adams
williams
argued
april
decided
june
acting
tip
supplied
moments
earlier
informant
known
police
officer
asked
respondent
open
car
door
respondent
lowered
window
officer
reached
car
found
loaded
handgun
visible
outside
respondent
waistband
precisely
informant
said
respondent
arrested
unlawful
possession
handgun
search
incident
arrest
disclosed
heroin
respondent
person
informant
reported
well
contraband
car
respondent
petition
federal
habeas
corpus
relief
denied
district
appeals
reversed
holding
evidence
used
trial
resulting
respondent
conviction
obtained
unlawful
search
held
terry
ohio
recognizes
policeman
making
reasonable
investigatory
stop
may
conduct
limited
protective
search
concealed
weapons
reason
believe
suspect
armed
dangerous
information
informant
enough
indicia
reliability
justify
officer
forcible
stop
petitioner
protective
seizure
weapon
afforded
reasonable
ground
search
incident
arrest
ensued
pp
reversed
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
burger
stewart
white
blackmun
powell
joined
douglas
filed
dissenting
opinion
marshall
joined
post
brennan
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
marshall
filed
dissenting
opinion
douglas
joined
post
donald
browne
argued
cause
filed
briefs
petitioner
edward
hennessey
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondent
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
solicitor
general
griswold
assistant
attorney
general
petersen
beatrice
rosenberg
frank
hogan
pro
se
michael
juviler
herman
kaufman
district
attorney
new
york
county
frank
carrington
alan
ganz
wayne
schmidt
glen
murphy
americans
effective
law
enforcement
et
al
burt
neuborne
melvin
wulf
filed
brief
american
civil
liberties
union
amicus
curiae
justice
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
respondent
robert
williams
convicted
connecticut
state
illegal
possession
handgun
found
stop
frisk
well
possession
heroin
found
full
search
incident
weapons
arrest
respondent
conviction
affirmed
connecticut
denied
certiorari
williams
petition
federal
habeas
corpus
relief
denied
district
divided
panel
second
circuit
rehearing
en
banc
appeals
granted
relief
held
evidence
introduced
williams
trial
obtained
unlawful
search
person
car
thus
state
judgments
conviction
set
aside
since
conclude
policeman
actions
conformed
standards
laid
terry
ohio
reverse
police
sgt
john
connolly
alone
early
morning
car
patrol
duty
area
bridgeport
connecticut
approximately
person
known
sgt
connolly
approached
cruiser
informed
individual
seated
nearby
vehicle
carrying
narcotics
gun
waist
calling
assistance
car
radio
sgt
connolly
approached
vehicle
investigate
informant
report
connolly
tapped
car
window
asked
occupant
robert
williams
open
door
williams
rolled
window
instead
sergeant
reached
car
removed
fully
loaded
revolver
williams
waistband
gun
visible
connolly
outside
car
precisely
place
indicated
informant
williams
arrested
connolly
unlawful
possession
pistol
search
incident
arrest
conducted
officers
arrived
found
substantial
quantities
heroin
williams
person
car
found
machete
second
revolver
hidden
automobile
respondent
contends
initial
seizure
pistol
upon
rested
later
search
seizure
weapons
narcotics
justified
informant
tip
sgt
connolly
claims
absent
reliable
informant
corroboration
tip
policeman
actions
unreasonable
standards
set
forth
terry
ohio
supra
terry
recognized
police
officer
may
appropriate
circumstances
appropriate
manner
approach
person
purposes
investigating
possibly
criminal
behavior
even
though
probable
cause
make
arrest
fourth
amendment
require
policeman
lacks
precise
level
information
necessary
probable
cause
arrest
simply
shrug
shoulders
allow
crime
occur
criminal
escape
contrary
terry
recognizes
may
essence
good
police
work
adopt
intermediate
response
see
brief
stop
suspicious
individual
order
determine
identity
maintain
status
quo
momentarily
obtaining
information
may
reasonable
light
facts
known
officer
time
see
gaines
craven
unverzagt
recognized
terry
policeman
making
reasonable
investigatory
stop
denied
opportunity
protect
attack
hostile
