benton maryland argued december decided june petitioner tried maryland state burglary larceny acquitted larceny convicted burglary sentenced years prison grand petit juries petitioner case selected invalid constitutional provision case remanded trial petitioner given exercised option demanding retrial larceny burglary petitioner filed ground double jeopardy motion dismiss larceny count trial denied retrial found guilty offenses concurrently sentenced years burglary years larceny appellate ruled petitioner double jeopardy issue affirmed held concurrent sentence doctrine enunciated hirabayashi constitute jurisdictional bar deciding petitioner challenge larceny conviction since possibilities adverse collateral effects conviction give case adversary cast make justiciable pp regardless whether concurrent sentence doctrine survives rule judicial convenience doctrine inapplicable since maryland appellate decided apply doctrine upheld larceny conviction despite petitioner double jeopardy contention since status petitioner burglary conviction still doubt pp double jeopardy prohibition fifth amendment fundamental ideal constitutional heritage enforceable fourteenth amendment palko connecticut overruled pp petitioner larceny conviction stand since onditioning appeal one offense coerced surrender valid plea former jeopardy another offense exacts forfeiture plain conflict constitutional bar double jeopardy green pp question raised petitioner prejudicial error resulted admission trial burglary larceny evidence state law made inadmissible trial burglary alone decided maryland appellate considered pp michael cramer argued cause petitioner original argument reargument briefs thomas sisk laurence levitan paul weinstein francis burch attorney general maryland argued cause respondent reargument briefs edward borgerding first assistant attorney general borgerding argued cause respondent original argument brief burch peter strauss argued cause reargument amicus curiae brief solicitor general griswold assistant attorney general wilson beatrice rosenberg ronald gainer justice marshall delivered opinion august petitioner tried maryland state charges burglary larceny jury found petitioner guilty larceny convicted burglary count sentenced years prison shortly notice appeal filed maryland appeals handed decision case schowgurow state md schowgurow maryland appeals struck section state constitution required jurors swear belief existence god result decision petitioner case remanded trial grand petit juries petitioner case selected invalid constitutional provision petitioner given option demanding retrial chose conviction set aside new indictment new trial followed second trial petitioner charged larceny burglary petitioner objected retrial larceny count arguing first jury found guilty larceny retrial violate constitutional prohibition subjecting persons double jeopardy offense trial judge denied petitioner motion dismiss larceny charge petitioner tried larceny burglary time jury found petitioner guilty offenses judge sentenced years burglary count years larceny sentences run concurrently appeal newly created maryland special appeals petitioner double jeopardy claim rejected merits md app appeals denied discretionary review last day last term granted certiorari limited writ consideration two issues double jeopardy clause fifth amendment applicable fourteenth amendment petitioner twice put jeopardy case concurrent sentence doctrine enunciated hirabayashi subsequent cases continuing validity light decisions ginsberg new york peyton rowe carafas lavallee sibron new york consideration questions us find bar decision double jeopardy issue merits hold double jeopardy clause fifth amendment applicable fourteenth amendment reverse petitioner conviction larceny language used number opinions might read indicate existence valid concurrent sentence removes necessary elements justiciable controversy concurrent sentence doctrine took root country quite early although earliest manifestations occurred slightly different contexts locke cranch cargo belonging plaintiff error condemned libel containing counts chief justice john marshall speaking found unnecessary consider locke challenges counts declared simply enough however opinion count good renders unnecessary decide similar reasoning later applied case single general sentence rested convictions several counts indictment drawing upon english cases dicta lord mansfield claassen held defendant validly convicted one count counts need considered widely cited application approach cases concurrent sentences rather single general sentence imposed hirabayashi case defendant found guilty two different offenses received concurrent sentences challenged constitutionality convictions affirmed lower judgment considering rejecting one challenges since conviction second count valid found unnecessary consider challenge first count concurrent sentence doctrine widely somewhat haphazardly applied decisions times seemed say doctrine raises jurisdictional bar consideration counts concurrent sentences opinions baldly declared judgments conviction must upheld one count good barenblatt see gainey cases chosen somewhat weaker language indicating judgment may affirmed conviction either count valid roviaro least one occasion ignored rule entirely decided issue affected one count even though concurrent sentences putnam one search cases related ones without finding satisfactory explanation concurrent sentence doctrine see hines cir whatever underlying justifications