allen
state
board
elections
argued
october
decided
march
together
fairley
et
al
patterson
attorney
general
mississippi
et
bunton
et
al
patterson
attorney
general
mississippi
et
whitley
et
al
williams
governor
mississippi
et
appeal
district
southern
district
mississippi
argued
october
pursuant
voting
rights
act
provisions
suspending
tests
devices
five
years
made
applicable
certain
including
mississippi
virginia
result
prohibited
enacting
seeking
administer
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
without
first
submitting
change
attorney
general
obtaining
consent
securing
favorable
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
nos
appellants
sought
declaratory
judgments
district
southern
district
mississippi
certain
amendments
mississippi
code
subject
provisions
thus
enforceable
state
complied
approval
requirements
amendment
provided
election
county
supervisors
instead
election
districts
amendment
eliminated
option
electing
appointing
superintendents
education
counties
provided
shall
appointed
amendment
changed
requirements
independent
candidates
running
general
elections
three
cases
district
ruled
amendments
come
within
purview
dismissed
complaints
concerned
bulletin
issued
virginia
board
elections
instructing
election
judges
assist
qualified
illiterate
voters
request
assistance
marking
ballots
appellants
sought
declaratory
judgment
district
eastern
district
virginia
statute
providing
handwritten
votes
modifying
bulletin
violated
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
voting
rights
act
election
appellants
attempted
use
labels
candidates
election
officials
refused
count
appellants
ballots
appellants
sought
prospective
relief
election
outcome
changed
ballots
counted
district
argue
precluded
enforcement
procedure
set
bulletin
suspended
requirement
dismissed
complaint
held
since
virginia
legislation
generally
attacked
inconsistent
voting
rights
act
factual
dispute
may
interests
judicial
economy
determine
applicability
act
even
though
section
argued
private
litigants
may
invoke
jurisdiction
district
courts
obtain
relief
insure
act
guarantee
person
shall
denied
right
vote
failure
comply
unapproved
new
enactment
subject
section
pp
restriction
act
provides
district
district
columbia
shall
jurisdiction
issue
declaratory
judgment
pursuant
restraining
order
temporary
permanent
injunction
execution
enforcement
provision
subchapter
apply
suits
brought
private
litigants
seeking
declaratory
judgment
new
state
enactment
subject
approval
requirements
actions
may
brought
local
district
courts
pp
light
extraordinary
nature
act
effect
relationships
unique
approval
requirements
also
provides
ny
action
section
shall
heard
determined
three
judges
disputes
involving
coverage
determined
courts
pp
state
statutes
involved
cases
subject
approval
requirements
pp
act
gives
broad
interpretation
right
vote
recognizes
voting
includes
action
necessary
make
vote
effective
aimed
subtle
well
obvious
state
regulations
effect
denying
citizens
right
vote
race
pp
legislative
history
lends
support
view
congress
intended
reach
enactment
altered
election
law
covered
state
even
minor
way
pp
direct
conflict
interpretation
act
principles
established
reapportionment
cases
consideration
possible
conflict
await
concrete
case
enactment
cases
constitutes
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
within
meaning
pp
act
requires
state
must
unambiguous
recordable
manner
submit
legislation
regulation
attorney
general
request
consideration
pursuant
act
submission
attorney
general
merely
becomes
aware
legislation
briefs
served
view
complexity
issues
first
impression
lack
deliberate
defiance
act
resulting
failure
submit
enactments
approval
fact
discriminatory
purpose
effect
statutes
judicially
determined
decision
prospective
effect
remain
subject
continuing
strictures
obtain
district
district
columbia
declaratory
judgment
least
five
years
used
tests
devices
proscribed
pp
norman
amaker
argued
cause
appellants
brief
jack
greenberg
james
nabrit
iii
oliver
hill
tucker
henry
marsh
iii
anthony
amsterdam
armand
derfner
elliott
lichtman
argued
cause
appellants
nos
lawrence
aschenbrenner
brief
appellants
nos
derfner
brief
appellants
alvin
bronstein
richard
sobol
mcilwaine
iii
first
assistant
attorney
general
virginia
argued
cause
appellees
brief
robert
button
attorney
general
william
blandford
william
carter
william
allain
wells
assistant
attorneys
general
mississippi
argued
cause
appellees
nos
allain
brief
appellees
joe
patterson
attorney
general
dudley
conner
wells
briefs
appellees
nos
patterson
assistant
attorney
general
pollak
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
nos
brief
solicitor
general
griswold
louis
claiborne
francis
beytagh
nathan
lewin
chief
justice
warren
delivered
opinion
four
cases
three
mississippi
one
virginia
involve
application
voting
rights
act
state
election
laws
regulations
mississippi
cases
consolidated
appeal
argued
together
grounds
decide
four
cases
appeal
virginia
case
also
disposed
opinion
south
carolina
katzenbach
held
provisions
act
involved
cases
constitutional
cases
merely
require
us
determine
whether
various
state
enactments
involved
subject
requirements
act
gave
detailed
treatment
history
purposes
voting
