johnson
robison
argued
december
decided
march
appellee
exempted
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service
class
conscientious
objector
performed
required
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service
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educational
benefits
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benefits
act
brought
class
action
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judgment
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act
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class
ineligible
benefits
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first
amendment
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religious
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amendment
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protection
laws
denying
appellants
motion
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review
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affairs
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fact
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providing
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benefits
district
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claim
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amendment
claim
held
section
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fact
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statute
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veterans
benefits
hence
inapplicable
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text
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legislative
history
showing
contrary
intent
pp
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right
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protection
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service
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commitment
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freedom
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service
involving
obligation
requirement
leave
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life
form
rational
basis
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limiting
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benefits
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service
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means
helping
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life
pp
statutory
classification
also
bears
rational
relationship
act
objective
making
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service
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exercise
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gillette
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withholding
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benefits
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design
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raising
supporting
armies
art
kind
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clearly
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sustain
challenged
legislation
pp
brennan
delivered
opinion
burger
stewart
white
marshall
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
douglas
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
gerald
norton
argued
cause
appellants
brief
solicitor
general
bork
acting
assistant
attorney
general
jaffe
harriet
shapiro
morton
hollander
william
kanter
michael
david
rosenberg
argued
cause
appellee
brief
charles
nesson
matthew
feinberg
donald
burris
filed
brief
national
interreligious
service
board
conscientious
objectors
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curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
brennan
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opinion
draftee
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class
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objector
status
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performance
required
alternative
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service
qualify
veteran
served
active
duty
defined
duty
armed
forces
therefore
eligible
veteran
entitled
veterans
educational
benefits
provided
veterans
readjustment
benefits
act
appellants
veterans
administration
administrator
veterans
affairs
reason
denied
application
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assistance
appellee
robison
conscientious
objector
filed
application
satisfactorily
completed
two
years
alternative
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service
peter
bent
brigham
hospital
boston
robison
thereafter
commenced
class
action
district
district
massachusetts
seeking
declaratory
judgment
read
together
violated
first
amendment
guarantee
religious
freedom
fifth
amendment
guarantee
equal
protection
laws
appellants
moved
dismiss
action
ground
among
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district
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review
decisions
administrator
district
denied
motion
merits
rejected
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amendment
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equal
protection
claim
entered
judgment
declaring
defining
eligible
veteran
providing
entitlement
educational
assistance
unconstitutional
defining
active
duty
unconstitutional
respect
chapter
title
code
conferring
veterans
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assistance
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sections
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process
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bars
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courts
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benefits
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practice
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faced
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charged
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tallman
board
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board
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claim
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assistance
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objector
held
decision
reach
issue
constitutionality
pertinent
laws
matter
within
jurisdiction
board
sly
thus
accepts
follows
