joseph burstyn wilson argued april decided may provisions new york education law forbid commercial showing motion picture film without license authorize denial license censor conclusion film sacrilegious held void prior restraint freedom speech press first amendment made applicable fourteenth amendment pp expression means motion pictures included within free speech free press guaranty first fourteenth amendments pp doubted motion pictures significant medium communication ideas importance organ public opinion lessened fact designed entertain well inform production distribution exhibition motion pictures business conducted private profit prevent motion pictures form expression whose liberty safeguarded first amendment pp even assumed motion pictures possess greater capacity evil particularly among youth community modes expression follow entitled protection first amendment may subjected substantially unbridled censorship extent language opinion mutual film industrial harmony views set forth longer adhered first fourteenth amendments state may place prior restraint showing motion picture film basis censor conclusion sacrilegious pp though constitution require absolute freedom exhibit every motion picture every kind times places justification case making exception basic principles freedom expression previously announced respect forms expression pp prior restraint involved form infringement upon freedom expression especially condemned near minnesota pp new york vest censor unlimited restraining control motion pictures involved broad requirement sacrilegious pp standpoint freedom speech press state legitimate interest protecting religions views distasteful sufficient justify prior restraints upon expression views new york appellate division sustained revocation license showing motion picture new york education law ground sacrilegious app div appeals new york affirmed appeal reversed ephraim london argued cause filed brief appellant charles brind wendell brown solicitor general new york argued cause appellees brief nathaniel goldstein attorney general new york ruth kessler toch assistant attorney general morris ernst osmond fraenkel arthur garfield hays herbert monte levy emanuel redfield shad polier maslow leo pfeffer herman seid eberhard deutsch filed brief american civil liberties union et amici curiae urging reversal charles tobin edmond butler porter chandler filed brief new york state catholic welfare committee amicus curiae urging affirmance justice clark delivered opinion issue constitutionality first fourteenth amendments new york statute permits banning motion picture films ground sacrilegious statute makes unlawful exhibit sell lease lend exhibition place amusement pay connection business state new york motion picture film reel specified exceptions relevant unless time full force effect valid license permit therefor education department statute provides director motion picture division education department authorized regents officers local office bureau shall cause promptly examined every motion picture film submitted herein required unless film part thereof obscene indecent immoral inhuman sacrilegious character exhibition tend corrupt morals incite crime shall issue license therefor director authorized officer shall license film submitted shall furnish applicant therefor written report reasons refusal description rejected part film rejected toto period new york state board regents statute made head education department received hundreds letters telegrams post cards affidavits communications protesting defending public exhibition miracle chancellor board regents requested three members board view picture make report entire board viewing film committee reported board opinion basis claim picture sacrilegious thereafter january regents directed appellant show cause hearing held january license show miracle rescinded ground appellant appeared hearing conducted committee regents previously viewed picture challenged jurisdiction committee regents proceed case consent committee various interested persons organizations submitted briefs exhibits bearing upon merits picture upon constitutional statutory questions involved february regents viewing miracle determined sacrilegious reason ordered commissioner education rescind appellant license exhibit picture commissioner appellant brought present action new york courts review determination regents among claims advanced appellant statute violates fourteenth amendment prior restraint upon freedom speech press invalid amendment violation guaranty separate church state prohibition free exercise religion term sacrilegious vague indefinite offend due process appellate division rejected appellant contentions upheld regents determination app div appeal new york appeals two judges dissenting affirmed order appellate division case appeal view case need consider appellant contention new york statute unconstitutional abridgment free speech free press mutual film industrial distributor motion pictures sought enjoin enforcement ohio statute required prior approval board censors motion picture publicly exhibited state directed board approve films adjudged moral educational amusing harmless character statute assailed part unconstitutional abridgment freedom press guaranteed first fourteenth amendments district rejected contention stating first eight amendments restriction state action ohio appeal plaintiff brief abandoned claim contended merely statute question violated freedom speech publication guaranteed constitution ohio affirming decree district denying injunctive relief stated put view exhibition moving pictures business pure simple originated conducted profit like spectacles regarded intended regarded ohio constitution think part press country organs public opinion doubted motion pictures significant medium communication ideas may affect public attitudes behavior variety ways ranging direct espousal political social doctrine subtle shaping thought characterizes artistic expression importance motion pictures organ public opinion lessened fact designed entertain well inform said winters new york line informing entertaining elusive protection basic right free press everyone familiar