rights
act
south
carolina
katzenbach
supra
briefly
act
implemented
congress
firm
intention
rid
country
racial
discrimination
voting
provided
stringent
new
remedies
practices
frequently
denied
citizens
right
vote
basis
race
thus
covered
act
literacy
tests
similar
voting
qualifications
suspended
period
five
years
last
occurrence
substantial
voting
discrimination
however
congress
apparently
feared
mere
suspension
existing
tests
completely
solve
problem
given
history
simply
enacting
new
slightly
different
requirements
discriminatory
effect
underestimating
ingenuity
bent
preventing
negroes
voting
congress
therefore
enacted
focal
point
cases
state
covered
act
passes
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
person
deprived
right
vote
failure
comply
new
enactment
unless
state
seeks
receives
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
new
enactment
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
stat
supp
see
appendix
infra
however
necessitate
covered
state
obtain
declaratory
judgment
action
enforce
change
election
laws
provides
state
may
enforce
new
enactment
state
submits
new
provision
attorney
general
within
days
submission
attorney
general
formally
object
new
statute
regulation
attorney
general
act
approving
disapproving
state
legislation
attorney
general
objects
new
enactment
state
may
still
enforce
legislation
upon
securing
declaratory
judgment
district
district
columbia
also
state
required
first
submit
new
enactment
attorney
general
may
go
directly
district
district
columbia
provision
submission
attorney
general
merely
gives
covered
state
rapid
method
rendering
new
state
election
law
enforceable
state
successfully
complied
approval
requirements
private
parties
may
enjoin
enforcement
new
enactment
traditional
suits
attacking
constitutionality
remedy
provided
four
cases
passed
new
laws
issued
new
regulations
central
issue
whether
provisions
fall
within
prohibition
prevents
enforcement
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
unless
state
first
complies
one
section
approval
procedures
fairley
patterson
involves
amendment
mississippi
code
amendment
provides
board
supervisors
county
may
adopt
order
providing
board
members
elected
large
qualified
electors
county
prior
amendment
counties
law
divided
five
districts
district
elected
one
member
board
supervisors
amendment
adams
forrest
counties
adopted
authorized
orders
specifying
candidate
must
run
large
also
requiring
candidate
resident
county
district
seeks
represent
appellants
qualified
electors
potential
candidates
two
counties
sought
declaratory
judgment
district
southern
district
mississippi
amendment
subject
provisions
act
hence
enforced
state
complied
approval
requirements
bunton
patterson
concerns
amendment
mississippi
code
amendment
provides
specified
counties
county
superintendent
education
shall
appointed
board
education
enactment
amendment
counties
option
electing
appointing
superintendent
appellants
qualified
electors
potential
candidates
position
county
superintendent
education
three
counties
covered
amendment
sought
declaratory
judgment
amendment
subject
thus
unenforceable
unless
state
complied
approval
requirements
whitley
williams
involves
amendment
mississippi
code
changed
requirements
independent
candidates
running
general
elections
amendment
makes
four
revisions
establishes
new
rule
person
voted
primary
election
may
thereafter
placed
ballot
independent
candidate
general
election
time
filing
petition
independent
candidate
changed
days
primary
election
previous
days
general
election
number
signatures
qualified
electors
needed
independent
qualifying
petition
increased
substantially
new
provision
added
qualified
elector
signs
independent
qualifying
petition
must
personally
sign
petition
must
include
polling
precinct
county
appellants
potential
candidates
whose
nominating
petitions
independent
listing
ballot
rejected
failure
comply
one
amended
provisions
three
cases
district
ruled
amendments
mississippi
code
come
within
purview
covered
dismissed
complaints
appellants
brought
direct
appeals
consolidated
cases
postponed
consideration
jurisdiction
hearing
merits
allen
state
board
elections
concerns
bulletin
issued
virginia
board
elections
election
judges
bulletin
attempt
modify
provisions
code
virginia
provides
inter
alia
voter
may
place
official
ballot
name
person
handwriting
virginia
code
provides
voters
physical
incapacity
may
assisted
preparing
ballots
example
one
blind
may
aided
preparation
ballot
person
choice
unable
mark
ballots
due
physical
disability
may
assisted
one
election
judges
however
statutory
provision
made
assistance
wish
write
name
unable
illiteracy
virginia
brought
coverage
voting
rights
act
virginia
election
officials
apparently
thought
provision
requiring
voter
cast
vote
voter
handwriting
incompatible
provisions
act
suspending
enforcement
test
device
prerequisite
voting
therefore
board
elections
issued
bulletin
election
judges
instructing
election
judge
aid
qualified
voter
preparation
ballot
voter
requests
voter
unable
mark
ballot
due
illiteracy
appellants
functionally
illiterate
registered
voters
fourth
congressional
district
virginia
brought
declaratory
judgment
action
district
eastern
district
virginia
claiming
