renton
playtime
theatres
argued
november
decided
february
respondents
purchased
two
theaters
renton
washington
intention
exhibiting
adult
films
time
filed
suit
federal
district
seeking
injunctive
relief
declaratory
judgment
first
fourteenth
amendments
violated
city
ordinance
prohibits
adult
motion
picture
theaters
locating
within
feet
residential
zone
dwelling
church
park
school
district
ultimately
entered
summary
judgment
city
favor
holding
ordinance
violate
first
amendment
appeals
reversed
holding
ordinance
constituted
substantial
restriction
first
amendment
interests
remanded
case
reconsideration
whether
city
substantial
governmental
interests
support
ordinance
held
ordinance
valid
governmental
response
serious
problems
created
adult
theaters
satisfies
dictates
first
amendment
cf
young
american
mini
theatres
pp
since
ordinance
ban
adult
theaters
altogether
properly
analyzed
form
time
place
manner
regulation
time
place
manner
regulations
acceptable
long
designed
serve
substantial
governmental
interest
unreasonably
limit
alternative
avenues
communication
pp
district
found
renton
city
council
predominate
concerns
secondary
effects
adult
theaters
surrounding
community
content
adult
films
finding
adequate
establish
city
pursuit
zoning
interests
unrelated
suppression
free
expression
thus
ordinance
speech
regulation
pp
renton
ordinance
designed
serve
substantial
governmental
interest
allowing
reasonable
alternative
avenues
communication
city
interest
attempting
preserve
quality
urban
life
must
accorded
high
respect
although
ordinance
enacted
without
benefit
studies
specifically
relating
renton
particular
problems
renton
entitled
rely
experiences
studies
produced
nearby
city
seattle
cities
constitutional
defect
method
chosen
renton
substantial
interests
cities
may
regulate
adult
theaters
dispersing
effectively
concentrating
renton
moreover
ordinance
underinclusive
failing
regulate
kinds
adult
businesses
since
evidence
time
ordinance
enacted
adult
business
located
contemplating
moving
renton
pp
required
first
amendment
ordinance
allows
reasonable
alternative
avenues
communication
although
respondents
argue
general
commercially
viable
adult
theater
sites
within
limited
area
land
left
open
theaters
ordinance
fact
respondents
must
fend
real
estate
market
equal
footing
prospective
purchasers
lessees
give
rise
violation
first
amendment
compel
government
ensure
adult
theaters
kinds
businesses
able
obtain
sites
bargain
prices
pp
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
burger
white
powell
stevens
joined
blackmun
concurred
result
brennan
filed
dissenting
opinion
marshall
joined
post
barrett
prettyman
argued
cause
appellants
briefs
david
burgett
lawrence
warren
daniel
kellogg
mark
barber
zanetta
fontes
jack
burns
argued
cause
appellees
briefs
robert
smith
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
jackson
county
missouri
russell
jacobson
freedom
council
foundation
wendell
bird
robert
skolrood
national
institute
municipal
law
officers
george
agnost
roy
bates
benjamin
brown
lamar
shelley
john
witt
roger
cutler
robert
alfton
james
baker
barbara
mather
james
montgomery
clifford
pierce
william
taube
william
thornton
charles
rhyne
national
league
cities
et
al
benna
ruth
solomon
joyce
holmes
benjamin
beate
bloch
lawrence
velvel
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
david
utevsky
jack
novik
burt
neuborne
american
booksellers
association
et
al
michael
bamberger
eric
rubin
walter
diercks
filed
brief
outdoor
advertising
association
america
et
al
amici
curiae
justice
rehnquist
delivered
opinion
case
involves
constitutional
challenge
zoning
ordinance
enacted
appellant
city
renton
washington
prohibits
adult
motion
picture
theaters
locating
within
feet
residential
zone
dwelling
church
park
school
appellees
playtime
theatres
properties
filed
action
district