suspect
officer
justified
believing
individual
whose
suspicious
behavior
investigating
close
range
armed
presently
dangerous
officer
others
may
conduct
limited
protective
search
concealed
weapons
purpose
limited
search
discover
evidence
crime
allow
officer
pursue
investigation
without
fear
violence
thus
frisk
weapons
might
equally
necessary
reasonable
whether
carrying
concealed
weapon
violated
applicable
state
law
long
officer
entitled
make
forcible
stop
reason
believe
suspect
armed
dangerous
may
conduct
weapons
search
limited
scope
protective
purpose
applying
principles
present
case
believe
sgt
connolly
acted
justifiably
responding
informant
tip
informant
known
personally
provided
information
past
stronger
case
obtains
case
anonymous
telephone
tip
informant
came
forward
personally
give
information
immediately
verifiable
scene
indeed
connecticut
law
informant
might
subject
immediate
arrest
making
false
complaint
sgt
connolly
investigation
proved
tip
incorrect
thus
decisions
indicate
informant
unverified
tip
may
insufficient
narcotics
arrest
search
warrant
see
spinelli
aguilar
texas
information
carried
enough
indicia
reliability
justify
officer
forcible
stop
williams
reaching
conclusion
reject
respondent
argument
reasonable
cause
stop
frisk
based
officer
personal
observation
rather
information
supplied
another
person
informants
tips
like
clues
evidence
coming
policeman
scene
may
vary
greatly
value
reliability
one
simple
rule
cover
every
situation
tips
completely
lacking
indicia
reliability
either
warrant
police
response
require
investigation
forcible
stop
suspect
authorized
situations
example
victim
street
crime
seeks
immediate
police
aid
gives
description
assailant
credible
informant
warns
specific
impending
crime
subtleties
hearsay
rule
thwart
appropriate
police
response
properly
investigating
activity
person
reported
carrying
narcotics
concealed
weapon
sitting
alone
car
area
morning
sgt
connolly
ample
reason
fear
safety
williams
rolled
window
rather
complying
policeman
request
step
car
movements
easily
seen
revolver
allegedly
williams
waist
became
even
greater
threat
circumstances
policeman
action
reaching
spot
gun
thought
hidden
constituted
limited
intrusion
designed
insure
safety
conclude
reasonable
loaded
gun
seized
result
intrusion
therefore
admissible
williams
trial
terry
ohio
sgt
connolly
found
gun
precisely
informant
predicted
probable
cause
existed
arrest
williams
unlawful
possession
weapon
probable
cause
arrest
depends
upon
whether
moment
arrest
made
facts
circumstances
within
arresting
officers
knowledge
reasonably
trustworthy
information
sufficient
warrant
prudent
man
believing
suspect
committed
committing
offense
beck
ohio
present
case
policeman
found
williams
possession
gun
precisely
place
predicted
informant
tended
corroborate
reliability
informant
report
narcotics
together
surrounding
circumstances
certainly
suggested
lawful
explanation
possession
gun
probable
cause
require
type
specific
evidence
element
offense
needed
support
conviction
see
draper
rather
evaluate
generally
circumstances
time
arrest
decide
officer
probable
cause
action
dealing
probable
cause
however
name
implies
deal
probabilities
technical
factual
practical
considerations
everyday
life
reasonable
prudent
men
legal
technicians
act
brinegar
reversed
footnotes
section
connecticut
general
statutes
force
time
events
provided
person
knowingly
makes
police
officer
false
report
false
complaint
alleging
crime
crimes
committed
guilty
misdemeanor
figures
reported
federal
bureau
investigation
indicate
policemen
murdered
five
killed
gunshot
wounds
federal
bureau
investigation
law
enforcement
bulletin
according
one
study
approximately
police
shootings
occurred
police
officer
approached
suspect
seated
automobile
bristow
police
officer
shootings
tactical
evaluation
crim
justice
douglas
justice
marshall
concurs
dissenting
views
stated
substance
judge
friendly
dissenting
appeals
connecticut
allows
citizens
carry
weapons
concealed
otherwise
provided
permit
stat
rev
connecticut
law
gives
police
authority
frisk
person
permit