modifying
bulletin
violate
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
voting
rights
act
convened
complaint
dismissed
direct
appeal
brought
postponed
consideration
jurisdiction
hearing
merits
elections
appellants
attempted
vote
candidate
sticking
labels
printed
name
candidate
ballot
election
officials
refused
count
appellants
ballots
claiming
virginia
election
law
authorize
marking
ballots
labels
election
outcome
changed
disputed
ballots
counted
appellants
sought
prospective
relief
district
appellants
assert
precluded
enforcement
procedure
prescribed
bulletin
rather
argued
suspended
altogether
requirement
voter
write
name
choice
voter
handwriting
appellants
first
raised
applicability
jurisdictional
statement
filed
precluded
considering
applicability
however
virginia
legislation
generally
attacked
ground
inconsistent
voting
rights
act
facts
undisputed
may
interests
judicial
economy
determine
applicability
provisions
act
even
though
specific
sections
argued
postponed
consideration
jurisdiction
cases
hearing
merits
therefore
reaching
merits
first
determine
whether
cases
properly
us
direct
appeal
district
courts
voting
rights
act
explicitly
grant
deny
private
parties
authorization
seek
declaratory
judgment
state
failed
comply
provisions
act
however
provide
person
shall
denied
right
vote
failure
comply
new
state
enactment
covered
approved
analysis
language
light
major
purpose
act
indicates
appellants
may
seek
declaratory
judgment
new
state
enactment
governed
proving
state
failed
submit
covered
enactment
approval
private
party
standing
obtain
injunction
enforcement
pending
state
submission
legislation
pursuant
act
drafted
make
guarantees
fifteenth
amendment
finally
reality
citizens
south
carolina
katzenbach
supra
congress
realized
existing
remedies
inadequate
accomplish
purpose
drafted
unusual
aspects
severe
procedure
insuring
discriminate
basis
race
enforcement
voting
laws
achievement
act
laudable
goal
severely
hampered
however
citizen
required
depend
solely
litigation
instituted
discretion
attorney
general
example
provisions
act
extend
subdivisions
thereof
attorney
general
limited
staff
often
might
unable
uncover
quickly
new
regulations
enactments
passed
varying
levels
state
government
consistent
broad
purpose
act
allow
individual
citizen
standing
insure
city
county
government
complies
approval
requirements
previously
held
federal
statute
passed
protect
class
citizens
although
specifically
authorizing
members
protected
class
institute
suit
nevertheless
implied
private
right
action
case
borak
called
upon
consider
securities
exchange
act
stat
section
provides
shall
unlawful
person
violate
rules
regulations
commission
may
prescribe
necessary
appropriate
public
interest
protection
investors
held
hile
language
makes
specific
reference
private
right
action
among
chief
purposes
protection
investors
certainly
implies
availability
judicial
relief
necessary
achieve
result
similar
analysis
applicable
guarantee
person
shall
denied
right
vote
failure
comply
unapproved
new
enactment
subject
might
well
prove
empty
promise
unless
private
citizen
allowed
seek
judicial
enforcement
prohibition
ii
section
must
read
act
enforcement
provisions
section
provides
district
courts
shall
jurisdiction
actions
brought
pursuant
enjoin
person
acting
reasonable
grounds
believe
person
engage
act
practice
prohibited
injunctive
actions
distinguishable
actions
mentioned
injunctive
action
one
aimed
prohibiting
enforcement
provisions
voting
rights
act
involve
attack
constitutionality
act
see
katzenbach
morgan
hand
action
aimed
prohibiting
enforcement
state
enactment
reason
violative
act
cf
ward
cir
perez
rhiddlehoover
supp
la
similar
distinction
possible
respect
declaratory
judgments
declaratory
judgment
brought
state
pursuant
requires
adjudication
new
enactment
purpose
effect
racial
discrimination
however
declaratory
judgment
action
brought
private
litigant
require
reach
difficult
substantive
issue
issue
whether
particular
state
enactment
subject
provisions
voting
rights
act
therefore
must
submitted
approval
enforcement
difference
magnitude
two
issues
suggests
congress
intend
decided
district
columbia
district
indeed
specific
grant
jurisdiction
district
courts
indicates
congress
intended
treat
coverage
questions
differently
substantive
discrimination
questions
see
perez
rhiddlehoover
supra
moreover
indicated
south
carolina
katzenbach
supra
power
congress
require
suits
brought
district
columbia
district
grounded
congress
power
art
iii
ordain
establish
inferior
federal
tribunals
noted
congress
exceed
constitutional
bounds
imposing
limitations
litigation
federal
government
emphasis
added
course
declaratory
judgment
actions
brought
private
litigants
party
distinction
suggests
interpreting
applying
declaratory
judgment
actions
brought
state
strong
reasons
adoption
interpretation
requiring
declaratory
judgment
actions
brought
district
columbia
places
burden
plaintiff
enormity
burden
course
vary
size
plaintiff
resources
admittedly
easier
bring
actions
district
courts
however
state
sufficient
resources
prosecute
actions
easily
nation
capital
congress
power
regulate
federal
shall
hear
suits
federal
government
hand
individual
litigant
often
sufficient
resources
maintain
action