doctrine seems clear us taken state jurisdictional rule see yates putnam supra moreover whatever may approach past recent decisions question mootness criminal cases make perfectly clear existence concurrent sentences remove elements necessary create justiciable case controversy sibron new york held criminal case become moot upon expiration sentence imposed noted obvious fact life criminal convictions fact entail adverse collateral legal consequences concluded mere possibility collateral consequences enough give case impact actuality necessary make justiciable case controversy sibron number recent cases canvassed possible adverse collateral effects criminal convictions need repeat analysis enough say possibilities case example consider prior felony convictions purpose enhancing sentence habitual criminal statutes even convictions actually constituted separate counts single indictment tried day petitioner might day one larceny burglary convictions counted although possibility may well remote one enough give case adversary cast make justiciable moreover sibron petitioner convictions might day used impeach character put issue future trial although petitioner explain convictions arose transaction jury might able appreciate subtlety therefore say lacks jurisdiction decide petitioner challenge larceny conviction may certain circumstances federal appellate matter discretion might decide hirabayashi unnecessary consider allegations made particular party concurrent sentence rule may continuing validity rule judicial convenience subject must canvass today however sufficient present purposes hold jurisdictional bar consideration challenges multiple convictions even though concurrent sentences imposed ii special circumstances case find unnecessary resolve dispute even concurrent sentence doctrine survives rule judicial convenience find good reason apply direct appeal petitioner conviction maryland special appeals fact rule double jeopardy challenge larceny count md unclear whether maryland courts always consider challenges raised direct appeal notwithstanding existence concurrent sentences least case state decided apply concurrent sentence rule may well indicate state interest keeping larceny conviction alive maryland argues larceny conviction importance either party one wonders state courts found necessary pass since future importance conviction may well turn issues state law well informed propose direct appeal maryland courts accept judgment question since decided federal constitutional question see reason well moreover status petitioner burglary conviction eventual length sentence still doubt attack burglary conviction successful length burglary sentence reduced less five years petitioner clearly right larceny conviction reviewed said sibron new york supra certainly preferable review direct appeal rather later reasons jurisdictional bar find appropriate reach questions specified original writ certiorari iii recently however increasingly looked specific guarantees bill rights determine whether state criminal trial conducted due process law washington texas increasing number cases rejected notion fourteenth amendment applies subjective version individual guarantees bill rights malloy hogan last term found right trial jury criminal cases fundamental american scheme justice duncan louisiana held sixth amendment right jury trial applicable fourteenth amendment reasons today find double jeopardy prohibition fifth amendment represents fundamental ideal constitutional heritage apply fourteenth amendment insofar inconsistent holding palko connecticut overruled palko represented approach basic constitutional rights recent decisions rejected cut cloth betts brady case held criminal defendant right counsel determined deciding case whether denial right shocking universal sense justice relied upon twining new jersey held right compulsory element fourteenth amendment due process betts overruled gideon wainwright twining malloy hogan recent cases thoroughly rejected palko notion basic constitutional rights denied long totality circumstances disclose denial fundamental fairness decided particular bill rights guarantee fundamental american scheme justice duncan louisiana supra constitutional standards apply state federal governments palko roots thus cut away years ago today recognize inevitable fundamental nature guarantee double jeopardy hardly doubted origins traced greek roman times became established common law england long nation independence see bartkus illinois black dissenting many elements common law carried jurisprudence country medium blackstone codified doctrine commentaries plea autrefoits acquit former acquittal wrote grounded universal maxim common law england man brought jeopardy life offence today every state incorporates form prohibition constitution common law put green underlying idea one deeply ingrained least system jurisprudence state resources power allowed make repeated attempts convict individual alleged offense thereby subjecting embarrassment expense ordeal compelling live continuing state anxiety insecurity well enhancing possibility even though innocent may found guilty underlying notion beginning part constitutional tradition like right trial jury clearly fundamental american scheme justice validity petitioner larceny conviction must judged standard enunciated palko interpretations fifth amendment double jeopardy provision iv maryland argues green apply case petitioner original indictment absolutely void one placed jeopardy void