yet
arrest
illegal
possession
gun
basis
arrest
informer
tip
narcotics
said
man
possession
narcotics
permit
gun
arrest
possession
gun
state
connecticut
becomes
constitutional
police
problem
acute
one
fourth
amendment
ease
anyone
acquire
pistol
powerful
lobby
dins
ears
citizenry
gun
purchases
constitutional
rights
protected
second
amendment
reads
well
regulated
militia
necessary
security
free
state
right
people
keep
bear
arms
shall
infringed
decisions
reason
stiff
state
laws
governing
purchase
possession
pistols
may
enacted
reason
pistols
may
barred
anyone
police
record
reason
state
may
require
purchaser
pistol
pass
psychiatric
test
reason
pistols
barred
everyone
except
police
leading
case
miller
upholding
federal
law
making
criminal
shipment
interstate
commerce
shotgun
law
upheld
evidence
shotgun
reasonable
relationship
preservation
efficiency
well
regulated
militia
second
amendment
held
must
interpreted
applied
view
maintaining
militia
militia
expected
maintain
train
set
contrast
troops
forbidden
keep
without
consent
congress
sentiment
time
strongly
disfavored
standing
armies
common
view
adequate
defense
country
laws
secured
militia
civilians
primarily
soldiers
occasion
justice
brennan
dissenting
crucial
question
case
turns
concedes
whether
contention
williams
acted
voluntarily
rolling
window
car
state
shown
sufficient
cause
justify
sgt
connolly
forcible
stop
affirm
believing
following
reasons
stated
judge
chief
judge
friendly
dissenting
state
make
showing
begin
gravest
hesitancy
extending
terry
ohio
crimes
like
possession
narcotics
much
danger
instead
stop
object
protective
frisk
incident
thereto
reverse
true
added
fact
report
williams
gun
person
connecticut
allows
citizens
carry
weapons
concealed
otherwise
provided
permit
stat
gives
police
officers
special
authority
stop
purpose
determining
whether
citizen
one
wrong
thinking
terry
applied
mere
possessory
offenses
find
combination
officer
connolly
almost
meaningless
observation
tip
case
sufficient
justification
intrusion
tip
suffered
threefold
defect
fold
compounding
others
informer
unnamed
shown
reliable
respect
guns
narcotics
gave
information
demonstrated
personal
knowledge
worse
readily
manufactured
officer
event
mind
sufficiently
recognized
difference
sort
tip
accurate
prediction
unusual
event
important
latter
score
former
draper
narcotics
agent
marsh
hardly
denver
station
exact
moment
arrival
train
draper
taken
chicago
unless
someone
told
something
important
although
agent
might
later
embroidered
details
fit
observed
facts
guarantee
patrolling
officer
veracity
testifies
tip
unnamed
informer
saying
officer
find
gun
narcotics
man
across
street
later
state
wishes
rely
tip
nature
validate
stop
frisk
revelation
name
informer
demonstration
name
unknown
reasonably
ascertained
price
terry
ohio
intended
free
police
officer
rigidity
rule
prevent
anything
man
reasonably
suspected
commit
committed
crime
violence
matter
grave
problem
impelling
need
swift
action
unless
officer
later
determine
probable
cause
arrest
meant
serious
cases
imminent
danger
harm
recently
perpetrated
persons
property
conventional
ones
possessory
offenses
extended
latter
observation
officer
well
authenticated
information
shows
criminal
activity
may
afoot
greatly
fear
contrary
view
followed
terry
opened
sluicegates
serious
unintended
erosion
protection
fourth
amendment
four
years
passed
since
decided
terry
ohio
companion
cases
sibron
new
york
peters
new
york
first
cases
explicitly
recognized
concept
stop
frisk
squarely
held
police
officers
may
appropriate
circumstances
stop
frisk
persons
suspected
criminal
activity
even
though
less
probable
cause
arrest
case
marks
first
opportunity
give
flesh
bones
terry
et
al
unfortunately
flesh
provided
today
decision
possibly
made
fit
terry
skeletal
framework
basic
constitutional
rule
area
searches
conducted
outside
judicial
process
without
prior
approval
judge
magistrate
per
se
unreasonable
fourth
amendment
subject
specifically
established
exceptions
exceptions
jealously
carefully
drawn
must
showing
seek
exemption
exigencies
situation
made