easily
outside
district
resides
especially
cases
individual
litigant
attacking
local
city
county
regulation
thus
individual
litigant
district
columbia
burden
may
sufficient
preclude
bringing
suit
hold
restriction
apply
suits
brought
private
litigants
seeking
declaratory
judgment
new
state
enactment
subject
approval
requirements
actions
may
brought
local
district
pursuant
iii
appellants
maintain
authorizes
suits
brought
private
litigants
enforce
approval
requirements
section
final
sentence
provides
ny
action
section
shall
heard
determined
three
judges
appeal
shall
lie
supp
emphasis
added
appellees
argue
sentence
refers
action
specifically
mentioned
first
sentence
declaratory
judgment
suits
brought
state
apply
suits
brought
private
litigant
interpreted
suits
involving
section
may
brought
least
three
ways
first
course
state
may
institute
declaratory
judgment
action
second
individual
may
bring
suit
declaratory
judgment
injunctive
relief
claiming
state
requirement
covered
subjected
required
federal
scrutiny
third
attorney
general
may
bring
injunctive
action
prohibit
enforcement
new
regulation
state
failure
obtain
approval
suits
may
viewed
brought
issue
whether
language
section
interpreted
authorizing
action
suits
long
held
congressional
enactments
providing
convening
courts
must
strictly
construed
phillips
convening
places
burden
federal
system
may
often
result
delay
matter
needing
swift
initial
adjudication
see
swift
wickham
supra
also
direct
appeal
may
taken
thus
depriving
us
wise
often
crucial
adjudications
courts
appeals
thus
reluctant
extend
range
cases
necessitating
convening
courts
ibid
however
unaware
legitimate
reasons
prompted
congress
enact
legislation
see
swift
wickham
supra
notwithstanding
problems
judicial
administration
congress
determined
courts
desirable
number
circumstances
involving
confrontations
state
federal
power
circumstances
involving
potential
substantial
interference
government
administration
voting
rights
act
example
federal
supervision
enforcement
state
legislation
always
poses
difficult
problems
federal
system
problems
especially
difficult
enforcement
state
enactments
may
enjoined
state
election
procedures
suspended
state
failed
comply
federal
approval
procedure
drafting
congress
apparently
concluded
governing
authorities
state
differ
attorney
general
concerning
purpose
effect
change
voting
procedures
inappropriate
difference
resolved
single
district
judge
clash
federal
state
power
potential
disruption
state
government
apparent
less
clash
potential
disruption
disagreement
concerns
whether
state
enactment
subject
result
suits
injunction
prohibiting
state
enforcing
election
laws
although
suit
brought
individual
citizen
may
involve
confrontation
potential
disruption
state
election
procedures
remains
provisions
act
indicate
congress
well
aware
extraordinary
effect
act
might
relationships
orderly
operation
state
government
example
prohibits
collection
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general
brings
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payment
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tax
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stat
supp
see
also
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conclude
light
extraordinary
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act
general
unique
approval
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intended
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involving
coverage
determined
district
three
judges
iv
appellees
rely
legislative
history
act
support
view
citing
testimony
former
assistant
attorney
general
burke
marshall
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
corman
talked
whether
concerned
vote
run
public
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issue
areas
south
given
consideration
whether
bill
address
qualifications
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public
office
well
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registration
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problem
bill
aimed
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registration
congressman
problem
another
sort
like
see
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trying
deal
bill
must
reject
narrow
construction
appellees
give
voting
rights
act
aimed
subtle
well
obvious
state
regulations
effect
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citizens
right
vote
race
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compatible
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interpretation
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vote
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make
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supp
see
reynolds
sims
convinced
passing
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rights
act
congress
intended
state
enactments
involved
instant
cases
subject
approval
requirements
legislative
history
whole
supports
view
congress
intended
reach
state
enactment
altered
election
law
covered
state
even
minor
way
example
act
originally
drafted
included
prohibition
qualification
procedure
senate
hearings
bill
senator
fong
expressed
concern
word
procedure
broad
enough
cover