principle
djudication
constitutionality
congressional
enactments
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thought
beyond
jurisdiction
administrative
agencies
see
public
utilities
engineers
public
service
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app
dismissed
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benefits
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since
legislative
history
accompanying
precursor
clauses
almost
nonexistent
administrator
letter
written
connection
revision
clause
consideration
subcommittee
house
committee
veterans
affairs
comprehensively
explained
policies
necessitating
clause
identified
two
primary
purposes
insure
veterans
benefits
claims
burden
courts
veterans
administration
expensive
litigation
insure
technical
complex
determinations
applications
veterans
administration
policy
connected
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benefits
decisions
adequately
uniformly
made
legislative
history
amendment
indicates
nothing
congressional
intent
preserve
two
primary
purposes
amendment
clause
made
final
decisions
administrator
question
law
fact
concerning
claim
benefits
payments
certain
law
administered
veterans
administration
emphasis
added
ed
stat
series
decisions
wellman
whittier
app
thompson
gleason
app
tracy
gleason
app
appeals
district
columbia
circuit
interpreted
term
claim
limitation
upon
reach
consequence
held
judicial
review
actions
administrator
subsequent
original
grant
benefits
barred
congress
perceived
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threat
dual
purposes
clause
first
interpretation
lead
inevitable
increase
litigation
consequent
burdens
upon
courts
veterans
administration
house
report
committee
veterans
affairs
stated
ince
decision
tracy
case
result
decision
wellman
thompson
decisions
suits
constantly
increasing
numbers
filed
district
district
columbia
plaintiffs
seeking
resumption
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benefits
concern
rising
number
cases
expressed
administrator
letter
committee
wellman
thompson
tracy
decisions
followed
federal
judicial
circuits
throughout
country
nevertheless
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suits
nature
mandamus
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judgment
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filed
district
district
columbia
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plaintiffs
seeking
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suits
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filed
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circuit
scope
tracy
decision
decisions
upon
based
broad
well
afford
basis
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review
millions
decisions
terminating
reducing
many
types
benefits
provided
laws
administered
veterans
administration
review
might
even
extend
decisions
predecessor
agencies
made
many
years
ago
involve
large
variety
matters
termination
widow
pension
payments
statute
extant
open
notorious
adulterous
cohabitation
invalid
marriage
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severance
veterans
service
connection
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compensation
reduction
compensation
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disability
suits
brought
filipino
widows
world
war
ii
servicemen
seeking
restoration
death
compensation
pension
benefits
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administrator
raised
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basis
evidence
gathered
field
examination
notwithstanding
endorsement
congress
veterans
administrations
sic
administrative
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rule
suits
brought
filipino
widows
resulted
judgments
adverse
government
thus
amendment
enacted
overrule
interpretation
appeals
district
columbia
circuit
thereby
restore
vitality
two
primary
purposes
served
clause
nothing
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legislative
history
amendment
predecessor
clauses
suggests
congressional
intent
preclude
judicial
cognizance
constitutional
challenges
veterans
benefits
legislation
challenges
obviously
contravene
purposes
clause
expected
burden
courts
volume
involve
technical
considerations
veterans
administration
policy
therefore
conclude
agreement
district
construction
extend
prohibitions
section
actions
challenging
constitutionality
laws
providing
benefits
veterans
fairly
possible
reasonable
construction
neither
text
scant
legislative
history
provides
clear
convincing
evidence
congressional
intent
required
statute
construed
restrict
access
judicial
review
see
abbott
laboratories
gardner
ii
turning
merits
district
held
including
appellee
class
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sections
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protection
laws
determining
whether
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class
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active
duty
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forces
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protection
laws
selective
service
registrants
perform
alternative
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service
conscientious
objectors
analysis
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proceeds
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individual
right
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protection
laws
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upon
ground
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substantial
relation
object
legislation
persons
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alike
royster
guano
virginia
reed
reed
unlike
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state
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statutes
come
us
congress
statute
responsibly
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express
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act
objective
claimed
congress
hereby
declares
education
program
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chapter
purpose
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attractive
service
armed
forces
extending
benefits
higher
education
qualified
deserving
young
persons
might
otherwise
able
afford
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lost
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opportunities
