bates
little
rock
argued
november
decided
february
petitioners
custodians
records
local
branches
national
association
advancement
colored
people
tried
convicted
fined
violating
identical
occupational
license
tax
ordinances
two
arkansas
cities
refusing
furnish
city
officials
lists
names
members
local
branches
association
held
record
case
compulsory
disclosure
membership
lists
work
unjustified
interference
members
freedom
association
protected
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
invasion
convictions
reversed
pp
beyond
dispute
freedom
association
purpose
advancing
ideas
airing
grievances
protected
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
invasion
pp
record
case
sufficiently
appears
compulsory
disclosure
membership
lists
local
branches
association
work
significant
interference
freedom
association
members
pp
cities
instrumentalities
state
demonstrated
cogent
interest
obtaining
making
public
membership
lists
organizations
justify
substantial
abridgment
associational
freedom
disclosures
effect
since
record
discloses
relevant
correlation
power
municipalities
impose
occupational
license
taxes
compulsory
disclosure
publication
membership
lists
pp
robert
carter
argued
cause
petitioners
brief
george
howard
joseph
kemp
argued
cause
city
little
rock
respondent
brief
richard
crockett
justice
stewart
delivered
opinion
petitioners
convicted
violating
identical
ordinance
arkansas
municipality
refusing
demand
furnish
city
officials
list
names
members
local
branch
national
association
advancement
colored
people
question
decision
whether
convictions
stand
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
constitution
municipalities
arkansas
authorized
state
levy
license
tax
person
firm
individual
corporation
engaging
trade
business
profession
vocation
calling
within
corporate
limits
pursuant
authority
city
little
rock
city
north
little
rock
years
imposed
annual
license
taxes
broad
variety
businesses
occupations
professions
charitable
organizations
engage
activities
affected
relieved
paying
taxes
two
cities
added
identical
amendments
occupation
license
tax
ordinances
amendments
require
organization
operating
within
municipality
question
must
supply
city
clerk
upon
request
within
specified
time
official
name
organization
headquarters
regular
meeting
place
names
officers
agents
servants
employees
representatives
salaries
purpose
organization
statement
dues
assessments
contributions
paid
paid
together
statement
reflecting
disposition
funds
total
net
income
affidavit
stating
whether
organization
subordinate
parent
organization
latter
name
ordinances
expressly
provide
information
furnished
shall
public
subject
inspection
interested
party
reasonable
business
hours
petitioner
bates
custodian
records
local
branch
national
association
advancement
colored
people
little
rock
petitioner
williams
custodian
records
north
little
rock
branch
local
organizations
supplied
two
municipalities
information
required
ordinances
except
demanded
ordinance
required
disclosure
names
organizations
members
contributors
instead
furnishing
detailed
breakdown
required
section
north
little
rock
ordinance
petitioner
williams
wrote
city
clerk
follows
financial
statement
follows
january
december
total
receipts
membership
contributors
total
expenditures
national
office
secretarial
help
stationery
stamps
etc
total
hand
attaching
affidavit
president
indicating
branch
national
association
advancement
colored
people
new
york
corporation
give
information
respect
names
addresses
members
contributors
information
may
lead
ascertainment
information
base
refusal
climate
state
good
faith
belief
public
disclosure
names
members
contributors
might
lead
harassment
economic
reprisals
even
bodily
harm
moreover
even
aside
possibility
advised
counsel
believe
city
right
constitution
laws
constitution
laws
state
arkansas
demand
names
addresses
members
contributors
assert
behalf
organization
members
right
contribute
naacp
seek
aegis
accomplish
aims
purposes
herein
described
free
restraints
interference
city
state
officials
addition
assert
right
members
contributors
participate
activities
naacp
anonymously
right
recognized
basic
right
every
american
citizen
since
founding
country
refusing
upon
demand
submit
names
members
organization
petitioner
tried
convicted
fined
violation
ordinance
respective
municipality
bates
trial
evidence
offered
show
many
former
members
local
organization
declined
renew
membership
existence
ordinance
question
similar
evidence
received
williams
trial
well
evidence
publicly
identified
community
members
national
association
advancement
colored
people
subjected
harassment
threats
bodily
harm
appeal
cases
consolidated
arkansas
two
justices
dissenting
convictions
upheld
ark
concluded
compulsory
disclosure
membership
lists
circumstances
unconstitutional
invasion
freedoms
guaranteed
mere
incident
permissible
legal
result
significant
constitutional
question
involved
granted
certiorari
like
freedom
speech
free
press
right