various
practices
might
effectively
employed
deny
citizens
right
vote
response
attorney
general
said
objection
expanding
language
section
word
procedure
intended
kind
practice
indicative
intention
give
act
broadest
possible
scope
congress
expanded
language
final
version
include
voting
qualifications
prerequisite
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standard
practice
procedure
supp
similarly
house
hearings
emphasized
broad
scope
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justification
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simply
experience
areas
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bill
indicate
frequently
part
state
legislatures
desire
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outguess
courts
even
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congress
chairman
may
recall
time
initial
school
desegregation
legislature
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know
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laws
shortest
period
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judge
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decree
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passed
law
frustrate
decree
recollect
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school
board
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legislature
immediately
took
away
authority
school
boards
withdrew
funds
accomplish
purposes
act
house
hearings
light
mass
legislative
history
contrary
especially
attorney
general
clear
indication
section
broad
scope
congress
refusal
engraft
even
minor
exceptions
single
remark
assistant
attorney
general
burke
marshall
given
determinative
weight
indeed
case
legislative
hearings
debate
voluminous
single
statement
excerpt
testimony
conclusive
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question
whether
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legislation
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establish
congress
intended
narrow
scope
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another
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consideration
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legislative
history
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enactment
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meaning
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county
supervisors
right
vote
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power
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ballot
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reynolds
sims
voters
members
racial
minority
might
well
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one
district
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county
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type
change
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ability
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candidate
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voting
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officer
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counties
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appointive
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power
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officer
formerly
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appear
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candidate
gain
position
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election
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changes
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also
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wish
elect
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candidates
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change
involved
deserves
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note
amendment
provides
person
voted
primary
election
may
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election
procedure
respect
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substantial
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must
forgo
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party
primary
thinks
might
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us
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upon
determine
applicability
statute
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make
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determine
whether
light
articulated
purposes
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congress
intended
statute
apply
particular
cases
question
opinion
exception
statement
assistant
attorney
general
burke
marshall
balance
legislative
history
including
statements
attorney
general
congressional
action
expanding
language
indicates
applies
cases
saying
course
express
view
merit
enactments
also
emphasize
decision
indicates
opinion
concerning
constitutionality
reject
argument
attorney
general
required
formal
procedure
think
act
contemplates
submission
occurs
attorney
general
merely
becomes
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matter
manner
think
service
briefs
