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maroney
enforcing
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regulation
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businessmen
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ping
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maroney
government
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see
also
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new
hampshire
chimel
california
justify
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maroney
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new
hampshire
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allow
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frustrate
governmental
purpose
behind
search
camara
municipal
supra
course
entail
inconvenience
inconvenience
alone
never
thought
adequate
reason
abrogating
warrant
requirement
district
supra
although
standards
probable
cause
context
case
relatively
unstructured
cf
number
relevant
factors
merit
consideration
include
frequency
aliens
illegally
country
known
reasonably
believed
transported
within
particular
area
ii
proximity
area
question
border
iii
extensiveness
geographic
characteristics
area
including
roads
therein
extent
use
iv
probable
degree
interference
rights
innocent
persons
taking
account
scope
proposed
search
duration
concentration
illegal
alien
traffic
relation
general
traffic
road
area
short
determination
whether
warrant
issued
area
search
involves
balancing
legitimate
interests
law
enforcement
protected
fourth
amendment
rights
presents
type
delicate
question
constitutional
judgment
resolved
judiciary
rather
executive
words
camara
precisely
discretion
invade
private
property
consistently
circumscribed
requirement
disinterested
party
warrant
need
search
reasons
stated
think
rational
search
warrant
procedure
feasible
cases
kind
warrant
obtained
agree
judgment
must
reversed
express
opinion
whether
probable
cause
issue
warrant
facts
particular
case
accord
conclusion
nothing
immigration
nationality
act
cfr
serves
authorize
otherwise
unconstitutional
search
solicitor
general
brief
explicitly
take
position
checking
operations
justified
officers
probable
cause
even
reasonable
suspicion
believe
respect
vehicle
checked
contains
illegal
alien
apart
reasonableness
establishment
checking
operation
case
nothing
record
indicate
border
patrol
officers
special
particular
reason
stop
petitioner
examine
car
brief
reason
judicial
officer
approve
appropriate
series
roving
searches
course
several
days
weeks
experience
initial
search
series
searches
highly
relevant
considering
applications
renewal
warrant
depending
upon
circumstances
may
probable
cause
search
authorized
designated
portion
particular
road
cause
may
exist
designated
area
may
contain
one
roads
tracks
particularly
along
much
mexican
border
vast
areas
uninhabited
desert
arid
land
traversed
main
roads
highways
nevertheless
may
afford
opportunities
virtue
isolated
character
smuggling
aliens
justice
white
chief
justice
justice
blackmun
justice
rehnquist
join
dissenting
trial
conviction
case
district
southern
district
california
indictment
charging
petitioner
contrary
ed
knowingly
received
concealed
facilitated
transportation
approximately
pounds
illegally
imported
marihuana
sentenced
five
years
imprisonment
appealed
sole
ground
district
erroneously
denied
motion
suppress
marihuana
allegedly
seized
automobile
violation
fourth
amendment
motion
suppress
heard
stipulated
evidence
district
border
patrol
officers
shaw
carrasco
stopped
petitioner
car
shortly
midnight
traveling
calexico
border
toward
blythe
california
stop
made
highway
near
glamis
california
miles
road
calexico
highway
road
california
coming
mexican
border
established
checkpoint
commonly
used
evade
check
points
marijuana
alien
smugglers
occasions
times
officers
border
patrol
maintain
roving
check
vehicles
persons
particular
highway
pursuant