instances propaganda fiction one man amusement teaches another doctrine urged motion pictures possess greater capacity evil particularly among youth community modes expression even one accept hypothesis follow motion pictures disqualified first amendment protection capacity evil may relevant determining permissible scope community control authorize substantially unbridled censorship foregoing reasons conclude expression means motion pictures included within free speech free press guaranty first fourteenth amendments extent language opinion mutual film industrial supra harmony views set forth longer adhere hold liberty expression means motion pictures guaranteed first fourteenth amendments however end problem follow constitution requires absolute freedom exhibit every motion picture every kind times places much evident series decisions respect media communication ideas follow motion pictures necessarily subject precise rules governing particular method expression method tends present peculiar problems basic principles freedom speech press like first amendment command vary principles frequently enunciated make freedom expression rule justification case making exception rule statute involved seek punish past offense speech writing falling within permissible scope subsequent punishment contrary new york requires permission communicate ideas obtained advance state officials judge content words pictures sought communicated recognized many years ago previous restraint form infringement upon freedom expression especially condemned near minnesota ex rel olson recounted history indicates major purpose first amendment guaranty free press prevent prior restraints upon publication although carefully pointed liberty press limited protection stated protection even previous restraint absolutely unlimited limitation recognized exceptional cases light first amendment history near decision state heavy burden demonstrate limitation challenged presents exceptional case new york highest says nothing mysterious statutory provision applied case simply religion word understood ordinary reasonable person shall treated contempt mockery scorn ridicule far kind narrow exception freedom expression state may carve satisfy adverse demands interests society seeking apply broad definition sacrilegious given new york courts censor set adrift upon boundless sea amid myriad conflicting currents religious views charts provided vocal powerful orthodoxies new york vest unlimited restraining control motion pictures censor cf kunz new york standard careful tolerant censor find virtually impossible avoid favoring one religion another subject inevitable tendency ban expression unpopular sentiments sacred religious minority application sacrilegious test respects might raise substantial questions first amendment guaranty separate church state freedom worship however standpoint freedom speech press enough point state legitimate interest protecting religions views distasteful sufficient justify prior restraints upon expression views business government nation suppress real imagined attacks upon particular religious doctrine whether appear publications speeches motion pictures since term sacrilegious sole standard attack necessary us decide example whether state may censor motion pictures clearly drawn statute designed applied prevent showing obscene films different question one us hold first fourteenth amendments state may ban film basis censor conclusion sacrilegious reversed footnotes motion picture division previously issued license exhibition miracle without english subtitles film never shown license mckinney laws education law see also art stipulation appellant appellee action brought article new york civil practice act civ vol et seq see also mckinney laws education law gitlow new york stromberg california near minnesota ex rel olson grosjean american press de jonge oregon lovell griffin schneider state see lovell griffin see inglis freedom movies klapper effects mass media passim note motion pictures first amendment yale sources cited therein see grosjean american press thomas collins see paramount pictures doubt moving pictures like newspapers radio included press whose freedom guaranteed first amendment without significance talking pictures first produced eleven years mutual decision hampton history movies feiner new york kovacs cooper chaplinsky new hampshire cox new hampshire near minnesota ex rel olson see also lovell griffin grosjean american press patterson colorado another point appeals gave sacrilegious following definition act violating profaning anything sacred appeals also approved appellate division interpretation said statute question purports bar visual caricature religious beliefs held sacred one sect another judge fuld dissenting concluded statements majority opinion basic criterion appears whether film treats religious theme manner offend religious beliefs group persons film effect offered form entertainment apparently falls within statutory ban regardless sincerity good faith producer film matter temperate treatment theme matter unlikely public disturbance breach peace drastic nature ban highlighted fact film question makes direct attack criticism religious dogma principle claimed obscene scurrilous intemperate abusive cf thornhill alabama stromberg california cf niemotko maryland saia new york largent texas lovell griffin see cantwell connecticut see following statement justice roberts speaking unanimous cantwell connecticut realm religious faith political belief sharp differences arise fields tenets one man may seem rankest error neighbor persuade others point view pleader know times resorts exaggeration vilification men prominent church state even false statement people nation ordained light history spite probability excesses abuses liberties long view essential enlightened opinion right conduct part citizens democracy essential characteristic liberties shield many types life character opinion belief develop unmolested unobstructed nowhere shield necessary country people composed many races many creeds near case stated primary requirements decency may enforced obscene publications chaplinsky new hampshire justice murphy stated unanimous