attorney
general
constituted
submission
fair
interpretation
act
requires
state
unambiguous
recordable
manner
submit
legislation
regulation
question
directly
attorney
general
request
consideration
pursuant
act
vi
judgment
district
vacated
nos
judgments
district
reversed
four
cases
remanded
district
courts
instructions
issue
injunctions
restraining
enforcement
enactments
time
adequately
demonstrate
compliance
ordered
appendix
opinion
section
voting
rights
act
whenever
state
political
subdivision
respect
prohibitions
set
forth
section
effect
shall
enact
seek
administer
voting
qualification
prerequisite
voting
standard
practice
procedure
respect
voting
different
force
effect
november
state
subdivision
may
institute
action
district
district
columbia
declaratory
judgment
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
purpose
effect
denying
abridging
right
vote
account
race
color
unless
enters
judgment
person
shall
denied
right
vote
failure
comply
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
provided
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
may
enforced
without
proceeding
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
submitted
chief
legal
officer
appropriate
official
state
subdivision
attorney
general
attorney
general
interposed
objection
within
sixty
days
submission
except
neither
attorney
general
failure
object
declaratory
judgment
entered
section
shall
bar
subsequent
action
enjoin
enforcement
qualification
prerequisite
standard
practice
procedure
action
section
shall
heard
determined
three
judges
accordance
provisions
section
title
code
appeal
shall
lie
stat
supp
terms
vote
voting
shall
include
action
necessary
make
vote
effective
primary
special
general
election
including
limited
registration
listing
pursuant
act
action
required
law
prerequisite
voting
casting
ballot
ballot
counted
properly
included
appropriate
totals
votes
cast
respect
candidates
public
party
office
propositions
votes
received
election
stat
supp
county
shall
divided
five
districts
due
regard
equality
population
convenience
situation
election
members
boards
supervisors
districts
existing
shall
continue
changed
qualified
electors
district
shall
elect
next
general
election
every
four
years
thereafter
district
one
member
board
supervisors
board
unanimous
vote
members
elected
ordered
vote
majority
qualified
electors
districts
affected
voting
election
hereinafter
provided
may
time
except
hereinafter
provided
change
alter
district
boundaries
entered
large
minutes
proceedings
board
board
upon
petition
per
cent
qualified
electors
county
asking
districts
county
changed
altered
setting
petition
changes
alterations
desired
shall
call
special
election
date
shall
less
thirty
sixty
days
date
presentation
petition
assembled
board
majority
qualified
electors
county
shall
determine
issue
election
provided
however
county
state
supervisors
district
containing
fifty
per
cent
population
county
according
last
federal
census
fifty
per
cent
assessed
valuation
county
issue
election
heretofore
provided
shall
determined
majority
participating
said
election
provided
however
county
state
bordering
gulf
mexico
mississippi
sound
population
excess
eighty
thousand
according
last
federal
census
issue
election
heretofore
provided
shall
determined
majority
qualified
electors
county
majority
fail
vote
affirmatively
new
petition
shall
considered
four
years
election
shall
based
upon
petition
per
cent
qualified
electors
county
petition
shall
attached
map
plat
defining
boundaries
beat
proposed
said
map
plat
election
thereon
shall
proposal
board
whenever
majority
qualified
electors
county
shall
voted
change
alter
existing
districts
set
forth
described
petition
shall
first
meeting
thereafter
establish
said
proposed
districts
order
minutes
effective
first
day
january
following
default
thereof
may
commanded
writ
mandamus
districts
changed
qualified
electors
election
aforesaid
board
motion
shall
change
alter
said
districts
within
four
years
thereafter
board
supervisors
county
may
adopt
order
providing
qualified
electors
county
shall
eligible
vote
member
board
supervisors
candidate
shall
resident
district
proposes
represent
said
order
adopted
published
newspaper
general
circulation
county
least
twelve
months
prior
next
general
election
wherein
said
supervisors
elected
twenty
per
cent
qualified
electors
county
shall
present
board
supervisors
petition
objecting
alternate
method
within
sixty
days
adoption
final
publication
alternative
method
board
supervisors
shall
call
election
publishing
notice
thereof
newspaper
published
county
week
least
three
weeks
prior
election
question
ballot
shall
whether
entire
electorate
county
shall
required
vote
members
board
supervisors
large
whether
qualified
electors
said
districts
shall
vote
candidate
district
majority
voting
vote
qualified
electors
shall
eligible
vote
candidates
district
thereafter
elections
members
boards
supervisors
shall
held
members
boards
supervisors
shall
continue
elected
electorate
respective
districts
board
supervisors
shall
permitted
adopt
alternative
method
electing
members
boards
supervisors
two
years
transpired
act
shall
construed
affect
supervisor
holding
office
expiration
end
present
term
office
notwithstanding
