american trucking argued april decided may appeal district district columbia robert jackson atty thomas harris washington appellants ninian beall washington appellees justice reed delivered opinion appeal requires determination power interstate commerce commission motor carrier act establish reasonable requirements respect qualifications maximum hours service employees motor carriers employees whose duties affect safety operation detailed consideration motor carrier act passed followed generally suggestion form made federal coordinator transportation difficulty wide scope problems raised growth motor carrier industry obvious congress sought set purpose range action declaration policy covered preservation fostering motor transportation public interest tariffs coordination motor carriage forms transportation cooperation several efforts systematize industry efficient economical movement interstate commerce obviously major objective numerous provisions make clear congress intended exercise powers tation phases motor carrier activity safety operation constantly committees congress study situation pertinent portions section act immediately discussion read follows shall duty regulate common carriers motor vehicle provided part chapter end commission may establish reasonable requirements respect continuous adequate service transportation baggage express uniform systems accounts records reports preservation records qualifications maximum hours service employees safety operation equipment regulate contract carriers motor vehicle provided part chapter end commission may establish reasonable requirements respect uniform systems accounts records reports preservation records qualifications maximum hours service employees safety operation equipment establish private carriers property motor vehicle need therefor found reasonable requirements promote safety operation end prescribe qualifications maximum hours service employees standards equipment shortly approval act commission motion undertook fix maximum hours service whose functions operation motor vehicles make regulations desirable safety considerations months determination fair labor standards act enacted section act limits workweek normal rate pay employees subject terms section makes maximum hours fair labor standards act subject reduction applicable federal state law municipal ordinances certain employees excepted however regulations section reads follows provisions section shall apply respect employee respect interstate commerce commission power establish qualifications maximum hours service pursuant provisions section title motor carrier act exemption brought sharply focus coverage employees motor carrier act section clerical storage transportation workers fair labor standards act dependent upon sweep word employee act commission examined question jurisdiction ex parte reached conclusion power limited prescribing qualifications maximum hours service employees whose activities affect safety operation added provisions section evince clear intent congress limit jurisdiction regulating industry part transportation system nation extend regulation features acteristic transportation inherent industry strikes us enlargement jurisdiction unwarranted express implied provision act vests us powers wage hour division department labor arrived result interpretation shortly thereafter appellees association truckmen various common carriers motor filed petition commission present case seeking exercise commission jurisdiction section fix reasonable requirements respect qualifications maximum hours service employees common contract carriers except employees whose duties related safety operations disregard report order ex parte commission reaffirmed position denied petition appellees petitioned district compel commission take jurisdiction consider establishment qualifications hours service employees common contract carriers motor vehicle administrator wage hour division permitted intervene district reversed commission set aside order directed take jurisdiction appellees petition direct appeal granted broad domain social legislation problems enmeshed difficulties surround termination qualifications employee shall long hours work may upon proper adjustment factors within industry relation competitive activities may well depend economic success enterprises affected well employment efficiency workers motor carrier act lays little emphasis upon clause called upon construe maximum hours service employees none words defined section devoted explanation meaning words used act part elaborate enactment drawn passed attempt adjust new growing transportation service needs public find content must viewed setting interpretation statutes function courts easily stated construe language give effect intent congress invariable rule discovery intention take words context thus isolated attempt determine meaning certainly contribute greatly discovery purpose draftsmen statute particularly law drawn meet many needs major occupation course persuasive evidence purpose statute words legislature undertook give expression wishes often words sufficient determine purpose legislation cases followed plain meaning meaning led absurd futile results however looked beyond words purpose act frequently however even plain meaning produce absurd results merely unreasonable one variance policy legislation followed purpose rather literal words aid construction meaning words used statute available certainly law forbids however clear words may appear examination interpretation meaning statutes applied justiciable controversies exclusively judicial function duty requires one body public servants judges construe meaning another body legislators said obviously danger courts conclusion legislative purpose unconsciously influenced judges views factors considered enacting body lively appreciation danger best assurance escape threat hardly justifies acceptance literal interpretation dogma withholds courts available information reaching correct conclusion emphasis laid upon necessity appraisal purposes whole congress analyzing meaning clauses sections general acts words general connotation appearing text statutes given wide meaning contrary settled policy different purpose plainly shown language consideration construed appellees contend gives commission power regulation qualifications hours employees quite distinct settled practice congress policy consistent legislating regulation transportation employees matters movement safety hours service imposes restrictions hours labor employees engaged connected movement train seamen limits employee regulations members ships crews civil aeronautics authority authority hours service employees interest safety stated appellants brief detailed citations statement uncontradicted time passage motor vehicle act regulatory measures relating hours service employees every one