western
district
washington
seeking
declaratory
judgment
renton
ordinance
violated
first
fourteenth
amendments
permanent
injunction
enforcement
district
ruled
favor
renton
denied
permanent
injunction
appeals
ninth
circuit
reversed
remanded
reconsideration
noted
probable
jurisdiction
reverse
judgment
ninth
circuit
may
mayor
renton
city
approximately
people
located
south
seattle
suggested
renton
city
council
consider
advisability
enacting
zoning
legislation
dealing
adult
entertainment
uses
uses
existed
city
time
upon
mayor
suggestion
city
council
referred
matter
city
planning
development
committee
committee
held
public
hearings
reviewed
experiences
seattle
cities
received
report
city
attorney
office
advising
developments
cities
city
council
meanwhile
adopted
resolution
imposed
moratorium
licensing
business
primary
purpose
selling
renting
showing
sexually
explicit
materials
app
resolution
contained
clause
explaining
businesses
severe
impact
upon
surrounding
businesses
residences
april
acting
basis
planning
development
committee
recommendation
city
council
enacted
ordinance
ordinance
prohibited
adult
motion
picture
theater
locating
within
feet
residential
zone
dwelling
church
park
within
one
mile
school
app
juris
statement
term
adult
motion
picture
theater
defined
enclosed
building
used
presenting
motion
picture
films
video
cassettes
cable
television
visual
media
distinguished
characteri
zed
emphasis
matter
depicting
describing
relating
specified
sexual
activities
specified
anatomical
areas
observation
patrons
therein
early
respondents
acquired
two
existing
theaters
downtown
renton
intention
using
exhibit
adult
films
theaters
located
within
area
proscribed
ordinance
time
respondents
filed
previously
mentioned
lawsuit
challenging
ordinance
first
fourteenth
amendment
grounds
seeking
declaratory
injunctive
relief
federal
action
pending
city
council
amended
ordinance
several
respects
adding
statement
reasons
enactment
reducing
minimum
distance
school
feet
november
federal
magistrate
respondents
action
referred
recommended
entry
preliminary
injunction
enforcement
renton
ordinance
denial
renton
motions
dismiss
summary
judgment
district
adopted
magistrate
recommendations
entered
preliminary
injunction
respondents
began
showing
adult
films
two
theaters
renton
shortly
thereafter
parties
agreed
submit
case
final
decision
whether
permanent
injunction
issue
basis
record
already
developed
district
vacated
preliminary
injunction
denied
respondents
requested
permanent
injunction
entered
summary
judgment
favor
renton
found
renton
ordinance
substantially
restrict
first
amendment
interests
renton
required
show
specific
adverse
impact
renton
operation
adult
theaters
rely
experiences
cities
purposes
ordinance
unrelated
suppression
speech
restrictions
speech
imposed
ordinance
greater
necessary
governmental
interests
involved
relying
young
american
mini
theatres
held
renton
ordinance
violate
first
amendment
appeals
ninth
circuit
reversed
appeals
first
concluded
contrary
finding
district
renton
ordinance
constituted
substantial
restriction
first
amendment
interests
using
standards
set
forth
supra
appeals
held
renton
improperly
relied
experiences
cities
lieu
evidence
effects
adult
theaters
renton
renton
thus
failed
establish
adequately
existence
substantial
governmental
interest
support
ordinance
event
renton
asserted
interests
shown
unrelated
suppression
expression
appeals
remanded
case
district
reconsideration
renton
asserted
interests
view
resolution
case
largely
dictated
decision
young
american
mini
theatres
supra
although
five
members
agree
single
rationale
decision
held
city
detroit
zoning
ordinance
prohibited
locating
adult
theater
within
feet
two
regulated
uses
within
feet
residential
zone
violate
first
fourteenth
amendments
plurality
opinion
stevens
joined
burger
white
rehnquist
jj