indictment state argues argument sounds bit strange however since petitioner quietly served sentence void indictment appealed burglary conviction accepting option new trial indictment set aside worst indictment seem voidable defendant option absolutely void case argument answered years ago ball case millard fillmore ball indicted together two men murder one william box indian territory acquitted codefendants convicted appealed reversal ground indictment erroneously failed aver time place box death three defendants retried time ball convicted sustained double jeopardy claim notwithstanding technical invalidity indictment upon first tried refused allow government allege error deprive defendant benefit acquittal jury lthough indictment fatally defective yet jurisdiction cause party judgment void voidable writ error government acquittal set aside defendant objections case totally indistinguishable petitioner acquitted larceny green valid double jeopardy plea forced waive yet maryland wants earlier acquittal set aside petitioner objections defect indictment petitioner larceny conviction stand ordered footnotes see part infra course error infected counts upon petitioner convicted concurrent sentence problem however resolve question whether burglary conviction tainted length sentence presently matter dispute see supra grant astle doug eng peake oldham cowp eng rex benfield burr eng street new york carafas lavallee ginsberg new york majority rule apparently convictions handed time count single conviction purpose habitual offender statutes follow stricter rule described text relevant cases collected accompanying supplements sibron noted inadequacies procedure postpones appellate review proposed subject convicted person collateral consequences reasons stated attempt impose collateral consequences initial refusal review conviction direct appeal concurrent sentence doctrine may well raise constitutional problems issue however presented case accordingly express opinion compare meade state md marks state md see supra see supra part infra stronger case total abolition concurrent sentence doctrine may well made cases direct appeal compared convictions attacked collaterally suits relief disposition case need reach question quoting ohio ex rel eaton price opinion brennan list bill rights guarantees held incorporated fourteenth amendment found duncan supra sigler double jeopardy blackstone commentaries sigler supra brock north carolina vinson dissenting danger jury might tempted compromise lesser charge erroneous retrial greater charge see ex rel hetenyi wilkins cir cert denied sub nom mancusi hetenyi larceny lesser offense burglary see note individualized criminal justice study dispositional decision making harv rev justice white concurring agree extension prohibition double jeopardy conclusion concurrent sentence rule constitutes jurisdictional bar additional comment wisdom effects applying concurrent sentence rule seems appropriate time increasingly congested judicial dockets often requiring long delays trial upon appeal judicial resources become scarce man convicted several counts sentenced concurrently upon judicial review one count sustains validity need review counts pressing one since regardless outcome prisoner remain jail length time count upheld rather permit cases languish careful review redundant counts carried futile conclusion judicial resources might better employed moving pressing business rule convenience judge rather fairness litigants say however fact conviction unreviewed counts never importance prisoner release possible might used recidivism prosecution used impeach testimony trial another offense pick two obvious examples nevertheless unreviewed counts hypothesis immediate importance confinement experience gives us indication frequently importance later concurrent sentence rule applied unreviewed count often one concurrent sentence rule prisoner right challenge either directly collateral attack arguably deny right another man convicted separate trial count sentenced consecutively denied right applicable state federal law raises equal protection question clearly long denied review significance prisoner denial equal protection invidious theoretical situation arise convict demonstrate unreviewed count used work harm additional stemming reviewed count grievance becomes real point may unreviewed count may used unless determined lack earlier review cured supplying convict review earlier entitled concurrent sentence another count postponed review question reserves ante presents insuperable difficulties appellate review always conducted cold record collateral proceedings frequently deal stale record stale facts nothing inherently unfair permitting record become colder irrelevant human need litigants demands pressing whether reversal record delayed review permit retrial hearing claim involving example coerced confession yet question present need address satisfactory hearing retrial prove impossible unfortunate byproduct initially crowded docket foregoing reasons agree concurrent sentence rule jurisdictional dimensions preserved matter proper judicial administration direct appeal collateral attack although least theory raises number questions concerning subsequent effects unreviewed counts may reliably predicted particular case count entail concrete prejudicial consequences later date appellate time initial review prefer deal counts rather apply concurrent sentence rule justice harlan justice stewart joins dissenting one bedrock rules governed continue