exclusively drivers helpers vehicles face course legislation coupled supporting interpretation two administrative agencies concerned interpretation interstate commerce commission wage hour division said word used section clear workmen embraces accept broadest meaning word course word art takes color surroundings frequently carefully defined statute appears especially hesitant conclude congress intended grant commission customary power secure safety view absence legislative history act discussion desirability giving commission broad unusual powers employees clause question contained bill introduced coordinator draft presented senate floor committee amendment following suggestion chairman legislative committee commission mcmanamy committee reports debates contain indication regulation qualifications hours service employees contemplated fact evidence points way senate committee report explained provisions section giving commission authority common contract carriers similar given private carriers section chairman senate committee expressed thought explaining provisions floor senate suggesting addition clause chairman commission legislative committee said relates safety house member charge bill characterized provisions tending promote careful operation safety highways spoke assurance commission ability set reasonable rules including therein maximum hours service highway report house committee member set separate views criticizing delegation discretion commission proposing amendment providing day employee engaged operation motor vehicle commission wage hour division said interpreted section relating solely safety operation case interpretations entitled great weight peculiarly true interpretations involve construction statute men charged responsibility setting machinery motion making parts work efficiently smoothly yet untried new furthermore commission interpretation gains much persuasiveness fact commission suggested provisions enactment congress important remember commission three times concluded authority limited securing safety operation first interpretation made december commission stated congress shall given us particular definite command premises shall limit regulations concerning maximum hours service employees whose functions operation motor vehicles make regulations desirable safety considerations expression half year old congress enacted fair labor standards act exemption section seemingly senate least aware commission investigation powers even interpretation announced circumstances unlikely indeed congress explicitly overruled commission interpretation intended exempt others employees affected safety labor standards act contended appellees difference language subsections subsection indicative congressional purpose restrict regulation employees private carriers operation inserting broader authority employees common contract carriers appellants answer difference language explained difference powers give powers beyond safety service goods accounts records language limiting subsections safety inapt appellees call attention certain pending legislation sustaining view congressional purpose enacting motor carrier act think said action senate house representatives pending transportation legislation throws much light policy congress meaning attributed body section aside pertinent fact legislation still unadopted legislative history points hesitation determine controversy meaning present motor carrier act pending judicial determination one amendment made pending motor carrier act relevance inquiry section reads set note words provisions section relative qualifications maximum hours service employees scafety operation standards equipment italicized note added amendment house passage senate addition disputed clause section evident exempted vehicles operators include common contract private carriers seems equally evident vehicles operators common contract carriers intended congress give commission power regulate qualifications hours service employees concerned safety operations conclusion view circumstances set opinion meaning employees section limited employees whose activities affect safety operation commission jurisdiction regulate qualifications hours service others decree district accordingly reversed directed dismiss complaint appellees ordered reversed directions chief justice justice mcreynolds justice stone justice roberts opinion decree affirmed reasons stated opinion district footnotes stat et seq regulation transportation agencies see discussion preliminary steps motor carrier regulation hearings regulation interstate motor carriers house committee interstate foreign commerce sess hearings senate committee interstate commerce sess section maurer hamilton ed decided april sections services brokers security issues insurance accounts records reports maurer hamilton supra regulation transportation agencies supra highway safety regulations hearings supra pp ex parte stat et seq interpretative bulletin wage hour manual section rules practice april rule xv section motor carrier act urgent deficiencies act stat cf securities exchange comm realty improvement decided today judicial code stat stat story minor mechanics bank pet general rule laid upon subject exposition adopted cases carries effect true intent object legislature enactment pennington coxe cranch james milwaukee wall atkins fiber disintegrating wall white ozawa stone downer gulf steel royal indemnity american bond lincoln ricketts foster cf davies interpretation statutes light policy english courts columbia law review radin statutory interpretation harvard law review landis note interpretation harvard law review powell construction written instruments indiana law journal jones plain meaning rule washington university law quarterly taft commissioner helvering city bank wilbur crooks harrelson missouri pac van camp sons american caminetti pennsylvania international coal armstrong sorrells ryan ozawa helvering morgan johnson southern pacific popovici agler smiley holm williams maurer hamilton supra pages boston sand gravel helvering new york trust cf committee ministers powers report cmd jefferson electric arizona keifer keifer reconstruction finance ozawa supra stat stat stat authority apparently exercised pilots copilots dept commerce bureau air commerce civil air regulations scheduled airline rules interstate amended may word treated congress word art definite meaning apparent examination recent legislation thus social security act specifically provides term includes officer corporation fair labor standards act specifically exempts employee employed bona fide executive administrative professional local retailing capacity railroad unemployment insurance act congress expressly recognized variable meaning employee even defined length used single act except used phrases establishing different meaning means statute permitting