powell
concurring
renton
ordinance
like
one
american
mini
theatres
ban
adult
theaters
altogether
merely
provides
theaters
may
located
within
feet
residential
zone
dwelling
church
park
school
ordinance
therefore
properly
analyzed
form
time
place
manner
regulation
powell
concurring
describing
ordinance
time
place
manner
regulation
course
first
step
inquiry
long
held
regulations
enacted
purpose
restraining
speech
basis
content
presumptively
violate
first
amendment
see
carey
brown
police
dept
chicago
mosley
hand
time
place
manner
regulations
acceptable
long
designed
serve
substantial
governmental
interest
unreasonably
limit
alternative
avenues
communication
see
clark
community
creative
city
council
los
angeles
taxpayers
vincent
heffron
international
society
krishna
consciousness
first
glance
renton
ordinance
like
ordinance
american
mini
theatres
appear
fit
neatly
either
category
sure
ordinance
treats
theaters
specialize
adult
films
differently
kinds
theaters
nevertheless
district
concluded
renton
ordinance
aimed
content
films
shown
adult
motion
picture
theatres
rather
secondary
effects
theaters
surrounding
community
district
found
city
council
predominate
concerns
secondary
effects
adult
theaters
content
adult
films
app
juris
statement
emphasis
added
appeals
relying
decision
tovar
billmeyer
held
enough
sustain
ordinance
according
appeals
motivating
factor
enacting
ordinance
restrict
respondents
exercise
first
amendment
rights
ordinance
invalid
apparently
matter
small
part
motivating
factor
may
played
city
council
decision
emphasis
original
view
law
rejected
case
appeals
said
applying
familiar
principle
constitutional
law
strike
otherwise
constitutional
statute
basis
alleged
illicit
legislative
motive
motivates
one
legislator
make
speech
statute
necessarily
motivates
scores
others
enact
stakes
sufficiently
high
us
eschew
guesswork
short
renton
ordinance
completely
consistent
definition
speech
regulations
justified
without
reference
content
regulated
speech
virginia
pharmacy
board
virginia
citizens
consumer
council
emphasis
added
community
creative
supra
international
society
krishna
consciousness
supra
ordinance
contravene
fundamental
principle
underlies
concern
speech
regulations
government
may
grant
use
forum
people
whose
views
finds
acceptable
deny
use
wishing
express
less
favored
controversial
views
mosley
supra
understanding
mind
american
mini
theatres
majority
decided
least
respect
businesses
purvey
sexually
explicit
materials
zoning
ordinances
designed
combat
undesirable
secondary
effects
businesses
reviewed
standards
applicable
time
place
manner
regulations
justice
stevens
writing
plurality
concluded
city
detroit
entitled
draw
distinction
adult
theaters
kinds
theaters
without
violating
government
paramount
obligation
neutrality
regulation
protected
communication
noting
th
secondary
effect
zoning
ordinances
attempt
avoid
dissemination
offensive
speech
justice
powell
concurrence
elaborated
dissent
misconceives
issue
case
insisting
involves
impermissible
time
place
manner
restriction
based
content
expression
involves
nothing
kind
merely
decision
city
treat
certain
movie
theaters
differently
markedly
different
effects
upon
surroundings
moreover
even
case
involving
special
governmental
response
content
one
type
movie
possible
result
supported
line
cases
recognizing
government
tailor
reaction
different
types
speech
according
degree
special
overriding
interests
implicated
see
tinker
des
moines
school
procunier
martinez
greer
spock
powell
concurring
cf
csc
letter
carriers
appeals
ruled
however
renton
ordinance
enacted
without
benefit
studies
specifically
relating
particular
problems
needs
renton
city
justifications
ordinance
conclusory
speculative
think
appeals
imposed
city
unnecessarily
rigid
burden
proof
record
case
reveals
renton
relied
heavily
experience
studies
produced