provisions
subsection
hereof
office
county
superintendent
education
may
made
appointive
county
manner
herein
provided
upon
filing
petition
signed
less
twenty
per
cent
qualified
electors
county
shall
duty
board
supervisors
county
within
sixty
days
filing
petition
call
special
election
shall
submitted
qualified
electors
county
question
whether
office
county
superintendent
education
said
county
shall
continue
elective
shall
filled
appointment
county
board
education
said
county
provided
however
class
three
county
area
excess
eight
hundred
square
miles
county
unit
school
system
comprising
less
entire
county
petition
shall
signed
electors
residing
within
county
unit
school
district
electors
said
district
shall
vote
proposition
appointing
county
superintendent
education
order
calling
special
election
shall
designate
date
upon
shall
held
notice
election
signed
clerk
board
supervisors
shall
published
week
least
three
consecutive
weeks
least
one
newspaper
published
county
first
publication
notice
shall
made
less
days
prior
date
fixed
election
last
publication
shall
made
seven
days
prior
date
newspaper
published
county
notice
shall
given
publication
required
time
newspaper
general
circulation
county
addition
posting
copy
notice
least
days
next
preceding
election
three
public
places
county
one
shall
door
county
courthouse
judicial
district
said
election
shall
held
far
practicable
manner
elections
held
county
qualified
electors
county
may
vote
therein
majority
qualified
electors
vote
election
shall
vote
favor
appointment
county
superintendent
education
county
board
education
expiration
term
county
superintendent
education
office
county
superintendent
education
said
county
shall
elected
shall
thereafter
appointed
county
board
education
term
four
years
otherwise
said
office
shall
remain
elective
special
election
shall
held
county
provisions
subsection
often
every
four
years
change
elective
appointive
method
selection
county
superintendent
education
shall
become
effective
except
expiration
term
county
superintendent
education
office
time
election
held
county
first
class
lying
wholly
within
levee
district
within
situated
city
forty
thousand
population
according
last
decennial
federal
census
county
superintendent
education
shall
hereafter
appointed
county
board
education
provided
county
second
class
wherein
interstate
highway
state
highway
intersect
also
traversed
whole
part
highways
state
highways
natchez
trace
class
four
county
population
excess
thousand
according
federal
census
traversed
interstate
highway
wherein
mississippi
highways
intersect
county
created
yazoo
river
flows
class
four
county
land
area
six
hundred
square
miles
bordering
state
alabama
wherein
treaty
dancing
rabbit
signed
wherein
highway
mississippi
highway
intersect
county
bordering
mississippi
river
wherein
lies
campus
institution
lands
contiguous
thereto
owned
institution
county
lying
within
delta
levee
district
bordering
upon
mississippi
river
county
seat
population
excess
thousand
according
federal
census
county
population
thousand
seven
hundred
according
federal
census
wherein
highway
highway
illinois
central
railroad
mississippi
central
railroad
intersect
class
three
county
wherein
partially
located
national
forest
wherein
highway
mississippi
highway
intersect
federal
census
thousand
assessed
valuation
county
superintendent
education
hereafter
shall
appointed
county
board
education
county
bordering
gulf
mexico
mississippi
sound
therein
test
facility
operated
national
aeronautics
space
administration
county
superintendent
education
shall
appointed
county
board
education
beginning
january
ballot
shall
contain
names
candidates
put
nomination
less
forty
days
previous
day
election
primary
election
political
party
shall
printed
ballots
names
persons
nominated
whether
nomination
otherwise
known
upon
written
request
one
candidates
nominated
qualified
elector
make
oath
participant
primary
election
person
whose
name
presented
nominated
primary
election
person
voted
primary
election
shall
thereafter
name
placed
upon
ballot
independent
candidate
office
determined
general
election
independent
candidate
must
qualify
time
established
statute
qualification
candidates
seeking
nominations
primary
elections
commissioner
shall
also
printed
ballot
general
special
election
name
candidate
nominated
political
party
shall
requested
candidate
office
independent
candidate
petition
filed
statutory
time
said
commissioner
less
forty
days
prior
election
signed
less
following
number
qualified
electors
office
elected
state
large
less
one
thousand
ten
thousand
qualified
electors
office
elected
qualified
electors
district
less
three
hundred
three
thousand
five
hundred
qualified
electors
office
elected
qualified
electors
congressional
district
less
two
hundred
two
thousand
qualified
electors
office
elected
qualified
electors
circuit
chancery
district
less
one
hundred
one
thousand
qualified
electors
office
elected
qualified
electors
county
senatorial
district
floatorial
sic
district
supervisors
district
municipality
population
one
thousand
less
ten
per
cent
qualified
electors
said
county
senatorial
district
supervisors
district
municipality
less
five
hundred
fifty
qualified
electors
whichever
lesser
office
elected