practice
stopped
vehicle
specific
purpose
checking
aliens
petitioner
identification
revealed
resident
mexicali
mexico
held
work
permit
petitioner
come
mexicali
picked
car
calexico
way
blythe
deliver
intended
return
mexicali
bus
officers
advised
official
bulletin
aliens
illegally
entering
sometimes
concealed
sitting
upright
behind
back
seat
rest
car
legs
folded
back
seat
springs
removed
looking
rear
seat
petitioner
car
aliens
officers
discovered
packages
believed
contain
marihuana
petitioner
placed
arrest
advised
rights
car
searched
additional
marihuana
found
substantial
amounts
evidence
motion
suppress
denied
petitioner
convicted
divided
appeals
affirmed
relying
prior
cases
immigration
nationality
act
provides
officers
immigration
naturalization
service
shall
power
without
warrant
search
vehicle
aliens
within
reasonable
distance
external
boundary
dissent
reversal
judgment
fourth
amendment
protects
people
persons
houses
papers
effects
unreasonable
searches
seizures
also
provides
warrants
shall
issue
upon
probable
cause
ordinary
rule
reasonable
amendment
search
must
authorized
warrant
issued
magistrate
upon
showing
probable
cause
amendment
overriding
prohibition
nevertheless
unreasonable
searches
seizures
legality
searching
without
warrant
without
probable
cause
individuals
conveyances
seeking
enter
country
recognized
congress
courts
since
beginning
boyd
said
much
carroll
repeated
neither
warrant
probable
cause
required
authorize
stop
search
external
boundaries
travelers
may
stopped
crossing
international
boundary
national
self
protection
reasonably
requiring
one
entering
country
identify
entitled
come
belongings
effects
may
lawfully
brought
much
undisputed
case
persons
effects
may
searched
border
dutiable
articles
contraband
conveyances
may
searched
purposes
well
determine
whether
carry
aliens
entitled
enter
country
neither
apparently
disputed
warrantless
searches
aliens
without
probable
cause
may
made
fixed
checkpoints
away
border
problem
case
centers
roving
patrol
operating
away
near
border
patrols
may
search
aliens
without
warrant
probable
cause
believe
vehicle
searched
carrying
aliens
illegally
country
without
probable
cause
majority
holds
search
unreasonable
although
least
one
justice
justice
powell
uphold
searches
roving
patrols
authorized
area
warrant
issued
less
probable
cause
traditional
sense
agree
justice
powell
warrant
issued
satisfy
fourth
amendment
expect
warrants
readily
issued
disagree
majority
either
warrant
probable
cause
required
circumstances
case
reaffirmed
today
cady
dombrowski
post
governing
standard
fourth
amendment
reasonableness
view
standard
sufficiently
flexible
authorize
search
involved
case
terry
ohio
proceeding
general
proscription
unreasonable
searches
seizures
omitted
weighed
governmental
interest
claimed
justify
official
intrusion
constitutionally
protected
interest
private
citizen
need
search
balanced
invasion
search
entails
quoting
camara
municipal
terry
supra
event
put
chief
justice
warren
question
whether
circumstances
encounter
right
personal
security
violated
unreasonable
search
seizure
emphasis
added
warrantless
searches
person
immediate
surroundings
deemed
reasonable
incident
arrest
see
chimel
california
terry
stop
suspected
individual
weapons
without
warrant
thought
reasonable
less
traditional
probable
cause
camara
municipal
supra
inspection
every
structure
entire
area
enforce
building
codes
deemed
reasonable
fourth
amendment
without
probable
cause
suspicion
particular
house
structure
violation
law
although
warrant
issuable
without
probable
cause
reasonable
suspicion
violation
required
respect
nonconsenting
property
owners
also
colonnade
catering
justice
douglas
writing
recognizing
fourth
amendment
bars
unreasonable
searches
seizures
ruled
historic
power
government
control
liquor
traffic
authorized
warrantless
inspections
licensed
premises
without
probable
cause
reasonable
suspicion
check
liquor
quality
conditions
sold