city
seattle
seattle
renton
adult
theater
zoning
ordinance
aimed
preventing
secondary
effects
caused
presence
even
one
theater
given
neighborhood
see
northend
cinema
seattle
opinion
washington
northend
cinema
renton
city
council
enacted
ordinance
question
described
seattle
experience
follows
amendments
city
zoning
code
issue
culmination
long
period
study
discussion
problems
adult
movie
theaters
residential
areas
city
city
department
community
development
made
study
need
zoning
controls
adult
theaters
study
analyzed
city
zoning
scheme
comprehensive
plan
land
uses
around
existing
adult
motion
picture
theaters
trial
heard
extensive
testimony
regarding
history
purpose
ordinances
heard
expert
testimony
adverse
effects
presence
adult
motion
picture
theaters
neighborhood
children
community
improvement
efforts
detailed
findings
include
finding
location
adult
theaters
harmful
effect
area
contribute
neighborhood
blight
supported
substantial
evidence
record
record
replete
testimony
regarding
effects
adult
movie
theater
locations
residential
neighborhoods
also
find
constitutional
defect
method
chosen
renton
substantial
interests
cities
may
regulate
adult
theaters
dispersing
detroit
effectively
concentrating
renton
function
appraise
wisdom
city
decision
require
adult
theaters
separated
rather
concentrated
areas
city
must
allowed
reasonable
opportunity
experiment
solutions
admittedly
serious
problems
american
mini
theatres
plurality
opinion
moreover
renton
ordinance
narrowly
tailored
affect
category
theaters
shown
produce
unwanted
secondary
effects
thus
avoiding
flaw
proved
fatal
regulations
schad
mount
ephraim
erznoznik
city
jacksonville
respondents
contend
renton
ordinance
underinclusive
fails
regulate
kinds
adult
businesses
likely
produce
secondary
effects
similar
produced
adult
theaters
record
contention
must
fail
evidence
time
renton
ordinance
enacted
adult
business
located
contemplating
moving
renton
fact
resolution
enacted
october
city
renton
present
time
business
whose
primary
purpose
sale
rental
showing
sexually
explicit
materials
app
renton
chose
first
address
potential
problems
created
one
particular
kind
adult
business
way
suggests
city
singled
adult
theaters
discriminatory
treatment
simply
basis
record
assuming
renton
future
amend
ordinance
include
kinds
adult
businesses
shown
produce
kinds
secondary
effects
adult
theaters
see
williamson
lee
optical
finally
turning
question
whether
renton
ordinance
allows
reasonable
alternative
avenues
communication
note
ordinance
leaves
acres
five
percent
entire
land
area
renton
open
use
adult
theater
sites
district
found
appeals
dispute
finding
acres
land
consists
mple
accessible
real
estate
including
acreage
stages
development
raw
land
developed
industrial
warehouse
office
shopping
space
crisscrossed
freeways
highways
roads
app
juris
statement
respondents
argue
however
land
question
already
occupied
existing
businesses
practically
none
undeveloped
land
currently
sale
lease
general
commercially
viable
adult
theater
sites
within
acres
left
open
renton
ordinance
brief
appellees
appeals
accepted
arguments
concluded
acres
truly
available
land
therefore
held
renton
ordinance
result
substantial
restriction
speech
disagree
reasoning
conclusion
appeals
respondents
must
fend
real
estate
market
equal
footing
prospective
purchasers
lessees
give
rise
first
amendment
violation
although
cautioned
enactment
zoning
regulations
effect
suppressing
greatly
restricting
access
lawful
speech
american
mini
theatres
plurality
opinion
never
suggested
first
amendment
compels
government
ensure
adult
theaters
kinds
businesses
matter
able
obtain
sites
bargain
prices
see
powell
concurring
inquiry
first
amendment
purposes
concerned
economic
impact
view
first
amendment
requires
renton
refrain
effectively
denying
respondents
reasonable
opportunity
open
operate