peaceable
assembly
considered
framers
constitution
lie
foundation
government
based
upon
consent
informed
citizenry
government
dedicated
establishment
justice
preservation
liberty
amend
beyond
dispute
freedom
association
purpose
advancing
ideas
airing
grievances
protected
due
process
clause
fourteenth
amendment
invasion
de
jonge
oregon
alabama
freedoms
protected
frontal
attack
also
stifled
subtle
governmental
interference
grosjean
american
press
murdock
pennsylvania
american
communications
assn
douds
alabama
supra
smith
california
hardly
novel
perception
compelled
disclosure
affiliation
groups
engaged
advocacy
may
constitute
effective
restraint
freedom
association
recognized
vital
relationship
freedom
associate
privacy
one
associations
inviolability
privacy
group
association
may
many
circumstances
indispensable
preservation
freedom
association
particularly
group
espouses
dissident
beliefs
alabama
record
sufficiently
appears
compulsory
disclosure
membership
lists
local
branches
national
association
advancement
colored
people
work
significant
interference
freedom
association
members
substantial
uncontroverted
evidence
public
identification
persons
community
members
organizations
followed
harassment
threats
bodily
harm
also
evidence
fear
community
hostility
economic
reprisals
follow
public
disclosure
membership
lists
discouraged
new
members
joining
organizations
induced
former
members
withdraw
repressive
effect
part
result
private
attitudes
pressures
brought
bear
exercise
governmental
power
threatened
force
disclosure
members
names
alabama
thus
threat
substantial
government
encroachment
upon
important
traditional
aspects
individual
freedom
neither
speculative
remote
decision
case
must
finally
turn
therefore
whether
cities
instrumentalities
state
demonstrated
cogent
interest
obtaining
making
public
membership
lists
organizations
justify
substantial
abridgment
associational
freedom
disclosures
effect
significant
encroachment
upon
personal
liberty
state
may
prevail
upon
showing
subordinating
interest
compelling
alabama
see
also
jacobson
massachusetts
schneider
state
cox
new
hampshire
murdock
pennsylvania
prince
massachusetts
kovacs
cooper
questioned
governmental
purpose
upon
municipalities
rely
fundamental
one
power
basic
ultimate
purpose
function
government
power
tax
see
james
dravo
contracting
doubted
proper
efficient
exercise
essential
governmental
power
may
sometimes
entail
possibility
encroachment
upon
individual
freedom
see
kahriger
hubbard
mellon
app
adjunct
power
impose
occupational
license
taxes
cities
enacted
legislation
question
governmental
action
automatically
become
reasonably
related
achievement
legitimate
substantial
governmental
purpose
mere
assertion
preamble
ordinance
shown
state
action
threatens
significantly
impinge
upon
constitutionally
protected
freedom
becomes
duty
determine
whether
action
bears
reasonable
relationship
achievement
governmental
purpose
asserted
justification
record
find
relevant
correlation
power
municipalities
impose
occupational
license
taxes
compulsory
disclosure
publication
membership
lists
local
branches
national
association
advancement
colored
people
occupational
license
tax
ordinances
municipalities
squarely
aimed
reaching
commercial
professional
business
occupations
within
communities
taxes
matter
state
law
based
earnings
income
upon
nature
occupation
enterprise
conducted
inquiry
organizations
within
communities
purpose
nature
activities
thus
appear
entirely
relevant
enforcement
ordinances
inquiry
addressed
organizations
answered
follows
affiliate
national
organization
seeking
secure
american
negroes
rights
guaranteed
constitution
purposes
may
best
described
quoting
articles
incorporation
national
organization
purposes
set
forth
voluntarily
promote
equality
rights
eradicate
caste
race
prejudice
among
citizens
advance
interest
colored
citizens
secure
impartial
suffrage
increase
opportunities
securing
justice
courts
education
children
employment
according
ability
complete
equality
law
ascertain
publish
facts
bearing
upon
subjects
take
lawful
action
thereon
together
kind
things
may
lawfully
done
membership
corporation
organized
laws
state
new
york
advancement
objects
articles
incorporation
hereinabove
referred
file
office
secretary
state
state
arkansas
accord
purposes
aims
branch
naacp
chartered
organized
seeking
effectuate
principles
within
municipality
sum
complete
failure
record
show
organizations
engaged
occupation
license
required
even
occupation
conducted
profit
cities
ever
asserted
claim
organizations
payment
occupational
license
tax
organizations
ever
asserted
exemption
tax
imposed
municipalities
either
alleged
nonprofit
character
reason
conclude
municipalities
failed
demonstrate
controlling
justification
deterrence
free
association
compulsory
disclosure
membership
lists
cause
petitioners
punished
refusing
produce
information
municipalities
constitutionally
require
judgments
stand
reversed
footnotes
little
rock
ord
north
little
rock
ord
ordinances