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men
women
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careers
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persons
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country
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reasoned
objectives
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suffer
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educational
careers
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thus
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respect
statute
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believe
disruption
equal
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groups
like
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veterans
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servicemen
exposed
uncertainties
caused
draft
law
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one
time
unsatisfied
military
obligation
adversely
affected
employment
potential
forced
draft
law
forgo
immediately
entering
vocational
training
higher
education
deprived
time
performed
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service
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objectives
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rewarding
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goals
course
merely
labeling
class
beneficiaries
act
served
active
duty
armed
services
rationalize
statutory
discrimination
conscientious
objectors
performed
alternative
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service
fact
lives
latter
equally
disrupted
equally
need
readjustment
see
richardson
belcher
district
found
military
veterans
alternative
service
performers
share
characteristic
respective
service
careers
inability
pursue
educational
economic
objectives
persons
subject
draft
law
pursue
finding
similarity
ignores
common
characteristic
shared
beneficiaries
nonbeneficiaries
alike
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invalidate
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characteristics
peculiar
one
group
rationally
explain
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different
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two
groups
congress
expressly
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differences
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military
service
veterans
alternative
service
performers
particularly
respect
act
purpose
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benefits
assist
readjusting
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life
differences
afford
basis
different
treatment
within
constitutional
framework
mcginnis
royster
first
disruption
caused
military
service
quantitatively
greater
caused
alternative
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service
conscientious
objector
performing
alternative
service
obligated
work
two
years
service
armed
forces
hand
involves
commitment
active
duty
may
limited
two
years
military
veteran
remains
subject
active
reserve
standby
reserve
obligation
release
active
duty
additional
military
service
obligation
emphasized
congress
significant
reason
providing
veterans
readjustment
benefits
section
entitled
compulsory
reserve
requirements
senate
report
hardships
cold
war
service
still
aggravated
compulsory
military
reserve
obligation
government
imposed
men
entered
service
august
obligation
course
sharp
contrast
traditional
military
obligation
ends
immediately
upon
discharge
active
duty
importantly
however
active
reserve
obligation
impedes
cold
war
veterans
full
participation
civil
life
turn
exposes
unfair
competition
civilian
contemporaries
fact
veterans
must
discharge
reserve
obligation
involving
drills
military
activities
quite
obviously
enables
civilian
contemporaries
comparison
make
still
gains
toward
enjoyment
fruits
free
enterprise
society
men
wish
devote
full
time
civil
goals
reserve
obligation
constitutes
substantial
supplementary
burden
compulsory
military
service
incompatibility
traditions
national
temperament
lightly
imposed
upon
citizenry
war
imminent
threat
war
unfriendly
powers
creates
conditions
values
society
justify
extraordinary
deviation
free
enterprise
individualistic
way
life
need
large
limited
forces
conflicts
sense
equity
expects
equal
national
service
concerned
find
less
half
young
men
ever
compelled
serve
substantial
period
military
establishment
action
inequities
situation
long
overdue
veterans
beset
problems
almost
identical
two
previous
gi
bills
addressed
like
fathers
elder
brothers
veterans
lose
time
competitive
civil
lives
directly
military
service
consequence
lose
valuable
opportunities
ranging
educational
advantages
worthwhile
job
possibilities
potentially
profitable
business
ventures
addition
completion
military
service
confront
serious
difficulties
transition
civil
life
major
part
burden
caused
cold
war
conditions
quite
obviously
falls
upon
youths
called
extended
tours
active
military
service
must
serve
armed
forces
throughout
troubled
parts
world
thereby
subjecting
mental
physical
hazards
well
economic
family
detriments
peculiar
military
service
exist
normal
civil
life
upon
separation
service
find
far
far
behind
age
group
whose
lives
disrupted
military
service
emphasis
added
quantitative
qualitative
distinctions
expressly
recognized
congress
form
rational
basis
congress
classification
limiting
educational
benefits
military
service
veterans
means
helping
readjust
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life
alternative
service
performers
required
leave
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life
perform
service
statutory
classification
also
bears
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forces
providing
educational
benefits
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veterans
serve
active
duty
congress
expressed
judgment
benefits
make
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service
attractive
enlistees
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alike
appellee
concedes
brief
appellee
objective
rationally
promoted
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enlist
appellee
argues
rational
basis
extending
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benefits
draftees
serve
military
draftees
perform
civilian
alternative
service
since
neither
group
induced
educational
benefits
enlist
therefore