adult
theater
within
city
ordinance
us
easily
meets
requirement
sum
find
renton
ordinance
represents
valid
governmental
response
admittedly
serious
problems
created
adult
theaters
see
plurality
opinion
renton
used
power
zone
pretext
suppressing
expression
powell
concurring
rather
sought
make
areas
available
adult
theaters
patrons
time
preserving
quality
life
community
large
preventing
theaters
locating
areas
essence
zoning
american
mini
theatres
city
enacted
zoning
ordinance
meets
goals
also
satisfying
dictates
first
amendment
judgment
appeals
therefore
reversed
footnotes
present
appeal
seeks
review
judgment
remanding
case
district
need
resolve
whether
appeal
proper
however
event
certiorari
jurisdiction
previously
done
equivalent
situations
see
el
paso
simmons
doran
salem
inn
dismiss
appeal
treating
papers
petition
certiorari
grant
writ
certiorari
henceforth
shall
refer
parties
petitioners
respondents
see
american
mini
theatres
plurality
opinion
manifest
society
interest
protecting
type
expression
wholly
different
lesser
magnitude
interest
untrammeled
political
debate
appeals
rejection
district
findings
issue
may
stemmed
part
belief
expressed
elsewhere
appeals
opinion
bose
consumers
union
appellate
courts
duty
review
de
novo
mixed
findings
law
fact
relevant
application
first
amendment
principles
see
need
review
correctness
appeals
interpretation
bose
since
determine
standard
review
district
findings
disturbed
respondents
argue
alternative
basis
affirming
decision
appeals
renton
ordinance
violates
rights
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
apparent
preceding
discussion
respondents
fare
better
equal
protection
clause
first
amendment
see
young
american
mini
theatres
respondents
also
argue
renton
ordinance
unconstitutionally
vague
particularly
respondents
challenge
ordinance
application
buildings
used
presenting
sexually
explicit
films
term
used
describes
continuing
course
conduct
exhibiting
sexually
explicit
films
manner
appeals
prurient
interest
app
juris
statement
reject
respondents
vagueness
argument
reasons
led
us
reject
similar
challenge
american
mini
theatres
supra
detroit
ordinance
applied
theaters
used
present
material
distinguished
characterized
emphasis
sexually
explicit
matter
held
even
may
uncertainty
effect
ordinances
litigants
unquestionably
applicable
respondents
also
held
detroit
ordinance
created
significant
deterrent
effect
might
justify
invocation
first
amendment
overbreadth
doctrine
justice
brennan
justice
marshall
joins
dissenting
renton
zoning
ordinance
selectively
imposes
limitations
location
movie
theater
based
exclusively
content
films
shown
constitutionality
ordinance
therefore
correctly
analyzed
standards
applied
time
place
manner
restrictions
even
assuming
ordinance
may
fairly
characterized
content
neutral
plainly
unconstitutional
standards
established
decisions
although
analysis
limited
cases
involving
businesses
purvey
sexually
explicit
materials
ante
thus
affect
holdings
cases
involving
state
regulation
kinds
speech
dissent
constitutionally
permissible
time
place
manner
restriction
may
based
upon
either
content
subject
matter
speech
consolidated
edison
public
service
asserts
ordinance
aimed
content
films
shown
adult
motion
picture
theatres
rather
secondary
effects
theaters
surrounding
community
ante
emphasis
original
thus
simply
time
place
manner
regulation
analysis
misguided
ordinance
discriminates
face
certain
forms
speech
based
content
movie
theaters
specializing
adult
motion
pictures
may
located
within
feet
residential
zone
dwelling
church
park
school
motion
picture
theaters
forms
adult
entertainment
bars
massage
parlors
adult
bookstores
subject
restrictions
selective
treatment
strongly
suggests
renton
interested
controlling
secondary
effects
associated
adult
businesses
discriminating
adult
theaters
based
content
films