solely
enforce
collection
federal
excise
tax
biswell
involved
gun
control
act
authorization
federal
officers
inspect
firearms
dealers
public
need
enforce
important
regulatory
program
held
justify
random
inspections
licensed
establishments
without
warrant
probable
cause
particularly
sensitive
amendment
broad
standard
reasonableness
biswell
colonnade
authorizing
statutes
permitted
challenged
searches
noted
colonnade
congress
broad
power
design
powers
inspection
liquor
laws
deems
necessary
meet
evils
hand
biswell
relied
heavily
upon
congressional
judgment
authorized
inspection
procedures
played
important
part
regulatory
system
case
us
authorizes
border
patrol
officers
without
warrant
search
vehicle
aliens
within
reasonable
distance
external
boundary
within
distance
miles
external
boundary
access
private
lands
dwellings
purpose
patrolling
border
prevent
illegal
entry
aliens
least
statute
represents
considered
judgment
congress
proper
enforcement
immigration
laws
requires
random
searches
vehicles
without
warrant
probable
cause
within
reasonable
distance
international
borders
country
true
ntil
alien
migration
unrestricted
kleindienst
mandel
power
national
government
exclude
aliens
country
undoubted
sweeping
government
action
legislative
department
exclude
aliens
territory
proposition
think
open
controversy
jurisdiction
territory
extent
incident
every
independent
nation
part
independence
exclude
aliens
extent
subject
control
another
power
chae
chan
ping
power
congress
exclude
aliens
altogether
prescribe
terms
conditions
upon
may
come
country
declared
policy
regard
enforced
exclusively
settled
previous
adjudications
lem
moon
sing
see
also
fong
yue
ting
yamataya
fisher
ex
rel
turner
williams
oceanic
steam
navigation
stranahan
ex
rel
volpe
smith
since
congress
given
almost
continuous
attention
problems
immigration
excludability
certain
defined
classes
aliens
pattern
generally
one
increasing
control
kleindienst
mandel
supra
illegal
entry
aliens
multiplied
congress
addressed
enforcement
mechanisms
immigration
authorities
authorized
board
search
conveyances
aliens
brought
act
stat
basic
authority
substantially
unchanged
incorporated
represented
congress
enforcement
immigration
laws
times
desirable
stop
search
vehicles
within
reasonable
distance
boundaries
legal
right
conferred
law
house
committee
immigration
naturalization
opinion
legislation
highly
desirable
counterpart
senate
stated
question
step
right
direction
result
express
statutory
authority
act
stat
conduct
searches
vehicles
aliens
within
reasonable
distance
border
without
warrant
possible
cause
moreover
immigration
nationality
act
stat
congress
permitted
entry
onto
private
lands
excluding
dwellings
within
distance
miles
external
boundaries
country
purpose
patrolling
border
prevent
illegal
entry
aliens
stat
judgment
congress
obviously
circumstances
reasonably
necessary
enforcement
immigration
laws
search
vehicles
private
property
aliens
without
warrant
probable
cause
locations
border
disagree
legislative
judgment
invalidate
face
contrary
opinion
congress
legislation
comported
standard
reasonableness
fourth
amendment
quite
unwilling
external
boundaries
extensive
canadian
border
almost
miles
length
mexican
almost
surveillance
maintained
established
channels
routes
communication
inspection
regular
points
entry
infallible
also
physically
impossible
maintain
continuous
patrol
vast
stretches
borders
fact
illegal
crossings
legal
ports
entry
numerous
recurring
hope
intercepting
illegal
entrants
maintaining
kind
credible
deterrent
essential
permanent
temporary
checkpoints
maintained
away
borders
roving
patrols
conducted
discover
intercept
illegal
entrants
filter
established
roads
highways
attempt
move
away
border
area
purpose
border
patrol
maintained
roving
patrol
involved
case
conducted
random
spot
checks
automobiles
vehicular
traffic
case
reports
fiscal
year
border
patrol
traffic
checking
operations
located
deportable
aliens