appellee
concludes
act
classification
scheme
afford
equal
protection
fails
treat
equally
persons
similarly
circumstanced
two
groups
draftees
fact
similarly
circumstanced
sure
draftee
definition
find
educational
benefits
sufficient
incentive
enlist
military
service
educational
benefits
obviously
attractive
draftee
military
service
without
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benefits
thus
existence
educational
benefits
may
help
induce
registrant
either
volunteer
draft
seek
lower
selective
service
classification
furthermore
drafted
educational
benefits
may
help
make
military
service
palatable
draftee
thus
reduce
draftee
unwillingness
soldier
hand
conscientious
objector
bases
refusal
serve
armed
forces
upon
deeply
held
religious
beliefs
assume
educational
benefits
make
military
service
attractive
case
inclusion
one
group
promotes
legitimate
governmental
purpose
addition
groups
say
statute
classification
beneficiaries
nonbeneficiaries
invidiously
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iii
finally
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argues
district
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exercise
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contends
act
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objectors
interferes
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exercise
religion
increasing
price
must
pay
adherence
religious
beliefs
contention
must
rejected
light
decision
gillette
petitioners
conscientious
objectors
particular
wars
argued
military
selective
service
act
app
limits
exemption
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service
conscientiously
object
participation
war
form
emphasis
supplied
infringed
rights
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exercise
clause
requiring
abandon
religious
beliefs
participate
deemed
unjust
war
go
jail
acknowledged
free
exercise
clause
bars
governmental
regulation
religious
beliefs
sherbert
verner
interference
dissemination
religious
ideas
see
fowler
rhode
island
follett
mccormick
murdock
pennsylvania
prohibits
misuse
secular
governmental
programs
impede
observance
one
religions
discriminate
invidiously
religions
even
though
burden
may
characterized
indirect
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brown
opinion
warren
even
neutral
prohibitory
regulatory
laws
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aims
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exercise
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government
valid
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petitioners
gillette
withholding
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exercise
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burden
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part
ii
supra
demonstrates
act
enacted
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congress
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powers
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interests
enhancing
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service
aiding
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personnel
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included
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design
interfere
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exercise
religion
rationally
promote
act
purposes
thus
light
gillette
government
substantial
interest
raising
supporting
armies
art
kind
weight
clearly
sufficient
sustain
challenged
legislation
burden
upon
appellee
free
exercise
religion
denial
economic
value
veterans
educational
benefits
act
nearly
order
magnitude
infringement
upon
free
exercise
religion
suffered
petitioners
gillette
see
also
wisconsin
yoder
reversed
footnotes
title
cfr
directed
local
selective
service
boards
class
shall
placed
every
registrant
classified
class
fact
found
reason
religious
training
belief
conscientiously
opposed
participation
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form
conscientiously
opposed
participation
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noncombatant
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service
armed
forces
title
provides
pertinent
part
term
active
duty
means
duty
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forces
active
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eligible
veteran
means
veteran
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days
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january
discharged
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active
duty
date
disability
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subsection
second
sentence
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eligible
veteran
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entitled
educational
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period
one
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eligible
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rules
certification
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registrants
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either
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medical
reason
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supp
although
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forbid
discrimination
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due
process
schneider
rusk
see
frontiero
richardson
shapiro
thompson
bolling
sharpe
thus
classification
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fourteenth
amendment
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fifth
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richardson
belcher
title
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october
except
provided
sections
matters
arising
chapter
title
decisions
administrator
question
law
fact
law
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providing
benefits
veterans
dependents
survivors
shall
final
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shall
power
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decision
action
nature
mandamus
otherwise
second
paragraph
judgment
declares
appellee
members
class
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completed
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years
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service
completing
