lindsley natural carbonic gas argued decided march bill equity exhibited circuit appellant owner holder capital stock bonds natural carbonic gas company sought decree enjoining company obeying defendants enforcing statute state new york approved may entitled act protection natural mineral springs state prevent waste impairment natural mineral waters containing among others provision otherwise drawing artificial appliance well made boring drilling rock class mineral waters holding solution natural mineral salts excess carbonic acid gas pumping artificial contrivance whatsoever manner producing unnatural flow carbonic acid gas issuing contained well made boring drilling rock purpose tracting collecting compressing liquifying vending gas commodity otherwise connection mineral water mineral ingredients associated hereby declared unlawful laws vol chap addition properly may passed without special mention bill alleges gas company owns acres lands saratoga springs new york contain mineral waters class specified statute waters percolating waters naturally flowing upon surface reached lifted surface means pumps artificial appliances gas company engaged collecting natural carbonic acid gas waters compressing selling gas separate commodity business come large lucrative necessary incident successful prosecution gas company sunk upon land wells great depth made boring drilling underlying rock fitted wells tubing seals pumps whereby lifts waters gas contained therein surface pumps exercise force compulsion upon waters adjoining lands lift surface waters flow reason laws nature wells waters lifted surface excess carbonic acid gas therein naturally escapes caught compressed preparatory sale none thereof wasted process employed increase natural separation excess gas waters many landowners saratoga springs like wells operated like way like purpose also alleged gas company bottles sells drinking purposes use invalids others mineral waters pumped wells market demand allegation extent market demand conceded argument large proportion waters pumped company wells used suffered run waste terms bill predicates right relief sought upon claim state statute deprives appellant others property without due process law denies equal protection laws therefore violative amendment constitution circuit defendants gas company demurred bill demurrers sustained fed decree dismissing bill entered whereupon appeal prayed allowed guthrie plante edgar brackett robert morris alton parker appellant nash rockwood charles lester edward appellees statement justice van devanter justice van devanter made foregoing statement delivered opinion statute whose enforcement suit directed contains several restrictive provisions less directly connected purpose suggested title concerned one set forth appeals state pronounced others invalid counsel treated thereby eliminated statute present consideration coming provision question necessary inquire construction put upon highest state construction must accepted courts regarded part provision called upon determine whether violates right secured federal constitution weightman clark ed morley lake shore ed sup olsen smith ed sup appeals state statute hathorn natural carbonic gas ann cas people new york carbonic acid gas elaborate opinions rendered disclose regard title act doctrine correlative rights percolating waters prevails state recognized forbell new york construed provision prohibiting specified acts absolutely unqualifiedly mineral waters drawn source supply confined lands actor extending lands others draft made upon source supply unreasonable wasteful considering coequal right surface owners draw upon words processes interpretation approval read provision exception qualification making inapplicable waters drawn common source supply also drawn source injury done thereby others like right resort interpreted statute presupposes existence porous rock beneath lands several prietors supply mineral waters class specified right proprietor penetrate underlying rock natural reservoir draw upon supply therein practice tendency part proprietors exercise right manner purpose specified boring drilling wells rock pumping artifically drawing waters purpose collecting vending gas separate commodity make excessive wasteful drafts upon common supply injury impairment rights proprietors thus presupposed treated several decisions courts state public papers actual existence widely recognized prevent avoid injury waste suggested statute adopted first type one principle quite like considered ohio oil indiana ed sup mor min oil gas commingled form contained stratum porous rock underlying lands many owners fluids inclined shift common reservoir obedience natural laws one surface owner excessively wastefully exercise right tapping reservoir drawing contents without injuriously affecting like right others oil gas value greater value attached oil surface owners whose wells tapped common reservoir brought surface oil gas collected used oil suffered gas disperse air kindred practices resulted adoption statute declaring unlawful validity statute called question objections urged much pressed upon attention upon full consideration overruled commenting upon peculiar attributes oil gas cause excepted principles generally applied minerals fixed situs also upon prevailing rule surface owner oil gas area exclusive right land seek oil gas reservoir beneath fixed certain ownership reduces actual possession said meaning surface owners absolutely deprived right belongs without taking private property coequal right take common source supply two substances nature things though separate follows essence right situation things exerted use one power seek convert part common fund actual possession may result undue proportion attributed one possessors right detriment others waste one annihilation rights remainder hence legislative power peculiar nature right objects upon exerted manifested purpose protecting collective owners securing distribution arise enjoyment privilege reduce possession reach like end preventing waste viewed statute protect prevent waste common property surface owners law attacked asserted devested private property without due compensation substance statute protecting private property preventing taken one common owners without regard enjoyment others taking subordinate contentions advanced support principal one also said argued gas lowed disperse air serves purpose forcing oil therefore wasted hence subject regulation second answer averred defendant situated able use dispose gas comes surface oil follows gas must either stored dispersed air answer asserted gas stored used back pressure pump arresting movement least greatly diminish capacity hence said law making unlawful allow gas escape made practically impossible profitably extract oil oil taken profit one made use gas therefore must allowed waste gas atmosphere thus destroy interest common owners reservoir gas contentions state different form matters already disposed really go power make regulations wisdom lawful discretion legislature state may interfere statute assailed work deprivation property without due process law difficult perceive deprivation present case mineral waters carbonic acid gas exist commingled state underlying rock neither drawn without value commingled form also separated greater demand gas alone influenced demand surface owners wells bored drilled rock engage extensive pumping operations purpose collecting gas vending separate commodity uusually done undue proportion commingled waters gas taken common supply large larger portion waters gas lected permitted run waste thus pumping operations generally result unreasonable wasteful depletion common supply corresponding injury others equally entitled resort correct evil statute adopted remedy applies enforced discontinuance excessive wasteful features