certain narrowly limited classes speech prevention punishment never thought raise constitutional problem include lewd obscene profane libelous insulting fighting words utterance inflict injury tend incite immediate breach peace see kovacs cooper ordinances undertake censorship speech religious practices permitting exercise constitution forbids enforcement justice reed concurring judgment assuming state may establish system licensing motion pictures issue foreclosed opinion duty requires us examine facts refusal license case determine whether principles first amendment honored film seem character first amendment permits state exclude public view justice frankfurter justice jackson joins concurring judgment justice burton concurred opinion also joins opinion practised hand thus summarized story miracle poor girl tending herd goats mountainside one day bearded stranger passes suddenly strikes fancy joseph favorite saint come take heaven happy free pleads transport stranger gently plies girl wine state tumult apparently ravishes incident story briefly discreetly implied girl awakens later finds stranger gone climbs mountain knowing whether real dream meets old priest tells quite possible see saint younger priest scoffs notion materialist old priest says follows brief sequence intended symbolic obviously girl reverently sitting villagers church moved whim appetite snitches apple basket woman next leaves church cackling beggar tries make share apple chases away habit munches fruit contentedly one day tending village youngsters mothers work vines girl faints women discover going child frightened bewildered suddenly murmurs grace god runs church great excitement looks statue joseph prostrates floor thereafter meekly refuses menial work housewives humor gently young people kind scene brutal torment first flatter laughingly mock cruelly shove hit clamp basin halo head even abused beggars poor girl gathers together pitiful rags sadly departs village live alone cave feels time coming upon starts back towards village sees crowds streets dark memories haunt turns towards church high hill instinctively struggles towards crying desperately god goat sole companion drinks water dripping rock comes church finds door locked goat attracts small side door inside church poor girl braces labor pains dissolve next see sad face full tender light cry unseen baby girl reaches towards murmurs son love flesh miracle film lasting forty minutes produced italy roberto rossellini anna magnani played lead demented first shown venice film festival august combined another moving picture voce diptych called amore according affidavit director festival motion picture blasphemous barred festival committee review film romano organ vatican film critic piero regnoli wrote opinions may vary questions may arise even serious ones religious nature diminished fact woman portrayed mad author attributed madness mad acknowledging passages undoubted cinematic distinction regnoli criticized film pretentiously cerebral plane reminds one early vatican newspaper critic concluded continue believe rossellini art look forward next achievement october month rome premiere miracle vatican censorship agency catholic cinematographic centre declared picture constitutes effect abominable profanation religious moral viewpoints lateran agreements italian constitution italian government bound bar whatever may offend catholic religion however catholic cinematographic centre invoke governmental sanction thereby afforded italian government censorship agency gave miracle regular nulla osta clearance film freely shown throughout italy great success italian movie critics divided opinion critic il popolo speaking christian democratic party catholic party profusely praised picture beautiful thing humanly felt alive true without religious profanation someone said opinion meaning characters clear possibility misunderstanding regnoli reviewed miracle romano criticising film technical faults found courageous interesting passage rossellini work contrasting portrayals film added unfortunately concerning morals necessary note slight defects objected carnality representation illegitimate motherhood suggest picture sacrilegious tone regnoli critique one respect rossellini illustrious italian producer upon failure license commissioner effort cut showings miracle controversy took new turn sunday january statement eminence francis cardinal spellman condemning picture calling right thinking citizens unite tighten censorship laws read masses patrick cathedral views cardinal spellman aroused dissent among devout christians protestant clergymen representing various denominations seeing picture found nothing sacrilegious immoral views held christian men women exceptions agreed film unquestionably one unusual artistic merit estimate catholic laymen concurred opinion represented comment otto spaeth director american federation arts prominent catholic lay activities outbreak controversy immediately arranged private showing film invited group catholics competent respected writings religious cultural subjects essential approval film unanimous indeed blasphemy picture blasphemy villagers stopped nothing even mock singing hymn virgin brutal badgering tragic woman scathing indictment evil behavior implicit film seemingly critics time miracle filmed persons significant positions production producer director cast catholics roberto rossellini vatican approval filming life francis using cast members franciscan order cabled cardinal spellman protesting boycott miracle miracle men still without pity still come back god god already present faith however confused poor persecuted woman since god wherever human suffers misunderstood miracle occurs birth child poor demented woman regains sanity maternal love new york appeals one judge concurring separate opinion two others dissenting affirmed order appellate division concluding board regents acted within authority determination one reasonable mind reach majority held first sacrilegious adequately definite standard quoting definition funk wagnalls dictionary referring opinions passing used term profane new york said synonym sacrilegious second state assurance religion shall