approximately
entered
illegally
crossing
border
place
port
entry
said
represent
nearly
number
aliens
located
border
patrol
means
throughout
section
authorizes
searches
aliens
searches
conveyances
property
searches
person
contraband
authorized
section
authority
extended
statute
limited
reasonably
necessary
officer
assure
vehicle
conveyance
carrying
alien
illegally
within
country
extensive
searches
automobiles
without
probable
cause
permitted
section
see
fumagalli
guided
principles
camara
colonnade
biswell
uphold
judgment
congress
purposes
enforcing
immigration
laws
reasonable
treat
exterior
boundaries
country
zone
line
recurring
circumstances
search
vehicular
traffic
without
warrant
without
probable
cause
may
reasonable
fourth
amendment
although
carried
border
also
considered
judgment
three
courts
appeals
whose
daily
concern
enforcement
immigration
laws
along
border
although
sensitive
constitutional
commands
perhaps
better
vantage
point
potomac
judge
practicalities
law
enforcement
reasonableness
official
searches
vehicles
enforce
immigration
statutes
appeals
ninth
circuit
like
circuits
recognizes
border
persons
may
stopped
identified
searched
without
warrant
probable
cause
effects
conveyances
likewise
subjected
inspection
seems
dissent
proposition
away
border
persons
automobiles
may
searched
narcotics
contraband
probable
cause
automobiles
may
stopped
without
warrant
probable
cause
limited
search
aliens
carried
portions
conveyance
capable
concealing
illegal
immigrant
consistent
view
fumagalli
supra
fumagalli
stopped
checkpoint
imperial
california
miles
north
international
boundary
course
looking
trunk
illegal
entrant
odor
marihuana
detected
marihuana
discovered
fumagalli
contended
trunk
automobile
examined
locate
illegal
entrant
absent
probable
cause
believe
vehicle
carried
person
composed
judges
merrill
hufstedler
byrne
rejected
position
stating
hat
cases
make
clear
probable
cause
required
immigration
search
within
approved
limits
omitted
generally
required
sustain
legality
search
contraband
person
automobile
conducted
away
international
borders
appellant
confused
two
rules
attempt
graft
probable
cause
standards
narcotics
cases
onto
rules
justifying
immigration
inspections
among
prior
cases
reaffirmed
fernandez
automobile
stopped
miles
north
oceanside
california
highway
point
miles
north
mexican
border
inspection
illegally
entering
aliens
conducted
narcotics
discovered
seized
stop
seizure
sustained
statute
immigration
service
noted
running
traffic
checks
area
years
many
illegal
entrants
discovered
least
dozen
checkpoints
operating
along
border
mexico
courts
appeal
fifth
tenth
circuits
share
problem
enforcing
immigration
laws
along
border
courts
agree
ninth
circuit
void
recurring
circumstances
statute
permits
stop
automobile
without
warrant
probable
cause
search
aliens
constitutionally
permissible
de
leon
de
leon
stopped
without
warrant
probable
cause
driving
highway
leading
north
laredo
texas
approximately
miles
mexican
border
purpose
stop
inspect
illegally
entering
aliens
de
leon
opened
trunk
requested
false
bottom
trunk
thought
odor
marihuana
immediately
noticed
heroin
seized
judge
wisdom
writing
judges
godbold
roney
concluded
stopping
automobile
ten
miles
mexican
border
search
illegal
aliens
reasonable
see
mcdaniel
warner
cir
marsh
cir
vehicle
reasonably
stopped
pursuant
authorized
border
check
agents
empowered
search
vehicle
including
trunk
aliens
appeals
tenth
circuit
expressed
similar
views
supra
automobile
stopped
new
mexico
distance
mexican
border
purpose
search
aliens
relying
statute
speaking
judge
breitenstein
concluded
circumstances
initial
stop
search
aliens
proper
however
determined
officers
occupants
car
illegally
country
whether
trunk
elsewhere
held
officers
business
examining
contents
jacket
found
trunk
evidence
case
excluded
clear
rule
circuit
however
conveyances
may
stopped
examined
aliens
without
warrant
probable
cause
circumstances
reasonable