govern adjudicative processes decision constitutional questions disposition cases avoided whenever fairly possible today turns back sound principle refusing flimsiest reasons apply concurrent sentence doctrine required decide question whether double jeopardy clause fifth amendment incorporated due process clause fourteenth thereby making former applicable lock stock barrel indeed quite manifest actually pains reach decide important constitutional issue consider concurrent sentence doctrine applicable dismissal writ accordingly called despite feel constrained also express views merits conceive importance constitutional approach stake finds resolution taint issue likely involve difficult points maryland law make remand maryland courts soundest course see ante however examination question convinces pertinent maryland law quite elementary unlike deterred prospect examine detail ante record petitioner second trial conclude real possibility taint burglary maryland consists breaking entering dwelling house nighttime intent steal take carry away personal goods another see md code art larceny maryland crime consisting taking carrying away personal property another intent deprive owner property permanently see fletcher state md evidence introduced petitioner second trial show entered locked house night also made several household appliances latter evidence course pertinent larceny count however also plainly relevant burglary count since tended show intent steal petitioner bases taint argument primarily proposition entitled evidence concerning missing appliances excluded second trial doctrine collateral estoppel acquitted larceny first trial however even assumed conviction larceny count bad double jeopardy due process grounds principle collateral estoppel application state criminal trials due process clause fourteenth amendment think doctrine prevent admission evidence issue burglary principle collateral estoppel makes conclusive collateral proceedings matters actually litigated determined original action cromwell county sac maryland constitution provides trial criminal cases jury shall judges law well fact except may pass upon sufficiency evidence sustain conviction md art follows said section estoppel effect collateral proceeding petitioner second trial burglary petitioner taint argument must fail consequences reasonably predicted notes allow petitioner larceny conviction used purposes sentencing habitual offender concedes possibility may well remote one ante recalled petitioner convicted three felonies even prior present burglary conviction possibility reduced vanishing point remain possibilities petitioner larceny conviction might considered generally judge petitioner sentenced following future conviction conviction might used impeach future judicial proceedings circumstances case potential consequences plainly insignificant petitioner burglary larceny convictions based upon series acts part fact readily brought attention either sentencing judge trier fact petitioner sought impeached predictably knowledge identical origin two convictions reduce extra impact larceny conviction negligible proportions thus difficult imagine case concurrent conviction likely entail fewer adverse consequences second special circumstances relied case state courts decided apply concurrent sentence rule reached double jeopardy issue see ante concludes ince maryland courts decided federal constitutional question see reason well see ante reasoning baffles determining whether reach constitutional issue decision absolutely necessary disposition case long guided rule case decided without reference questions arising federal constitution course usually pursued departed without important reasons siler louisville see ashwander tva brandeis concurring deciding whether important reasons exist never regarded bound reach constitutional issue merely often declined pass upon constitutional questions even though fully canvassed lower occasions relied justification upon concurrent sentence doctrine since believe wishes general matter abandon salutary principle declining rule constitutional questions advance necessity since find taint issue entirely free complexities claims perceive help conclude real reason reaching double jeopardy issue case eagerness see provision incorporated fourteenth amendment thus made applicable ii broadly apparently become impervious pervasive wisdom constitutional philosophy embodied palko felt able attribute perceptive timeless words justice cardozo nothing watering constitutional rights indeed revealing symbols extent weighing anchors fundamentals constitutional system brief recapitulation facts first seems advisable petitioner indicted tried simultaneously burglary larceny acquitted larceny convicted burglary petitioner appealed maryland courts remanded light earlier maryland decisions holding invalid provision maryland constitution requiring grand petit jurors declare belief god petitioner given option either accepting result trial demanding retrial chose attack indictment retried larceny burglary convicted offenses principle accused tried twice offense deeply rooted law country presently embodied fifth amendment federal constitution constitution common law every state palko found unnecessary decide hat answer state permitted trial free error try accused bring another case however hesitation stating denial due process least state retry one previously acquitted following errorless trial idea state interest convicting wrongdoers entirely satisfied one fair