exhibit
ignores
discriminatory
treatment
declaring
renton
free
address
potential
problems
created
one
particular
kind
adult
business
ante
amend
ordinance
future
include
adult
enterprises
ante
citing
williamson
lee
optical
however
first
amendment
interests
stake
analysis
wholly
inappropriate
frequently
upheld
underinclusive
classifications
sound
theory
legislature
may
deal
one
part
problem
without
addressing
see
williamson
lee
optical
presumption
statutory
validity
however
less
force
classification
turns
subject
matter
expression
bove
else
first
amendment
means
government
power
restrict
expression
message
ideas
subject
matter
content
police
dept
chicago
mosley
erznoznik
city
jacksonville
shortly
lawsuit
commenced
renton
city
council
amended
ordinance
adding
provision
explaining
intention
adopting
ordinance
promote
city
renton
great
interest
protecting
preserving
quality
neighborhoods
commercial
districts
quality
urban
life
effective
land
use
planning
app
juris
statement
amended
ordinance
also
lists
certain
conclusory
findings
concerning
adult
entertainment
land
uses
council
purportedly
relied
upon
adopting
ordinance
city
points
provisions
evidence
ordinance
designed
control
secondary
effects
associated
adult
movie
theaters
rather
suppress
content
films
exhibit
however
legislative
history
ordinance
strongly
suggests
otherwise
prior
amendment
indication
ordinance
designed
address
secondary
effects
single
adult
theater
might
create
addition
suspiciously
coincidental
timing
amendment
many
city
council
findings
relate
legitimate
concerns
appeals
observed
oth
magistrate
district
recognized
many
stated
reasons
ordinance
expressions
dislike
subject
matter
residents
may
offended
content
films
shown
adult
movie
theaters
form
basis
state
regulation
speech
see
terminiello
chicago
findings
added
city
council
relate
supposed
secondary
effects
associated
adult
movie
theaters
however
merely
accept
post
hoc
statements
face
value
presumption
validity
traditionally
attends
local
government
exercise
zoning
powers
carries
little
weight
zoning
regulation
trenches
rights
expression
protected
first
amendment
schad
mount
ephraim
blackmun
concurring
appeals
concluded
record
presented
renton
support
asserted
interest
enacting
zoning
ordinance
thin
amended
ordinance
findings
summarize
testimony
received
city
council
certain
public
hearings
none
testimony
ever
recorded
preserved
city
official
reported
residents
objected
adult
movie
theaters
located
community
however
official
unable
recount
testimony
adult
movie
theaters
specifically
affect
schools
churches
parks
residences
protected
ordinance
see
app
city
council
conducted
studies
heard
expert
testimony
protected
uses
affected
presence
adult
movie
theater
never
considered
whether
residents
concerns
met
restrictions
less
intrusive
protected
forms
expression
schad
supra
result
findings
regarding
secondary
effects
caused
adult
movie
theaters
need
adopt
specific
locational
requirements
combat
effects
findings
purely
speculative
conclusions
findings
required
justify
burdens
ordinance
imposed
upon
constitutionally
protected
expression
holds
renton
entitled
rely
experiences
cities
like
detroit
seattle
enacted
special
zoning
regulations
adult
entertainment
businesses
studying
adverse
effects
caused
establishments
however
even
assuming
renton
concerned
problems
seattle
detroit
never
actually
reviewed
studies
conducted
cities
renton
basis
determining
findings
made
cities
relevant
renton
problems
needs
moreover
since
renton
ultimately
adopted
zoning
regulations
different
either
detroit
seattle
studies
provide
basis
assessing
effectiveness
particular
restrictions
adopted
ordinance
renton
merely
rely
general
experiences
seattle
detroit
must
justify
ordinance
context
renton
problems
seattle
detroit
problems
emphasis
original
sum
circumstances
strongly
suggest