treated contempt mockery scorn ridicule engaged selling entertainment way motion pictures violate religious guarantee first amendment third motion pictures entitled immunities regulation enjoyed press view decision mutual film ohio industrial two dissenting judges dealing matter local law reviewable found standard sacrilegious unconstitutionally vague finally constitutional guarantee freedom speech applied equally motion pictures prevented censorship state courts viewed miracle arguments parties briefs amici invite us pursue farthest reach problems case involved positions advanced absolute abstract event properly determine controversy see ashwander tennessee valley authority asked decide case choosing two mutually exclusive alternatives motion pictures may subjected unrestricted censorship must allowed shown circumstances tyranny absolutes rely alternatives meet problems generated need accommodate diverse interests affected motion pictures compact modern communities startle madison jefferson george mason adjust day told freedom speech espoused bill rights authorizes showing miracle windows facing patrick cathedral forenoon easter sunday startle told picture whatever theme expression barred commercially exhibited general principle free speech expressed first amendment encroachments congress included fourteenth amendment binding must placed historical legal contexts constitution recall often organism merely literary composition new york appeals given sacrilegious meaning catholic thought since thomas aquinas formulated scope sustained finding board regents miracle came within scope meet broader questions regarding relation motion picture industry guarantees first amendment far reflected fourteenth new york confine sacrilegious within technical thomist limits within specific even approximately specified limits may fairly said deemed sacrilegious term word carries settled meaning common speech men far appeals sought support notion sacrilegious necessary precision meaning due process clause enjoins statutes regulating men activities relied definition funk wagnalls dictionary act violating profaning anything sacred merely defines turning adjective noun bringing two new words equally undefined leaves wide open question persons doctrines things sacred sheds light representations motion picture screen constitute profaning things state censors find sacred criticize assail religious doctrine may wound quick attached doctrine profoundly cherish bar pictorial discussion subject rule sects even mutual film ohio industrial deemed necessary find terms educational moral amusing harmless leave decision arbitrary judgment general words found get precision sense experience men said sacrilegious one thing history religious conflicts shows term sacrilegious implied offense deep convictions members different sects appeals seems mean far means anything precisely gain precision sense experience men vast apparatus indices digests mirrors law affords clue judicial definition sacrilege one case barring present uncovered considers meaning term context practice new york law contributed light motion picture division education department support explanatory statements action specific motion picture advised made public reported appeals board regents denials licenses division three concern category sacrilegious cases others act board reported opinion confines bare finding film sacrilegious without much description allegedly offensive matter even film whole enlighten inquirer law libraries niggardly reflection sense experience men must search elsewhere gives sacrilege meaning sacrilege restricted ecclesiastical concept long history naturally enough religions sought protect priests anointed symbols physical injury history demonstrates term hopelessly vague goes beyond ecclesiastical definiteness used large basis punishing deviation doctrine etymologically sacrilege limited sacer sacred legere steal pick told already cicero time grown include popular speech insult injury sacred things primitive religions sacrilege inclusive almost every serious offence even fields regarded merely social political concept tabu primitive society thus close sacrilege theodosian code various crimes accounted sacrilege include apostasy heresy schism judaism paganism attempts immunity churches clergy privileges church courts desecration sacraments even sunday along crimes religion went treason emperor offences laws especially counterfeiting defraudation taxes seizure confiscated property evil conduct imperial officers etc middle ages church considerably delimited application term thomas aquinas classified objects sacrilege persons places thing injuries constitute sacrilege received specific detailed illustration teaching aquinas believe still substantially basis official catholic doctrine sacrilege thus roman catholic church term came fairly definite meaning one general limited protecting things physical injurious acts apostasy heresy blasphemy coexisted religious crimes alongside sacrilege peculiarly realm religious dogma doctrine sacrilege true spelman writing history fate sacrilege included sacrilege acts whereby deity invaded profaned robbed glory high sin blasphemers sorcerers witches enchanters main theme spoil church lands done henry viii misfortunes subsequently befell families recipients former ecclesiastical property divine punishment extent english law took jurisdiction punish sacrilege term meant stealing church otherwise damage church property special protection sacrilege property damage granted established church since repeal less century ago english law punishing sacrilege property established church religious property received little special protection property sects substantially protection accorded property time present english law known sacrilege used wider sense physical injury church property true times past english law taken jurisdiction punish departures accepted dogma religious practice expression particular religious opinions never offenses denominated sacrilege apostasy heresy offenses established church blasphemy profanation lord day distinct criminal offenses characterized blackstone offences god religion invidious reflections upon religious