involving
construction
terms
fourteenth
amendment
thus
commonwealth
virginia
rives
stated
doubtless
true
state
may
act
different
agencies
legislative
executive
judicial
authorities
prohibitions
amendment
extend
action
state
denying
equal
protection
laws
whether
action
one
agencies
another
ex
parte
commonwealth
virginia
observed
state
acts
legislative
executive
judicial
authorities
act
way
civil
rights
cases
pointed
amendment
makes
void
action
every
kind
inconsistent
guaranties
therein
contained
extends
manifestations
authority
shape
laws
customs
judicial
executive
proceedings
language
like
effect
ployed
less
eighteen
times
course
opinion
similar
expressions
giving
specific
recognition
fact
judicial
action
regarded
action
state
purposes
fourteenth
amendment
found
numerous
cases
recently
decided
twining
new
jersey
said
judicial
act
highest
state
authoritatively
construing
enforcing
laws
act
state
trust
savings
hill
justice
brandeis
stated
federal
guaranty
due
process
extends
state
action
judicial
well
legislative
executive
administrative
branch
government
examples
declarations
opinions
lacking
one
earliest
applications
prohibitions
contained
fourteenth
amendment
action
state
judicial
officials
occurred
cases
negroes
excluded
jury
service
criminal
prosecutions
reason
race
color
cases
demonstrate
also
early
recognition
state
action
violation
amendment
provisions
equally
repugnant
constitutional
commands
whether
directed
state
statute
taken
judicial
official
absence
statute
thus
strauder
west
virginia
declared
invalid
state
statute
restricting
jury
service
white
persons
amounting
denial
equal
protection
laws
colored
defendant
case
notice
opportunity
defend
ex
parte
virginia
supra
held
similar
discrimination
imposed
action
state
judge
denied
rights
protected
amendment
despite
fact
language
state
statute
relating
jury
service
contained
restrictions
action
state
courts
imposing
penalties
depriving
parties
substantive
rights
without
providing
adequate
notice
opportunity
defen
course
long
regarded
denial
due
process
law
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
faris
trust
savings
hill
supra
cf
pennoyer
neff
numerous
cases
reversed
criminal
convictions
state
courts
failure
courts
provide
essential
ingredients
fair
hearing
thus
held
convictions
obtained
state
courts
domination
mob
void
moore
dempsey
see
frank
mangum
convictions
obtained
coerced
use
perjured
testimony
known
prosecution
without
effective
assistance
counsel
also
held
exertions
state
authority
conflict
fundamental
rights
protected
fourteenth
amendment
examples
state
judicial
action
held
violate
amendment
commands
restricted
situations
judicial
proceedings
found
manner
procedurally
unfair
recognized
action
state
courts
enforcing
substantive
rule
formulated
courts
may
result
denial
rights
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
even
though
judicial
proceedings
cases
may
complete
accord
rigorous
conceptions
procedural
due
process
thus
american
federation
labor
swing
enforcement
state
courts
policy
state
resulted
restraining
peaceful
picketing
held
state
action
sort
prohibited
amendment
guaranties
freedom
discussion
cantwell
connecticut
conviction
state
crime
breach
peace
circumstances
case
found
violation
amendment
commonds
relating
freedom
religion
bridges
california
enforcement
state
rule
relating
contempts
publication
held
state
action
inconsistent
prohibitions
fourteenth
amendment
cf
chicago
chicago
short
matter
time
adoption
fourteenth
amendment
present
consistent
ruling
action
amendment
reference
includes
action
state
courts
state
judicial
officials
although
construing
terms
fourteenth
amendment
differences
time
time
expressed
whether
particular
types
state
action
may
said
offend
amendment
prohibitory
provisions
never
suggested
state
action
immunized
operation
provisions
simply
act
judicial
branch
state
government
iii
background
judicial
construction
extending
period
century
called
upon
consider
whether
enforcement
state
courts
restrictive
agreements
cases
may
deemed
acts
whether
action
denied
petitioners
equal
protection
laws