course
imperative
burden
seeking
exemption
show
need
coolidge
new
hampshire
terry
said
retreat
holdings
police
must
whenever
practicable
obtain
advance
judicial
approval
searches
seizures
warrant
procedure
yet
upheld
stop
frisk
terry
recognized
realities
law
enforcement
require
officer
act
times
basis
strong
evidence
short
probable
cause
criminal
activity
taking
place
criminal
armed
dangerous
hence
terry
stands
proposition
police
officers
narrowly
drawn
authority
search
weapons
without
warrant
opinion
facts
repeat
appear
relevant
fourth
amendment
issues
presented
respondent
sitting
passenger
side
front
seat
car
parked
street
high
crime
area
bridgeport
connecticut
police
officer
approached
car
conversation
taken
place
nearby
officer
told
informant
respondent
narcotics
person
gun
waistband
officer
saw
motor
running
respondent
seated
peacefully
car
indication
leave
scene
officer
asked
respondent
open
door
respondent
rolled
window
instead
officer
reached
car
pulled
gun
respondent
waistband
officer
immediately
placed
respondent
arrest
carrying
weapon
searched
finding
heroin
coat
heroin
found
later
search
automobile
respondent
moved
suppress
gun
heroin
prior
trial
motion
denied
convicted
possessing
items
erroneously
attempts
describe
search
gun
protective
search
incident
reasonable
investigatory
stop
terry
sibron
peters
supra
occasion
case
determine
whether
police
officers
right
seize
restrain
citizen
order
interrogate
facts
clear
officer
intended
make
search
soon
approached
respondent
asked
questions
made
investigation
simply
searched
nothing
apart
information
supplied
informant
cause
officer
search
inquiry
must
focus
therefore
terry
whether
officer
sufficient
facts
reasonably
infer
respondent
engaging
illegal
activity
also
armed
dangerous
focus
falls
informant
information
informant
previously
given
officer
involved
homosexual
conduct
local
railroad
station
following
colloquy
took
place
respondent
counsel
officer
hearing
respondent
motion
suppress
evidence
seized
respect
information
given
homosexuals
bridgeport
police
station
sic
lead
arrest
arrest
made
substantiating
evidence
substantiating
evidence
mean
occasion
witness
individuals
committing
crime
nature
words
person
gave
information
checked
corroboration
made
arrest
right
well
checked
determine
possibility
homosexual
activity
since
arrest
made
take
find
substantiating
information
sorry
counselor
say
since
arrest
made
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since
arrest
made
presume
find
substantiating
information
recall
specific
information
given
commission
crimes
informant
still
thought
person
reliable
yes
assuming
arguendo
case
truly
involves
arrest
search
incident
thereto
stop
frisk
must
decide
whether
information
possessed
officer
justified
interference
respondent
liberty
terry
case
actually
uphold
stop
frisk
directly
point
police
officer
case
acted
basis
personal
observations
informant
involved
rationale
terry
still
controlling
requires
condemn
conduct
police
officer
encountering
respondent
terry
hold
whenever
policeman
hunch
citizen
engaging
criminal
activity
may
engage
stop
frisk
held
police
officers
want
stop
frisk
must
specific
facts
reasonably
infer
individual
engaged
criminal
activity
armed
dangerous
central
decision
terry
police
officer
acted
basis
personal
observations
carefully
scrutinized
conduct
suspects
interfering
way
legitimated
conduct
officer
terry
substantial
reliability
information
officer
based
decision
act
ignore
care
examined
knowledge
possessed
officer
terry
acted
see
actions
officer
case
upheld
explains
officer
knew
respondent
accosting
significant
know
respect
scene
generally
officer
idea
long
respondent
car
long
car
parked
car
belonged
respect
gun
officer
know
informant
ever
seen
gun
whether
gun
carried
legally
connecticut
law
permitted
illegally
respect
narcotics
officer
know
kind
narcotics
respondent
allegedly
whether
legally
illegally
possessed
basis
informant
knowledge
even
whether
informant
capable
distinguishing
narcotics
substances
unable
answer
questions
officer
nevertheless
determined
necessary