susceptibilities covered sacrilege might appeals opinion anyone doubting dangerous uncertainty new york definition makes sacrilege overlap offenses religion need read blackstone account broad varying content given offenses student english lexicography despair finding meaning attributed sacrilege new york dictionaries define concept limited sense physical abuse physical objects definitions given sacrilege two dictionaries published typical bailey defined stealing sacred things church robbing alienation laymen profane common purposes given religious persons pious uses barclay said crime taking thing dedicated divine worship profaning thing sacred profane defined apply thing sacred common uses irreverent sacred persons things dictionaries defined blasphemy peculiarly verbal offense much broader terms sacrilege indeed terms new york finds encompassed sacrilegious example barclay said blasphemy offering indignity god person trinity messengers god holy writ doctrines revelation hardly necessary comment limits definition remain uncertain justify constraining creative efforts imagination fear pains penalties imposed necessarily subjective censorship true earlier dictionaries assigned sacrilege broader meaning abusing sacraments holy mysteries broader meaning indefinite less noah webster first published american dictionary later dictionaries published merriam company webster international dictionary webster new international dictionary gone dozens editions printings revisions expansions editions throughout years american dictionaries defined sacrilege sacrilegious echo substantially narrow technical definitions earlier british dictionaries collected appendix post new york appeals statement dictionary furnishes clear definition justifying vague scope gave sacrilegious surely made without regard lexicographic history term matter fact definition funk wagnalls used appeals taken straight century dictionaries particularly doctor johnson light history seem funk wagnalls definition uses sacrilege historically restricted meaning hardly basis condemning miracle new york reads funk wagnalls definition broader sense sense history experience provide gloss inevitably left censor free judge whatever dogma deems sacred ban whatever motion pictures may assume profane religious doctrine widely enough held arouse protest examination successive editions encyclopaedia britannica nearly two centuries present day gives help dictionaries eleventh edition merely brief definition given sacrilege eleventh edition first published longer article introduced follows violation profanation sacred things crime varying scope different religions naturally much general accounted dreadful primitive religions cultural objects play great part highly spiritualized religions tend disappear wherever idea sacred exists sacrilege possible article sacrilege current edition encyclopaedia britannica substantially edition history teaches us indefiniteness concept sacrilegious another respect case countries times concept sacrilege importance existed established church state religion sacred protected profaning designated case ecclesiastical authority might definite controlling church imposed detailed scheme observances becomes impossibly confused uncertain hundreds sects widely disparate often directly conflicting ideas sacredness enjoy without discrimination equal measure constitutionally guaranteed religious freedom rome late emperors england james geneva calvin today roman catholic spain mohammedan saudi arabia country monolithic religion category things sacred might clearly definable limits america multiplicity ideas sacredness held equal conflicting fervor great number religious groups makes term sacrilegious indefinite satisfy constitutional demands based reason fairness sacrilegious bans physical abuse sacred persons places things permits censorship religious opinions effect holding term include may found blasphemous england experience treacherous word give us pause apart requirements separation church state crime blasphemy seventeenth century england crime dissenting whatever current religious dogma king james book sports first required reading churches later copies consigned flames attack mass blasphemous perform became different times century shifts attitude government towards particular religious views persons doubted doctrine trinity unitarians universalists etc divinity christ observed sabbath saturday denied possibility witchcraft repudiated child baptism urged methods baptism sprinkling charged blasphemers books burned banned blasphemous blasphemy chameleon phrase meant criticism whatever ruling authority moment established orthodox religious doctrine true blasphemy prosecutions continued england although lessening numbers present century existence established church gives definite contours crime england term sacrilegious possibly country moreover scope english crime blasphemy considerably limited declaration decencies controversy observed even fundamentals religion may attacked limitation new york put upon board regents power declare motion picture sacrilegious cantwell connecticut justice roberts speaking whole said realm religious faith political belief sharp differences arise fields tenets one man may seem rankest error neighbor conduct beliefs dear one may seem rankest sacrilege another examples suffice show difficulties facing conscientious censor motion picture producer distributor determining new york statute condemns sacrilegious motion picture portraying christ divine example movie showing medieval church art offend religious opinions members several protestant denominations believe trinity well faith conversely one showing christ merely ethical teacher offend millions christians many denominations sacrilegious doctrine transubstantiation veneration relics particular stone wood embodiments saints divinity sacred catholics offensive great many protestants therefore sacrilegious view new york picture treating either subject whether sympathetically unsympathetically neutrally sacrilegious sufficient answer say sacrilegious definite subjects way might interpreted offending religious beliefs one sects banned new york allow vague undefinable powers censorship