amendment
intended
insure
doubt
state
action
cases
full
complete
sense
phrase
undisputed
facts
disclose
petitioners
willing
purchasers
properties
upon
desired
establish
homes
owners
properties
willing
sellers
contracts
sale
accordingly
consummated
clear
active
intervention
state
courts
supported
full
panoply
state
power
petitioners
free
occupy
properties
question
without
restraint
cases
suggested
merely
abstained
action
leaving
private
individuals
free
impose
discriminations
theys
ee
fit
rather
cases
made
available
individuals
full
coercive
power
government
deny
petitioners
grounds
race
color
enjoyment
property
rights
premises
petitioners
willing
financially
able
acquire
grantors
willing
sell
difference
judicial
enforcement
nonenforcement
restrictive
covenants
difference
petitioners
denied
rights
property
available
members
community
accorded
full
enjoyment
rights
equal
footing
enforcement
restrictive
agreements
state
courts
courts
cases
directed
pursuant
policy
formulated
courts
earlier
decisions
missouri
case
enforcement
covenant
directed
first
instance
highest
state
trial
determined
agreement
invalid
want
requisite
number
signatures
michigan
case
order
enforcement
trial
affirmed
highest
state
judicial
action
case
bears
clear
unmistakable
imprimatur
state
noted
previous
decisions
established
proposition
judicial
action
immunized
operation
fourteenth
amendment
simply
taken
pursuant
state
policy
amendment
ineffective
simply
particular
pattern
discrimination
state
enforced
defined
initially
terms
private
agreement
state
action
phrase
understood
purposes
fourteenth
amendment
refers
exertions
state
power
forms
effect
action
deny
rights
subject
protection
fourteenth
amendment
obligation
enforce
constitutional
commands
hold
granting
judicial
enforcement
restrictive
agreements
cases
denied
petitioners
equal
protection
laws
therefore
action
state
courts
stand
noted
freedom
discrimination
enjoyment
property
rights
among
basic
objectives
sought
effectuated
framers
thefourteenth
amendment
discrimination
occurred
cases
clear
race
color
petitioners
denied
rights
ownership
occupancy
enjoyed
matter
course
citizens
different
race
color
fourteenth
amendment
declares
persons
whether
colored
white
shall
stand
equal
laws
regard
colored
race
whose
protection
amendment
primarily
designed
discrimination
shall
made
law
color
strauder
west
virginia
supra
recently
occasion
declare
state
law
denied
equal
enjoyment
property
rights
designated
class
citizens
specified
race
ancestry
legitimate
exercise
state
police
power
violated
guaranty
equal
protectin
laws
oyama
california
may
discriminations
imposed
state
courts
cases
justified
proper
exertions
state
police
power
cf
buchanan
warley
supra
respondents
urge
however
since
state
courts
stand
ready
enforce
restrictive
covenants
excluding
white
persons
ownership
occupancy
property
covered
agreements
enforcement
covenants
excluding
colored
persons
may
deemed
denial
equal
protection
laws
colored
persons
thereby
affected
contention
bear
scrutiny
parties
directed
attention
case
state
federal
called
upon
enforce
covenant
excluding
members
white
majority
ownership
occupancy
real
property
grounds
race
color
fundamental
considerations
rights
ceated
first
section
fourteenth
amendment
terms
guaranteed
individual
rights
established
personal
rights
therefore
answer
petitioners
say
courts
may
also
induced
deny
white
persons
rights
ownership
occupancy
grounds
race
color
equal
protection
laws
achieved
indiscriminate
imposition
inequalities
find
merit
suggestion
property
owners
parties
agreements
denied
equal
protection
laws
denied
access
courts
enforce
terms
restrictive
covenants
assert
property
rights
state
courts
held
created
agreements
constitution
confers
upon
individual
right
demand
action
state
results
denial
equal
protection
laws
individuals
appear
beyond
question
power
state
create
enforce
property
interests
must
exercised
within
boundaries
defined
fourteenth
amendment
cf
marsh
alabama
problem
defining
scope
restrictions
federal
constitution
imposes
upon
exertions
power
given
rise
many
persistent
fundamental