heads departments settle claims arising negligence government congress gives recognition fact term face providing employee shall include enlisted men army navy marine corps see also varying definitions following statutes railroad retirement act interstate commerce act emergency railroad transportation act act june stat communications act national labor relations act maritime labor relations act classification act civil service employees compensation act longshoremen harbor workers compensation act boiler inspection act railway labor act term used statutes without particularized definition treated courts word definite content see metcalf eddy mitchell consulting engineers performing services municipalities water districts held statute exempting employees state local subdivision thereof income tax waskey hammer mineral surveyor appointed surveyor paid private persons within prohibition statute prohibiting general land office purchasing public land nashville ry railway employees furloughed railroad workers entitled priority rehiring held within meaning railway labor act discussed latta lonsdale attorney within meaning statute giving preference assets insolvent corporations vane newcombe contractor built lines telegraph company within statute giving employees liens corporate property malcomson wapoo mills cf griffith app war department clerk receiving disability compensation held employee government within common law rule district columbia employee litigant member jury see also hull philadelphia reading louisville wilson campbell commissioner burnet jones burnet mcdonough sess doc see testimony mcmanamy hearings senate committee interstate commerce pp regulation hours service bus truck operators far important safety standpoint regulation hours service railroad employees danger greater accomplished inserting section lines page following word lines words appear follows maximum hours service employees clause question came subsection otherwise substantially like corresponding subsection senator wheeler chairman committee interstate commerce sponsor bill explained provision floor senate committee amended paragraphs confer power commission establish reasonable requirements respect qualifications maximum hours service employees common contract carriers suggestion came us think chairman legislative committee interstate commerce commission order make highways safe common contract carriers may unduly prejudiced competition peddler trucks private operators motor trucks provision added subparagraph giving commission authority establish similar requirements respect qualifications hours service employees operators sess report stated regulation proposed private carriers except amendment adopted committee authorizes commission regulate maximum hours service employees safety operation equipment private carriers property motor vehicle event commission determines need regulation amendments adopted committee confer like authority upon commission respect common contract carriers safety operation equipment original bill see last paragraph remarks senator wheeler note supra hearings note supra sess norwegian nitrogen hassett welch ex parte pending legislation cong rec point discussion report senate committee said section bill based provisions subparagraphs section motor carrier act original draft inserted beginning paragraph clause order promote safety operations thus making clear commission power regulate qualifications maximum hours service employees confined anything safety operation question respect considerable doubt seems arisen wording present law upon strenuous objection truckers claiming conflict law fair labor standards act bill committee amendment restores law present provisions motor carrier act sess bill passed senate house bill left present act unchanged bills conference chairman legislative committee interstate commerce commission sent chairmen house senate committees letter house senate bills suggested bills explicitly limit commission jurisdiction qualifications hours service employees considerations safety letter stated subsection senate bill follows existing language section controversy arisen regard meaning language controversy reached think may well determined new legislation judgment restrictions hours labor social economic reasons imposed done congress duty respect delegated commission experience particularly fits performance duty authority qualifications hours service employees therefore confined needs safety operation april house conferees reported house compromise bill agreed conference committee left motor carrier act unamended sess may house disagreement sections bill relevant voted recommit bill conference committee nothing part except provisions section relative qualifications maximum hours service employees safety operation standards equipment shall construed include motor vehicles employed solely transporting school children teachers school taxicabs motor vehicles performing bona fide taxicab service capacity six passengers operated regular route fixed termini motor vehicles owned operated behalf hotels used exclusively transportation hotel patrons hotels local railroad common carrier stations motor vehicles operated authorization regulation control secretary interior principally purpose transporting persons national parks national monuments motor vehicles controlled operated farmer used transportation agricultural commodities products thereof transportation supplies farm motor vehicles controlled operated association defined agricultural marketing act approved june amended trolley busses operated electric power derived fixed overhead wire furnishing local passenger transportation similar service motor vehicles used exclusively carrying livestock fish including shell fish agricultural commodities including manufactured products thereof motor vehicles used exclusively distribution newspapers unless extent commission shall time time find application necessary carry policy congress enunciated section shall provisions part except provisions section relative qualifications maximum hours service employees safety operation standards equipment apply transportation passengers property interstate foreign commerce wholly within municipality contiguous municipalities within zone adjacent commercially part municipality municipalities except transportation common control management arrangement continuous carriage shipment point without municipality municipalities zone provided motor carrier engaged transportation passengers regular irregular route routes interstate commerce also lawfully engaged intrastate transportation passengers entire length interstate route routes accordance laws state jurisdiction casual occasional reciprocal transportation passengers property interstate foreign commerce compensation person engaged transportation motor vehicle regular occupation business sess