pumping take surface owner right tap underlying rock draw common supply consistently continued existence right regulates exercise reasonably conserve interests possess state consistently due process law may necessary conclusion decision case cited question open one still solve way overlook statement appellant brief mineral waters reached gas company wells exist underground reservoir come common source give effect contrary courts state apparently regard real situation saratoga springs without support present record bill alleges waters percolating waters naturally flowing upon surface description inconsistent existence natural reservoir porous rock underlying lands several owners besides accepted true constitute common source supply one surface owners equal right resort held gas company acts within prohibition statute construed appeals state therefore appellant owner holder capital stock bonds company harmed statute entitled draw question test validity clark kansas city ed sup tyler registration ct judges ed sup turpin lemon ed sup new york ex rel hatch reardon ed sup ann cas neither overlook allegation bill gas company pumps exert force upon waters adjoining lands lift surface waters flow reason laws nature wells regard little importance wells reach common source supply excessive wasteful pumping may affect injuriously rights surface owners although force exerted pumps reach lands statute directed pumping wells bored drilled rock pumping wells penetrating rock directed pumping purpose collecting gas vending apart waters pumping purposes contention made arbitrary classification consequently denies equal protection laws affects rules contention must tested shown repeated decisions clause amendment take state power classify adoption police laws admits exercise wide scope discretion regard avoids done without reasonable basis therefore purely arbitrary classification reasonable basis offend clause merely made mathematical nicety practice results inequality classification law called question state facts reasonably conceived sustain existence state facts time law enacted must assumed one assails classification law must carry burden showing rest upon reasonable basis essentially arbitrary bachtel wilson ed sup louisville melton ed sup ozan lumber union county nat bank ed sup munn illinois ed henderson bridge henderson ed sup unfortunately allegations bill shed little light upon classification question indicate pumping wells penetrating rock appreciably affects common supply therein calculated result injury rights others neither indicate pumping done purposes collecting vending gas apart waters excessive wasteful otherwise operates impair rights others words aught appears bill classification may rest upon substantial difference pumping wells penetrating rock pumping penetrating pumping purpose collecting vending gas apart waters pumping purposes difference may afford reasonable basis classification thus criticizing bill mean allegations alone considered due regard also must within range common knowledge otherwise plainly subject judicial notice brown piper ed brown spilman ed sup new mexico ex rel mclean denver ed sup illinois ex rel mcnichols pease ed sup rest criticism upon fact bill silent respect matters although essential success present contention neither within range common knowledge otherwise plainly subject judicial notice applying rule one assails classification law must carry burden showing arbitrary properly might dismiss contention without saying may well mention considerations make result statements made briefs counsel oral argument infer wells penetrating rock reach waters escape naturally therefrom breaks fissures well may doubted pumping wells anything like indeed common supply upon rights others pumping wells take waters within rock exist great hydrostatic pressure respects discrimination made pumping purpose collecting vending gas apart waters pumping purposes said greater demand gas alone value attaches consequence demand furnish greater incentive exercising common right excessively wastefully pumping purpose prescribed purposes suggestion becomes stronger reflected proportion gas commingled fluids exist rock small obtain given quantity gas involves taking enormously greater quantity water satisfy appreciably demand gas alone involves great waste water collected thus well may actual practice pumping excessive wasteful save done purpose prescribed considerations point less persuasive force substantial difference point harmful results pumping wells penetrating rock pumping penetrating pumping purpose collecting vending gas apart waters pumping purposes difference justifies classification plainly police law may confined occasion existence said carroll greenwich ins ed sup evil specially experienced particular branch business constitution embodies prohibition laws confined evil doctrinaire requirement couched terms conclusion upon point suffices say case presented instead plainly disclosing classification arbitrary tends produce belief rests upon reasonable basis another objection urged statute arises ruling appeals state effect proceedings enforcement statute one purpose collecting vending gas separate commodity engages pumping waters wells bored drilled rock prima facie within prohibition statute must take burden showing comes within exception qualification mentioned whereby statute made inapplicable waters drawn common source supply also drawn source injury done thereby others right resort ruling treated read statute insisted latter impinges upon guaranties due process law equal protection laws think insistence untenable reasons state possesses general power prescribe evidence shall received effect shall given courts may exert power providing proof particular fact several taken collectively shall prima facie evidence another fact many exertions power shown legislation several validity present objection uniformly recognized save found merely arbitrary mandates discriminate invidiously different persons substantially situation bailey alabama ed sup board excise merchant validity statute brought question recent case mobile turnispeed ed sup said legislative presumption one fact evidence another may constitute denial due process law denial equal protection law essential shall rational connection fact proved ultimate fact presumed inference one fact proof another shall unreasonable purely arbitrary mandate also must guise regulating presentation evidence operate preclude party right present defense main fact thus presumed legislative provision unreasonable prescribing rule evidence either criminal civil cases shut party affected reasonable opportunity submit jury defense facts bearing upon issue ground holding due process law denied statute us affected ruling mentioned makes proof certain designated facts prima facie conclusive evidence common source waters injurious effect pumping say setablishes rebuttable presumption neither prevents presentation evidence overcome cuts right make full defense respects source waters presumption appropriately may regarded prompted fact well recognized pervious rock waters exist usually extent reach much beyond lands single proprietor constitute common source supply respects effect pumping presumption appropriately may regarded prompted fact stated pumping common supply rock purpose collecting vending gas separate commodity usually carried manner calculated affect injuriously affect rights others take supply regarding presumption prompted considerations think done said rational connection designated facts must proved facts presumed therefrom contrary shown said upon subject classification sufficiently answers suggestion claim reason presumption statute discriminates invidiously different persons substantially situation reasons none objections urged statute sustained decree dismissing bill affirmed