exercised bound stultifying consequences creative process literature art films derived largely literature history encourage reliance wisdom moderation censor safeguard exercise drastic power minds men know know condemnable sacrilegious tell governed statute tell impossibility knowing far form words new york appeals explained sacrilegious carries proscription religious subjects makes term unconstitutionally vague stop short proscribing subjects might conceivably interpreted religious inevitably creates situation whereby censor bans substantial outcry religious group fair inference drawn matter experience happening new york censorship consequently film industry normally guided creative artists cautious putting large capital hazards courage governed notions feelings likely aroused diverse religious sects certainly powerful ones effect demands upon art upon whose function enhance culture society need labored paraphrase doctor johnson nothing may shown licensors may previously approved power officials becomes standard permissible prohibition words fail convey permitted prohibited want appropriate objective standards offends due process two ways first sufficiently apprise bent obedience law may reasonably foreseen found illicit authority whether jury administrative agency secondly licensing rested first instance administrative agency available judicial review effect rendered inoperative basis portmanteau word sacrilegious judiciary standards judge validity administrative action necessarily involves least large measure subjective determinations thus administrative first step becomes last step said one compelled conclude term sacrilegious come stream time encrusted specialized strictly confined meaning pertaining things space things mind new york appeals give term calculable content applied things mind things mind undefined large patently disregard requirement definiteness basis proscriptions legal sanctions disobedience measures condemned violative due process cohen grocery small american sugar refining connally general construction winters new york kunz new york principle especially observed vague seeks fetter mind put within unascertainable bounds varieties religious experience appendix opinion justice frankfurter blasphemy entry sacrilege robbing church stealing holy things abusing sacraments holy mysteries sacrilegious abominable wicked blasphemy entry sacrilege robbing church holy consecrated place stealing holy things abusing sacraments holy mysteries sacrilegious robs church wicked extremely bad blasphemy entry sacrilege entry blasphemy uttering reproachfull words tending either dishonour god hurt disgrace mans name credit sacrilegious committing sacriledge robbing churches violating holy things blasphemy entry sacrilege alienation profane common purposes given religious persons pious uses etc blasphemy entry sacrilege one steals vessels ornaments goods holy church felony cro blasphemy uttering reproachful words tend dishonour god sacrilege stealing sacred things church robbing blasphemy entry sacrilege robbing church dedicated thereto blasphemy uttering reproachful words tending dishonour god vile base language sacrilege stealing sacred things crime profaning sacred things alienating laymen common uses given pious uses religious persons blasphemy reproach sacrilege robbing god church blasphemy entry sacrilege robbing church stealing holy things abusing sacraments holy mysteries blasphemy vile opprobrious language tending dishonour god sacrilege stealing sacred things church robbing blasphemy cursing swearing vile reproachful language tending dishonour god sacrilege stealing sacred things church robbing alienation laymen profane common purposes given religious persons pious uses blasphemy cursing vile language tending dishonour god religion sacrilege stealing things holy place profaning things devoted god blasphemy strictly properly offering indignity injury unto god either words writing sacrilege crime appropriating devoted religion crime robbing heaven crime violating profaning things sacred blasphemy offering indignity god person trinity messengers god holy writ doctrines revelation either speaking writing thing ill ascribing thing ill inconsistent natures reverence owe sacrilege crime taking thing dedicated divine worship crime profaning thing sacred profane apply thing sacred common use irreverent sacred persons things put wrong use blasphemy offering indignity god sacrilege crime appropriating devoted religion crime robbing heaven blasphemy language tending dishonour god sacrilege stealing things holy place blasphemy long definition reading part injury offered god denying due belonging attributing agreeable nature sacrilege church robbery taking things holy place person steals vessels ornaments goods church said robbery god least dedicated service cro alienation profane common purposes given religious persons pious uses blasphemy treating name attributes insult indignity sacrilege crime appropriating devoted religion crime robbing heaven says johnson crime violating profaning things sacred profane violate pollute put wrong use blasphemy act speaking writing reproachfully divine act attributing creature belongs creator sacrilege act appropriating one self devoted religion crime violating sacred things blasphemy reproaching dishonouring god religion holy things sacrilege stealing taking away things appropriated religious uses designs sacrilegious profane thievish nature sort disposition blasphemy offering indignity god person trinity messengers god holy writ doctrines revelation sacrilege crime taking thing dedicated divine worship profaning thing sacred profane apply thing sacred common use irreverent sacred persons things blaspheme speak evil one injure fame reputation sacrilege entry blasphemy indignity offered god blasphemer one abuses god sacrilege robbery church chapel sacrilegious violating thing made sacred blasphemy see prophaneness profaneness long definition reproduced sacrilege robbing church stealing things sacred place blasphemy offering indignity god sacrilege crime robbing church blasphemy indignity offered god sacrilege robbery church blasphemy attack assail insult name attributes ordinances