trial ending acquittal accused interest repose must thereafter given precedence indubitably principle justice rooted traditions conscience people ranked fundamental situation case quite simple petitioner appealed burglary conviction state surely allowed rest larceny acquittal merely serve burglary sentence however state argues burglary larceny counts originally contained single indictment upon petitioner appeal indictment declared totally void trial found lacked jurisdiction state proceed never previous indictment trial state contention petitioner first trial complete nullity trial lacked jurisdiction unconvincing noted appears state willingly seen petitioner serve burglary sentence imposed consequence trial state procedure petitioner avail jurisdictional defect appealing conviction crucial issue therefore legitimate interest state compelling petitioner jeopardize larceny acquittal condition appealing burglary conviction perceive legitimate state interest certainly purest fiction say appealing burglary conviction petitioner waived right retried larceny consented retrial charge notion waiver first employed ball justify retrial accused offense following reversal conviction appeal waiver doctrine fully articulated trono held retrial conviction murder following successful appeal manslaughter conviction violate double jeopardy clause trono apparently dictated result brantley georgia held brief per curiam without citing authority georgia retrial conviction murder following reversal appeal earlier manslaughter conviction amount case twice jeopardy view constitution since recognized waiver rationale conceptual abstraction obscures rather illuminates underlying clash societal individual interests see tateo accordingly think reasoning trono apparent holding brantley insofar require affirmance petitioner larceny conviction longer regarded good law state present case sorts interests held justify retrial offense conviction reversed appeal accused unusual case acquittal set aside following appeal state accused obtained reversal appeal societal interest convicting guilty deemed weighty permit every accused granted immunity punishment defect sufficient constitute reversible error proceedings leading conviction tateo supra rationale allowing state appeal acquittal state like accused entitled assure trial free corrosion substantial legal error might produced adverse verdict see palko connecticut supra present case state appeal defect composition grand jury affected petitioner subsequent acquittal trial society legitimate interest punishing wrongdoers fully vindicated retrying petitioner burglary count alone offense previously convicted state interest compelling petitioner stand trial larceny acquitted retrying person declared innocent trial retrial larceny count therefore opinion denied due process ground reversal called palko see memorandum amicus curiae counsel government estimated oral argument concurrent sentence doctrine employed disposition federal criminal appeals see carrington crowded dockets courts appeals threat function review national law harv rev like see ante express view question whether collateral consequences may constitutionally imposed account conviction denied review direct appeal concurrent sentence doctrine said dictum hoag new jersey despite wide employment entertain grave doubts whether collateral estoppel regarded constitutional requirement certainly never held see also sealfon oppenheimer see also restatement judgments also suggests concurrent sentence doctrine applied additional reason eventual length petitioner burglary sentence still doubt see ante petitioner received sentence following first burglary conviction sentence second conviction latter sentence subsequently vacated resentencing ordered federal district see benton copinger supp state appealed whatever outcome appeal consider probability petitioner burglary sentence reduced five years make concurrent sentence doctrine inoperative manifestly negligible sibron new york see supplementary brief respondent far able discover state petitioner larceny conviction habitual offender consequences see cichos indiana hamm city rock hill bell maryland machinists street rice sioux city cemetery see gainey barenblatt interest strict accuracy pointed justice stewart fully join sentence opinion joined dissenting opinion duncan louisiana supra wrote separate memorandum mapp ohio supra joined opinion justice clark ker california supra joined justice white dissenting opinion malloy hogan supra wrote opinion concurring result pointer texas supra wrote dissenting opinion griffin california supra separately concurred result klopfer north carolina supra double jeopardy concept established part english common law since least contained constitutions common law many american jurisdictions prior see sigler double jeopardy bartkus illinois black dissenting see sigler supra federal realm trono decision course limited peculiar factual setting green joined dissenting opinion justice frankfurter justice stewart member time green decided trono federal decision cited state georgia brief brantley detailed analyses interests see generally mayers yarbrough bis vexari new trials successive prosecutions harv rev van alstyne gideon wake harsher penalties successful criminal appellant yale comment twice jeopardy yale note double jeopardy reprosecution problem harv rev however federal system held government may appeal acquittal without placing accused second time jeopardy offense kepner see also holmes dissenting