amended
numerous
times
adding
various
businesses
occupations
professions
licensed
changing
rates
taxes
imposed
pertinent
provisions
ordinances
follows
whereas
found
determined
certain
organizations
within
city
claiming
immunity
terms
ordinance
governing
payment
occupation
licenses
levied
privilege
business
within
city
upon
premise
organizations
benevolent
charitable
mutual
benefit
fraternal
whereas
many
organizations
claiming
occupation
license
exemption
mere
subterfuges
businesses
operated
profit
subject
occupation
license
ordinance
therefore
ordained
city
council
city
section
word
organization
used
herein
means
group
individuals
whether
incorporated
unincorporated
section
organization
operating
functioning
within
city
including
limited
civic
fraternal
political
mutual
benefit
legal
medical
trade
organization
upon
request
mayor
alderman
member
board
directors
city
clerk
city
collector
city
attorney
shall
list
city
clerk
following
information
within
days
request
submitted
official
name
organization
office
place
business
headquarters
usual
meeting
place
organization
officers
agents
servants
employees
representatives
organization
salaries
paid
purpose
purposes
organization
financial
statement
organization
including
dues
fees
assessments
contributions
paid
paid
date
thereof
together
statement
reflecting
disposition
sums
paid
together
total
net
income
organization
affidavit
president
officiating
officer
organization
stating
whether
organization
subordinate
parent
organization
name
parent
organization
section
ordinance
shall
cumulative
ordinances
heretofore
passed
city
reference
occupation
licenses
collection
thereof
section
information
obtained
pursuant
ordinance
shall
deemed
public
subject
inspection
interested
party
reasonable
business
hours
section
section
part
ordinance
declared
unconstitutional
void
shall
affect
remaining
sections
ordinance
end
sections
subsections
hereof
declared
severable
section
person
organization
shall
violate
provisions
ordinance
shall
deemed
guilty
misdemeanor
upon
conviction
thereof
shall
fined
section
ordinances
explicitly
require
submission
membership
lists
rather
dues
contributions
paid
paid
effect
language
require
submission
names
members
made
clear
supplemental
request
made
city
clerk
north
little
rock
petitioner
williams
dear
madam
regular
meeting
north
little
rock
city
council
held
council
chamber
december
instructed
request
list
names
addresses
officers
members
north
little
rock
branch
naacp
portion
questionnaire
answered
december
furnish
information
information
must
received
later
december
requested
original
questionnaire
received
december
fact
names
officers
north
little
rock
branch
already
submitted
accordance
ordinance
example
petitioner
bates
testified
well
say
like
past
five
years
collecting
guess
members
year
renewals
people
year
guess
lost
members
went
back
renewals
said
well
wait
see
happens
bennett
ordinance
example
witness
testified
well
people
afraid
join
afraid
join
people
want
names
exposed
afraid
names
exposed
might
lose
jobs
intimidated
afraid
join
said
well
wait
ca
afraid
give
afraid
somebody
names
publicized
lose
jobs
intimidated
example
petitioner
williams
testified
well
able
rest
night
day
quite
phone
number
changed
call
day
night
found
second
phone
number
way
called
hours
night
telephone
get
new
number
trying
find
one
course
tell
talking
throwed
stones
home
wrote
got
received
letter
threatening
life
threaten
life
telephone
way
arkansas
construed
ordinances
requiring
disclosure
membership
list
cities
challenge
petitioners
right
raise
objections
defenses
available
organizations
cities
challenge
right
organizations
circumstances
assert
individual
rights
members
cf
alabama
see
note
supra
provision
little
rock
ordinance
imposes
annual
tax
upon
ny
person
firm
corporation
within
city
engaging
business
selling
kinds
goods
wares
merchandise
whether
raw
materials
finished
products
regularly
established
place
business
maintained
within
city
tax
measured
gross
value
average
stock
inventory
preceding
year
minimum
conceded
oral
argument
counsel
city
little
rock
provision
inapplicable
brief
filed
oral
argument
made
behalf
city
north
little
rock
justice
black
justice
douglas
concurring
concur
judgment
substantially
opinion
think
facts
show
ordinances
applied
violate
freedom
speech
assembly
guaranteed
first
amendment
many
times
held
made
applicable
fourteenth
amendment
illustration
jones
opelika
dissenting
opinion
adopted
murdock
pennsylvania
kingsley
regents
see
cases
cited
speiser
randall
concurring
opinion
moreover
believe
indicated
rumely
concurring
opinion
first
amendment
rights
beyond
abridgment
either
legislation
directly
restrains
exercise
suppression
impairment
harassment
humiliation
exposure
government
one
rights
freedom
assembly
includes
course
freedom
association
entitled
less
protection
first
amendment
right
alabama
de
jonge
oregon
hold
principles
applicable
people
constitution
irrespective
race
color
politics
religion
us
essence
present
opinion