revelations government god sacrilege take away steal thing sacred consecrated dedicated holy religious uses blasphemy denying vilifying deity speech writing sacrilege violation things dedicated offices religion blasphemy long entry sacrilege act violating subjecting sacred things profanation desecration objects consecrated god thus robbing churches graves abuse sacred vessels altars employing unhallowed purposes plundering misappropriation alms donations acts sacrilege ancient church punished great severity blasphemy attribute god contrary nature belong deny false reflection uttered malicious design reviling god sacrilege act stealing temples churches dedicated worship god articles consecrated divine uses blasphemy denying existence providence god contumelous reproaches jesus christ profane scoffing holy scriptures exposing part thereof contempt ridicule sacrilege profanation robbery persons things solemnly dedicated service god vict blasphemy revile deny truth christianity law established blasphemy punishable common law sacrilege desecration thing holy alienation lands given religious purposes laymen profane common purposes also termed sacrilege crowther strange case miracle atlantic monthly april pp romano translated part commonweal mar ibid times cols time pp il popolo translated camille cianfarra times romano cols ibid miracle passed customs import obscene lewd lascivious filthy film criminal offense stat supp iv importation obscene print picture barred stat compare provision imported shall subject censorship may imposed secretary treasury stat stat repealed stat see inglis freedom movies life sat rev pp times inglis freedom movies et seq howard barnes herald tribune cols wise time visit paris order skip miracle altogether leaves bad taste one mouth bosley crowther times cols one three items stacks major achievements respective directors miracle far overpowering provocative lot times cols picture mounting intensity wrings last pang emotion hits dramatic peak vastly compassionate comprehension suffering triumph birth wanda hale daily news cols rossellini best piece direction since greatest open city artistic beautifully done star director seymour peck daily compass cols miracle really magnani one exciting solo performances screen known alton cook cols miracle charged overwrought hysteria ran stromboli picture unpleasant preoccupation filth squalor exceedingly trying experience time cols miracle rossellini despite virtuoso performance anna magnani newsweek pp strong medicine american audiences however shows artist rossellini character still scarcely explored medium film short story hollis alpert sat rev pp pictorially picture gem sensitive evocation small italian town surrounding countryside near salerno anna magnani demonstrates magnificent qualities acting role difficult quarrel rossellini whose method improvisation scene scene also result extraneous detail adds little even harms effect times cols joseph burstyn mccaffrey misc times cardinal termed miracle vile harmful picture despicable affront every christian believe miracles picture ridicules belief finally vicious insult italian womanhood consequence declared guardians moral law must summon people sense decency refrain seeing supporting venal purveyors pictures cols completeness sake later incidents noted picketers catholic war veterans holy name society catholic organizations persons one sunday paraded paris theatre smaller number counterpickets appeared several days cols see also paris theatre two different evenings emptied threat bombing cols cols coincidently proceedings new york board regents started case way paris theatre also difficulties new york city fire department curious may follow development incidents relevant times cols excerpts letters statements great many clergymen reproduced record pages representative quotations text letters written rev dewindt minister west park presbyterian church new york city rev beeners princeton new jersey respectively catholic opinion generally expressed press supported view legion decency cardinal spellman see example new york catholic news may commonweal brooklyn tablet cols martin quigley miracle outrage san francisco monitor cols reprinted motion picture herald boston pilot doubtless comments miracle diocesan papers circulate various parts country file library congress library catholic university america spaeth fogged screen magazine art herald tribune clancy catholic philistine commonweal mar pp commonweal mar pp much view taken frank getlein writing catholic messenger mar cols article bearing headline film critic gives aspects miracle story raises questions concerning tactics organized catholic resistance groups new york see also miracles happen new leader times translation chworowsky cardinal critic censor churchman offensive exploitation modern means publicity fanciful hypothesis see times april matter puritan dept matter polygamy dept matter monja casada virgen martir nun married virgin martyr dept since almost without exception sacrilegious defined terms sacrilege discussion directed latter term see bailey universal etymological english dictionary london sacrilegious pertaining guilty sacrilege funk wagnalls new standard dictionary sacrilegious committed ready commit sacrilege nature sacrilege sacrilegious deeds general discussions sacrilege see encyclopaedia religion ethics hastings sacrilege tabu rev thomas slater manual moral theology catholic encyclopedia sacrilege encyclopaedia britannica sacrilege encyclopaedia britannica sacrilege ibid see encyclopaedia religion ethics hastings tabu encyclopaedia britannica sacrilege thomas aquinas summa theologica part question modern codex juris canonici give definition sacrilege merely says shall punished ordinary proportion gravity fault without prejudice penalties established law see bouscaren ellis canon law woywod practical commentary code canon law par thus defines sacrilege sacrilege consists unworthy use treatment sacred things sacred persons certain things nature sacred sacraments others become blessing consecration legitimately bestowed things places authority church persons rendered sacred ordination consecration forms dedication divine service