issues
called
upon
consider
problem
foremost
minds
framers
constitution
since
early
day
arisen
multitude
forms
task
determining
whether
action
state
offends
constitutional
provisions
one
may
undertaken
lightly
however
clear
action
state
violt
es
terms
fundamental
charter
obligation
declare
historical
context
fourteenth
amendment
became
part
constitution
forgotten
whatever
else
framers
sought
achieve
clear
matter
primary
concern
establishment
equality
enjoyment
basic
civil
political
rights
preservation
rights
discriminatory
action
part
based
considerations
race
color
years
ago
announced
provisions
amendment
construed
fundamental
purpose
mind
upon
full
consideration
concluded
cases
acted
deny
petitioners
equal
protection
laws
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
decided
find
unnecessary
consider
whether
petitioners
also
deprived
property
without
due
process
law
denied
privileges
immunities
citizens
reasons
stated
judgment
missuri
judgment
michigan
must
reversed
reversed
justice
reed
justice
jackson
justice
rutledge
took
part
consideration
decision
cases
footnotes
trial
found
title
property
petitioners
shelley
sought
purchase
held
one
bishop
real
estate
dealer
placed
property
name
josephine
fitzgerald
bishop
acted
agent
petitioners
purchase
concealed
fact
ownership
kraemer
shelley
mo
sipes
mcghee
mich
first
section
fourteenth
amendment
provides
persons
born
naturalized
subject
jurisdiction
thereof
citizens
state
wherein
reside
state
shall
make
enforce
law
shall
abridge
privileges
immunities
citizens
shall
state
deprive
person
life
liberty
property
without
due
process
law
deny
person
within
jurisdiction
equal
protection
laws
corrigan
buckley
buchanan
warley
cases
wall
see
flack
adoption
fourteenth
amendment
oyama
california
section
civil
rights
act
herein
considered
described
federal
statute
fourteenth
amendment
vindicated
civil
rights
act
reenacted
act
may
subsequent
adoption
fourteenth
amendment
stat
stat
buchanan
warley
courts
georgia
maryland
north
carolina
oklahoma
texas
virginia
also
declared
similar
statutes
invalid
discussed
involve
action
state
amendment
glover
atlanta
jackson
state
md
clinard
allen
oklahoma
city
okl
liberty
annex
dallas
irvine
clifton
forge
see
harris
cruikshank
among
phrases
appearing
opinion
following
operation
state
laws
action
state
officers
executive
judicial
laws
state
proceedings
law
state
action
officers
agents
laws
acts
done
state
authority
laws
state
action
kind
laws
may
adopt
enforce
acts
proceedings
may
commit
take
legislation
action
law
state
authority
neal
delaware
scott
mcneal
chicao
chicago
hovey
elliott
carter
texas
martin
texas
raymond
chicago
union
traction
home
telephone
telegraph
los
angeles
prudential
ins
cheek
american
ry
exp
kentucky
mooney
holohan
hansberry
lee
see
standard
oil
missouri
hansberry
lee
brown
mississippi
chambers
florida
ashcraft
tennessee
lee
mississippi
see
mooney
holohan
pyle
kansas
powell
alabama
williams
kaiser
tomkins
missouri
demeerleer
michigan
applying
rule
erie
tompkins
clear
law
rules
enunciated
state
courts
judicial
opinions
regarded
part
law
state
see
bakery
drivers
local
wohl
cafeteria
employees
union
angelos
see
pennekamp
florida
craig
harney
see
swain
maxwell
mo
koehler
rowland
mo
see
also
parmalee
morris
cf
porter
barrett
cf
home
telephone
telegraph
los
angeles
raymond
chicago
union
traction
bridges
california
american
federation
labor
swing
see
yick
wo
hopkins
strauder
west
virginia
truax
raich
ann
restrictive
agreements
sort
involved
case
used
exclude
negroes
ownership
occupancy
real
property
informed
agreements
directed
indians
jews
chinese
japanese
mexicans
hawaiians
puerto
ricans
filipinos
among
others
see
bridges
california
cantwell
connecticut
observed
restrictions
relating
residential
occupancy
contained
ordinances
involved
buchanan
harmon
deans
cases
cited
supra
declared
inconsistent
requirements
fourteenth
amendment
applied
equally
white
persons
negroes
mccabe
atchison
topeka
santa
fe
missouri
ex
rel
gaines
canada
oyama
california
cases
wall
strauder
west
virginia
see
flack
adoption
fourteenth
amendment