ordinance
designed
suppress
expression
even
constitutionally
protected
thus
analyzed
time
place
manner
restriction
allows
renton
conceal
illicit
motives
however
reliance
fact
communities
adopted
similar
restrictions
approach
largely
immunizes
measures
judicial
scrutiny
since
municipality
readily
find
municipal
ordinances
rely
upon
thus
always
retrospectively
justifying
special
zoning
regulations
adult
theaters
rather
speculate
renton
motives
adopting
measures
cases
require
conclusion
ordinance
like
restriction
speech
constitutional
city
show
precisely
drawn
means
serving
compelling
governmental
interest
consolidated
edison
public
service
see
also
carey
brown
police
department
chicago
mosley
strict
approach
insure
cities
use
zoning
powers
pretext
suppressing
constitutionally
protected
expression
applying
standard
facts
case
ordinance
patently
unconstitutional
renton
shown
locating
adult
movie
theaters
proximity
churches
schools
parks
residences
necessarily
result
undesirable
secondary
effects
problems
effectively
addressed
less
intrusive
restrictions
ii
even
assuming
ordinance
treated
like
time
place
manner
restriction
still
find
unconstitutional
estrictions
kind
valid
provided
narrowly
tailored
serve
significant
governmental
interest
leave
open
ample
alternative
channels
communication
information
clark
community
creative
heffron
international
society
krishna
consciousness
applying
standard
fails
subject
alleged
interests
city
degree
scrutiny
required
ensure
expressive
activity
protected
first
amendment
remains
free
unnecessary
limitations
community
creative
marshall
dissenting
evidently
wrongly
assumes
balance
struck
renton
officials
deserving
deference
long
appear
tainted
content
discrimination
proper
application
relevant
standards
ordinance
clearly
unconstitutional
finds
ordinance
designed
renton
substantial
interest
preserv
ing
quality
urban
life
ante
explained
record
simply
insufficient
support
assertion
city
made
showing
uses
protected
ordinance
affected
presence
adult
movie
theater
thus
renton
ordinance
clearly
distinguishable
detroit
zoning
ordinance
upheld
young
american
mini
theatres
detroit
ordinance
designed
disperse
adult
theaters
throughout
city
supported
testimony
urban
planners
real
estate
experts
regarding
adverse
effects
locating
several
businesses
neighborhood
see
also
northend
cinema
seattle
cert
denied
sub
nom
apple
theatre
seattle
seattle
zoning
ordinance
culmination
long
period
study
discussion
renton
council
aware
residents
complained
adult
movie
theaters
localities
adopted
special
zoning
restrictions
establishments
facts
sufficient
justify
burdens
ordinance
imposed
upon
constitutionally
protected
expression
finally
ordinance
invalid
provide
reasonable
alternative
avenues
communication
district
found
ordinance
left
acres
renton
available
adult
theater
sites
area
comprising
five
percent
city
however
appeals
found
much
land
already
occupied
imiting
adult
theater
uses
areas
substantial
restriction
speech
many
available
sites
also
largely
unsuited
use
movie
theaters
see
app
facts
serve
distinguish
case
american
mini
theatres
indication
detroit
zoning
ordinance
seriously
limited
locations
available
adult
businesses
see
american
mini
theatres
supra
plurality
opinion
situation
quite
different
ordinance
effect
greatly
restricting
access
lawful
speech
see
also
basiardanes
city
galveston
ordinance
effectively
banned
adult
theaters
restricting
unattractive
inaccessible
inconvenient
areas
city
purple
onion
jackson
supp
nd
proposed
sites
adult
entertainment
uses
either
unavailable
unusable
inaccessible
public
amount
locations
despite
evidence
record
reasons
fact
hat
respondents
must
fend
real
estate
market
equal
footing
prospective
purchasers
lessees
give
rise
first
amendment
violation
ante
however
respondents
equal
footing
prospective
purchasers
lessees