qualified
electors
supervisors
district
municipality
population
less
one
thousand
less
fifteen
ten
per
cent
qualified
electors
said
supervisors
district
municipality
elector
shall
personally
sign
said
petition
signature
shall
counted
unless
includes
polling
precinct
county
shall
attached
petition
provided
upon
time
filing
said
commission
certificate
appropriate
registrar
registrars
showing
number
qualified
electors
appearing
upon
petition
registrar
shall
furnish
petitioner
upon
request
unless
petition
required
shall
filed
less
forty
days
prior
election
unless
petition
required
shall
filed
later
time
required
primary
elections
name
person
requested
candidate
unless
nominated
political
party
shall
placed
upon
ballot
ballot
shall
contain
names
candidate
office
names
shall
listed
name
political
party
candidate
represents
insertion
names
ballots
elections
except
primary
elections
shall
lawful
voter
place
official
ballot
name
person
handwriting
thereon
sic
vote
person
office
may
desire
vote
mark
check
cross
mark
line
immediately
preceding
name
inserted
provided
however
nothing
contained
section
shall
affect
operation
code
virginia
ballot
name
names
placed
thereon
violation
section
shall
counted
person
august
voting
rights
act
enacted
congress
became
effective
force
virginia
provisions
act
person
qualified
vote
general
election
held
november
unable
mark
cast
ballot
whole
part
lack
literacy
addition
reasons
set
forth
section
virginia
code
shall
requests
aided
preparation
ballot
one
judges
election
selected
voter
judge
election
shall
assist
voter
upon
request
preparation
ballot
accordance
voter
instructions
shall
manner
divulge
indicate
signs
otherwise
name
names
person
persons
voter
shall
vote
instructions
also
apply
precincts
voting
machines
used
footnotes
four
cases
convened
nos
direct
appeals
district
southern
district
mississippi
direct
appeal
district
eastern
district
virginia
involved
cases
determined
covered
act
fed
reg
august
see
pt
oral
argument
mississippi
cases
assistant
attorney
general
pollak
stated
department
justice
received
submissions
stated
department
withheld
consent
one
case
change
contrary
prior
decision
issue
said
two
instances
state
inadvertently
incorporated
reference
another
section
state
law
contained
prohibited
test
device
transcript
argument
see
appendix
infra
three
cases
mississippi
original
complaint
contained
grounds
relief
however
hearing
district
parties
stipulated
issue
decision
whether
applied
see
appendix
infra
see
appendix
infra
suit
first
brought
pending
decision
merits
district
ordered
appellants
placed
general
election
ballot
whitley
johnson
supp
miss
later
members
class
appellants
represent
denied
places
ballot
general
election
failing
comply
amendment
requirements
supp
miss
supp
miss
appellants
assert
jurisdiction
direct
appeal
supp
emphasis
added
see
appendix
infra
stat
supp
act
defines
test
device
requirement
person
prerequisite
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general
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williams
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carolina
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effectively
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attorney
general
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columbia
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laws
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south
compelled
make
reports
military
commanders
southern
time
deprived
right
pass
laws
premise
part
union
therefore
treated
harshness
meted
conquered
provinces
constitutionality
doctrine
certainly
clear
time
whether
doctrine
constitutional
thought
whole
nation
long
since
repented
application
conquered
province
concept
even
time
immediately
following
bitter
civil
war
doubt
colonies
agreed
constitution
dreamed
time
might
come
go
attorney
general
district
columbia
hat
hand
begging
permission
change
laws
still
less
colonies
willing
agree
constitution
gave
federal
government
power
force
one
colony
go
onerous
procedure
former
colonies
supposedly
sister
allowed
retain
full
sovereignty
marbury
madison
cranch
held
courts
pass
constitutionality
state
laws
already
enacted
certainly
decide
permit
federal
courts
federal
executive
officers
hold
passage
state
laws
federal
courts
federal
agencies
washington
pass
proposals
give
judges
part
enacting
vetoing
legislation
passed
made
rejected
constitutional
convention
another
proposal
made
rejected
permit
chief
justice
time
time
recommend
alterations
additions
laws
may
opinion
necessary
due
administration
justice
may
promote
useful
learning
inculcate
sound
morality
throughout
union
see
dissenting
opinion
griswold
connecticut
seems
wise
us
pause
reflect
fact
separate
colonies
passing
laws
legislative
bodies
created
union
history
emphatically
proves
creating
union
colonies
intended
retain
original
independent
power
pass
laws
justification
properly
found
constitution
created
amendment
degrading
extent
even
initiate
amendment
constitutions
laws
without
first
asking
permission
federal
district
columbia
governmental
agency
hold
voting
rights
act
unconstitutional
insofar
commands
certain
selected
leave
laws
field
unchanged
get
consent
federal
agencies
pass
new
ones