intrude
respondent
liberty
believe
determination
totally
unreasonable
read
terry
officer
may
act
basis
reliable
information
short
probable
cause
make
stop
ultimately
frisk
necessary
officer
may
use
unreliable
unsubstantiated
conclusory
hearsay
justify
invasion
liberty
terry
never
meant
approve
kind
police
reaction
us
case
even
assuming
officer
legitimate
reason
relying
informant
terry
requires
stop
frisk
made
reliable
information
officer
possession
demonstrate
suspect
armed
dangerous
fact
remains
connecticut
specifically
authorizes
persons
carry
guns
long
permit
thus
reason
officer
infer
anything
informant
said
respondent
dangerous
frisk
therefore
illegal
terry
ii
even
agree
stop
frisk
case
proper
go
sustain
arrest
subsequent
searches
takes
probable
cause
justify
arrest
search
seizure
incident
thereto
probable
cause
means
facts
circumstances
officer
warrant
man
prudence
caution
believing
offence
committed
stacey
emery
ood
faith
enough
constitute
probable
cause
director
general
kastenbaum
officer
seized
gun
respondent
uncontradicted
ask
whether
respondent
license
carry
whether
respondent
carried
legal
reason
connecticut
law
rather
officer
placed
arrest
immediately
hastened
search
person
since
connecticut
made
illegal
private
citizens
carry
guns
nothing
facts
case
warrant
man
prudence
caution
believe
offense
committed
merely
respondent
gun
person
implication
respondent
silence
sort
tacit
admission
guilt
utterly
absurd
simply
reasonable
expect
someone
protest
acting
illegally
told
suspected
criminal
activity
simple
matter
officer
ask
whether
respondent
permit
chose
making
choice
clearly
violated
fourth
amendment
case
marks
departure
mainstream
fourth
amendment
cases
johnson
example
arresting
officer
informant
tip
actually
smelled
opium
coming
room
still
found
arrest
unlawful
spinelli
found
probable
cause
even
informant
information
corroborated
personal
observation
probable
cause
cases
find
impossible
understand
probable
cause
case
iii
justice
douglas
sole
dissenter
terry
warned
powerful
hydraulic
pressures
throughout
history
bear
heavily
water
constitutional
guarantees
took
position
watering
rights
hesitantly
cautiously
striking
necessary
balance
rights
american
citizens
free
government
intrusion
privacy
government
urgent
need
narrow
exception
warrant
requirement
fourth
amendment
today
decision
demonstrates
prescient
justice
douglas
seems
delicate
balance
terry
struck
simply
delicate
susceptible
hydraulic
pressures
day
result
today
decision
balance
struck
terry
heavily
weighted
favor
government
fourth
amendment
included
bill
rights
prevent
kind
arbitrary
oppressive
police
action
involved
herein
dealt
serious
blow
today
decision
invokes
specter
society
innocent
citizens
may
stopped
searched
arrested
whim
police
officers
slightest
suspicion
improper
conduct
app
terry
ohio
makes
clear
stop
frisk
search
seizure
within
meaning
fourth
amendment
use
term
stop
frisk
herein
merely
intend
emphasize
terry
held
lesser
intrusion
search
seizure
sibron
new
york
held
action
policeman
justified
stop
frisk
peters
new
york
sustained
validity
search
seizure
holding
incident
legal
arrest
terry
ohio
sibron
new
york
fact
respondent
carried
gun
area
irrelevant
areas
probable
citizens
likely
carry
weapons
authorized
state
protect
see
stat
rev
connecticut
permits
possession
certain
narcotics
specified
circumstances
pursuant
doctor
prescription
see
stat
rev
virtually
ignores
requirement
suspect
dangerous
well
armed
courts
followed
terry
closely
see
commonwealth
bourke
super
commonwealth
clarke
super
finley
people
see
also
state
goudy
haw
abe
dissenting
appears
rely
fact
existence
gun
corroborated
information
supplied
officer
informant
disputed
minimal
corroboration
fact
remains
officer
still
lacked
knowledge
respondent
done
anything
illegal
since
carrying
gun
per
se
illegal
connecticut
fact
respondent
carried
gun
relevant
probable
cause
fact
shirt
may
blue
wearing
jacket
moreover
fact
informant
identify
gun
sight
indicate
ability
narcotics
corroboration
one
fact
far
cry
corroboration
found
sufficient
sustain
arrest
draper