must
conduct
business
severe
restrictions
imposed
upon
establishments
also
argues
first
amendment
compel
government
ensure
adult
theaters
kinds
businesses
matter
able
obtain
sites
bargain
prices
ibid
however
respondents
ask
renton
guarantee
sites
businesses
seek
reasonable
opportunity
operate
adult
theaters
city
denying
opportunity
renton
effectively
ban
form
protected
speech
borders
ordinance
greatly
restrict
access
lawful
speech
american
mini
theatres
supra
plurality
opinion
plainly
unconstitutional
apparently
finds
comfort
fact
ordinance
deny
use
wishing
express
less
favored
controversial
views
ante
however
discrimination
rendered
less
odious
distinguishes
among
entire
classes
ideas
rather
among
points
view
within
particular
class
lehman
city
shaker
heights
brennan
dissenting
see
also
consolidated
edison
public
service
first
amendment
hostility
regulation
extends
restrictions
particular
viewpoints
also
prohibition
public
discussion
entire
topic
moreover
conclusion
restrictions
imposed
viewpoint
neutral
patently
flawed
practical
matter
speech
suppressed
restrictions
involved
almost
invariably
carry
implicit
explicit
message
favor
relaxed
sexual
mores
restrictions
words
potent
impact
treat
restrictions
seems
simply
ignore
reality
stone
restrictions
speech
content
peculiar
case
restrictions
chi
rev
also
explains
evidence
time
renton
ordinance
enacted
adult
business
located
contemplating
moving
renton
ante
however
time
ordinance
enacted
evidence
adult
movie
theaters
located
considering
moving
renton
thus
legitimate
reason
city
treat
adult
movie
theaters
differently
adult
businesses
example
finding
number
ocation
adult
entertainment
land
uses
main
commercial
thoroughfares
city
gives
impression
legitimacy
causes
loss
sensitivity
adverse
effect
pornography
upon
children
established
family
relations
respect
marital
relationship
sanctity
marriage
relations
others
concept
consensual
sexual
relations
app
juris
statement
finding
number
ocation
adult
land
uses
close
proximity
residential
uses
churches
parks
public
facilities
schools
cause
degradation
community
standard
morality
pornographic
material
degrading
effect
upon
relationship
spouses
ibid
example
finding
number
ocation
adult
entertainment
land
uses
proximity
residential
uses
churches
parks
public
facilities
schools
may
lead
increased
levels
criminal
activities
including
prostitution
rape
incest
assaults
vicinity
adult
entertainment
land
uses
part
amendment
passed
lawsuit
commenced
city
council
added
statement
intended
rely
washington
opinion
northend
cinema
seattle
cert
denied
sub
nom
apple
theatre
seattle
upheld
seattle
zoning
regulations
constitutional
attack
despite
suspicious
coincidental
timing
amendment
holds
renton
entitled
rely
detailed
findings
summarized
northend
cinema
opinion
ante
northend
cinema
noted
record
replete
testimony
regarding
effects
adult
movie
theater
locations
residential
neighborhoods
opinion
however
explain
evidence
purports
summarize
provides
basis
determining
whether
seattle
experience
relevant
renton
appeals
observed
although
renton
ordinance
purports
copy
detroit
seattle
solve
problem
manner
detroit
ordinance
intended
disperse
adult
theaters
throughout
city
one
district
deteriorate
due
concentration
theaters
seattle
ordinance
contrast
intended
concentrate
theaters
one
place
whole
city
bear
effects
renton
ordinance
allegedly
aimed
protecting
certain
uses
schools
parks
churches
residential
areas
perceived
unfavorable
effects
adult
theater
emphasis
original
one
commentator
noted
nyone
knowledge
human
nature
naturally
assume
decision
adopt
almost
restriction
might
affected
antipathy
part
least
legislators
ideas
information
suppressed
logical
assumption
words
improper
motivation
rather
legislators
human
substantial
risk
impermissible
consideration
fact
colored
deliberative
process
stone
supra