authority church first tonsure religious profession method raising objections refuting thomas aquinas defends including within proscription sacrilege anyone disagree sovereign decision doubt whether person chosen sovereign worthy honor man shall allow jews hold public offices summa theologica part question art rev thomas slater manual moral theology vi classifies illustrates modern theological view sacrilege sacrilege sacred persons use physical violence member clergy violate privilege immunity clergy civil jurisdiction far still force violate vow chastity sacrilege sacred places violate immunity churches sacred places far still force commit crime homicide suicide bloody attack break sexual act vow chastity bury infidel heretic excommunicate churches cemeteries canonically established put sacred place profane use secular courtroom public market banquet hall stable etc sacrilege sacred things treat irreverence contempt obscenity sacraments particularly eucharist holy scriptures relies sacred images steal sacred things profane things sacred places commit simony steal confiscate damage wilfully ecclesiastical property see also catholic encyclopedia sacrilege sir henry spelman history fate sacrilege two priests anglican church prepared long prefatory essay bring spelman data date publication edition essay shows understanding also sacrilege limited sense russell crime stephen digest criminal law see hen viii iii edw vi mary geo iv marginal note summarized sacrilege capital read person shall break enter church chapel steal therein chattel shall suffer death felon statute interpreted apply buildings established church rex nixon car geo iv repealed larceny act malicious injuries property act treated established church property substantially property superseded larceny act geo blackstone bk iv compare definitions sacrilege blasphemy dictionaries starting cockeram edition collected appendix post bailey universal etymological english dictionary london sacrilege barelay complete universal english dictionary london sacrilege blasphemy thomas blount glossographia london webster compendious dictionary english language sacrilege robbery church chapel sacrilegious violating thing made sacred webster american dictionary sacrilege crime violating profaning sacred things alienating laymen common purposes appropriated consecrated religious persons uses sacrilegious violating sacred things polluted crime sacrilege webster international dictionary merriam sacrilege sin crime violating profaning sacred things alienating laymen common purposes appropriated consecrated religious persons uses sacrilegious violating sacred things polluted sacrilege involving sacrilege profane impious webster new international dictionary merriam sacrilege sin crime violating profaning sacred things alienating laymen common purposes appropriated consecrated religious persons uses sacrilegious violating sacred things polluted involving sacrilege impious repeated printings among others webster new international dictionary merriam sacrilege crime stealing misusing violating desecrating sacred holy dedicated sacred uses specif ch sin violating conditions worthy reception sacrament robbery church also stolen alienation laymen common purposes appropriated consecrated religious persons uses sacrilegious committing sacrilege characterized involving sacrilege polluted sacrilege sacrilegious robbers depredations acts repeated printings among others funk wagnalls standard dictionary english language first copyrighted defined sacrilege follows printing act violating profaning anything sacred eng law larceny consecrated things church breaking church intent commit felony breaking felony formerly selling layman property given pious uses definition remained unchanged many printings dictionary current printing funk wagnalls new standard dictionary english language first copyrighted carries exactly definition sacrilege except first definition expanded read act violating profaning anything sacred including sacramental vows funk wagnalls standard dictionary defined profane treat irreverence abuse make common unholy desecrate pollute hence put wrong degrading use debase new standard dictionary adds third meaning vulgarize give crowd encyclopaedia britannica sacrilege crime profaning sacred things devoted service god sacrilege crime profaning sacred things things devoted god alienating laymen common purposes given religious persons pious uses sacrilege sacrilege relatively short article author quite apparently restricted definition sacrilege robbery churches breaking defacing altar crucifix cross etc encyclopaedia britannica sacrilege schroeder constitutional free speech makes lengthy review prosecutions crimes religion examples text schroeder see also encyclopaedia social sciences blasphemy encyclopaedia religion ethics blasphemy nokes history crime blasphemy yorke life lord chancellor hardwicke writes thus prosecution thomas woolston blasphemy offence first place consisted publication tract entitled moderator infidel apostate author questioned historical accuracy resurrection virgin birth speculations however much might offend religious feeling nation arouse apprehensions civil government incur legal penalties time writing authority government far less stable secure rested far narrower foundations present audacious opinions considered without reason menace religion state see rex boulter bowman secular society reg ramsay cox lord coleridge charge jury bowman secular society latest available statistics bureau census give returns denominations denominations report listed bureau census religious bodies vol iii mere fantasy suggest effect ban sacrilegious may ban motion pictures dealing subject might deemed religious sect industry already distorting influence portrayal historical figures pressure forced deletion clerical background cardinal richelieu three musketeers motion picture production code provision appealed section providing ministers portrayed villains note motion pictures first amendment yale press recently reported plans made film life martin luther times april luther sympathetically portrayed appear sacrilegious unsympathetically others see mathews survey english dictionaries