congress
authorized
vehicle
searches
reasonable
distance
international
frontiers
order
aid
enforcement
immigration
laws
congress
long
considered
inspections
constitutionally
permissible
fourth
amendment
also
courts
judges
best
positioned
make
intelligent
sensible
assessments
requirements
reasonableness
context
controlling
illegal
entries
country
consistently
almost
without
dissent
come
conclusion
embodied
judgment
reversed
today
ii
also
think
validly
applied
case
search
aliens
discovery
marihuana
illegal
fourth
amendment
stipulated
highway
involved
one
roads
california
moving
away
mexican
border
established
check
station
commonly
used
alien
smugglers
evade
regular
checkpoints
automobile
stopped
sometime
midnight
miles
along
road
border
town
calexico
proceeding
toward
blythe
california
matter
fact
appears
point
car
stopped
approximately
miles
due
north
mexican
border
given
large
number
illegal
entries
across
mexican
border
established
ports
entry
well
likelihood
many
illegally
entering
aliens
cross
foot
meet
prearranged
transportation
country
think
circumstances
stop
petitioner
car
reasonable
search
aliens
rear
seat
car
pursuant
official
bulletin
suggesting
search
procedures
based
experience
given
valid
search
car
aliens
way
contended
discovery
seizure
marihuana
contrary
law
affirm
judgment
appeals
facts
except
petitioner
stopped
taken
oral
stipulation
open
see
app
time
petitioner
stopped
given
complaint
app
petitioner
testified
trial
stopped
tr
rec
west
glamis
prevailing
direction
highway
point
stop
west
glamis
highway
approximately
miles
north
border
running
parallel
east
glamis
highway
proceeds
sharply
northeast
blythe
distance
miles
appears
see
app
officers
informed
facts
initiating
search
aliens
hence
finding
contraband
title
provides
pertinent
part
officer
employee
immigration
naturalization
service
authorized
regulations
prescribed
attorney
general
shall
power
without
warrant
within
reasonable
distance
external
boundary
board
search
aliens
vessel
within
territorial
waters
railway
car
aircraft
conveyance
vehicle
within
distance
miles
external
boundary
access
private
lands
dwellings
purpose
patrolling
border
prevent
illegal
entry
aliens
appeals
also
relied
cfr
relevant
part
provides
reasonable
distance
term
reasonable
distance
used
section
act
means
within
air
miles
external
boundary
shorter
distance
may
fixed
district
director
far
power
board
search
aircraft
concerned
distance
fixed
pursuant
paragraph
section
colonnade
catering
conviction
set
aside
thought
congress
authority
prescribe
standards
reasonableness
fourth
amendment
intended
federal
inspectors
use
force
carrying
warrantless
inspections
dissent
chief
justice
joined
justices
black
stewart
sustained
search
saying
assume
agree
search
question
must
held
valid
contraband
discovered
subject
seizure
forfeiture
unless
unreasonable
constitution
prohibited
statute
imposing
restraints
apart
constitution
majority
sees
constitutional
violation
agree
separate
dissent
justice
black
joined
chief
justice
justice
stewart
also
emphasized
ultimate
test
legality
fourth
amendment
whether
search
seizure
reasonable
fiscal
year
aliens
entered
without
inspection
located
immigration
naturalization
officers
deportable
aliens
located
traffic
checking
operations
assisted
smugglers
fiscal
year
smugglers
discovered
traffic
checking
operations
percent
aliens
illegally
entering
land
crossed
border
mexico
appeals
ninth
circuit
also
sustained
mienke
marin
duprez
avey
miranda
elder
see
also
kelly
see
also
bird
ramirez
haerr
anderson
mccormick
without
undertaken
exhaustive
survey
appeals
cases
noted
including
one
us
different
judges
three
courts
appeals
found
inspection
vehicles
illegal
aliens
without
warrant
probable
cause
constitutional
one
judge
expressed
different
view
contend
see
tr
oral
arg
suggest
search
vehicle
aliens
within
miles
border
pursuant
cfr
pass
constitutional
muster
possible
invalidity
regulation
circumstances
issue