days
service
released
therefrom
considered
eligible
within
receive
benefits
degree
extent
veterans
active
duty
alternative
service
shall
considered
active
duty
within
applied
title
view
result
paragraph
judgment
also
reversed
district
jurisdiction
invoked
appellee
pursuant
appellants
appealed
pursuant
provision
provides
party
may
appeal
interlocutory
final
judgment
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order
holding
act
congress
unconstitutional
civil
action
suit
proceeding
agencies
officer
employee
thereof
officer
employee
party
compare
ex
parte
mccardle
wall
sheldon
sill
martin
hunter
lessee
wheat
joseph
stock
yards
brandeis
concurring
see
hart
power
congress
limit
jurisdiction
federal
courts
exercise
dialectic
harv
rev
section
economy
act
stat
created
present
veterans
administration
provided
decisions
rendered
administrator
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affairs
provisions
title
shall
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law
fact
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mandamus
otherwise
decision
notwithstanding
provisions
law
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administrator
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affairs
question
law
fact
concerning
claim
benefits
payments
act
administered
veterans
administration
shall
final
conclusive
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shall
power
jurisdiction
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ecisions
administrator
question
law
fact
concerning
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payments
law
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veterans
administration
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discussion
economy
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senate
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veterans
administration
authority
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rec
act
received
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however
senator
george
remarked
clause
bill
confirms
accepted
belief
conviction
respect
pension
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action
courts
much
limitation
restatement
believed
law
upon
question
cong
rec
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purpose
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believed
intention
congress
various
laws
shall
uniformly
administered
accordance
liberal
policies
governing
veterans
administration
consideration
added
expense
government
respect
added
burden
upon
courts
administrative
expense
defending
suits
hearing
subcommittee
house
committee
veterans
affairs
adjudication
compensation
pension
claims
wide
variety
medical
legal
technical
questions
constantly
arise
require
study
expert
examiners
considerable
training
experience
readily
susceptible
judicial
standardization
among
questions
determined
adjudication
claims
involving
length
character
service
origin
disabilities
complex
rating
schedules
multiplicity
medical
physical
phenomena
consideration
intercurrently
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application
established
norms
peculiarities
particular
case
matters
considered
congress
courts
appropriate
judicial
determination
regarded
apt
subjects
purely
administrative
procedure
due
nature
complexity
determinations
made
inevitable
decisions
courts
matters
lack
uniformity
expected
decisions
many
courts
based
uniform
application
principles
done
veterans
administration
system
coordination
central
office
centralized
board
veterans
appeals
hearing
supra
effort
enhance
attractiveness
service
public
health
service
national
oceanic
atmospheric
administration
act
also
makes
educational
benefits
available
commissioned
officers
services
officers
services
usually
specialists
various
fields
science
possess
high
degree
technical
expertise
see
cfr
appellee
argue
class
officers
services
similarly
circumstanced
different
treatment
act
accords
two
groups
constitutes
denial
equal
protection
appellee
argues
statutory
classification
subject
strict
scrutiny
upheld
compelling
governmental
justification
demonstrated
challenged
classification
interferes
fundamental
constitutional
right
free
exercise
religion
conscientious
objectors
suspect
class
deserving
special
judicial
protection
find
merit
either
contention
unquestionably
free
exercise
religion
fundamental
constitutional
right
however
since
hold
part
iii
infra
act
violate
appellee
right
free
exercise
religion
occasion
apply
challenged
classification
standard
scrutiny
stricter
traditional
test
respect
appellee
second
contention
find
traditional
indicia
suspectedness
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case
class
possess
immutable
characteristic
determined
solely
accident
birth
frontiero
richardson
class
saddled
disabilities
subjected
history
purposeful
unequal
treatment
relegated
position
political
powerlessness
command
extraordinary
protection
majoritarian
political
process
san
antonio
school
district
rodriguez
district
observed
congress
obligation
carve
conscientious
objector
exemption
military
training
see
macintosh
gillette
nevertheless
done
perhaps
exemption
military
training
reflects
congressional
judgment
conscientious
objectors
simply
trained
duty
equally
plausible
exemption
reflects
congressional
determination
respect
individual
conscience
see
macintosh
supra
hughes
dissenting
given
solicitous
regard
congress
manifested
conscientious
objectors
seem
presumptuous
subject
educational
benefits
legislation
strict
scrutiny
basis
suspect
classification
theory
whose
underlying
rationale
legislation
affects
discrete
insular
minorities
presumption
constitutionality
fades
traditional
political
processes
may
broken
testimony
statements
hearing
proposed
veterans
readjustment
benefits
act
senate
veterans
affairs
reflect
consciousness
special
sacrifices
made
veterans
military
service
example
senator
yarborough
chairman
subcommittee
author
act
remarked
bill
introduced
provides
opportunity
demonstrate
nation
recognize
extreme
unique
personal
sacrifices
extracted
cold
war
veterans
military
service
need
based
type
military
duty
performed
lack
opportunity
readjust
back
civilian
life
removed
years
hearings
subcommittee
veterans
affairs
senate
committee
labor
public
welfare
testimony
senator
mondale
stated
previous
gi
bills
designed
reward
veterans
battle
risks
ran
designed
assist
readjusting
civilian
life
catching
whose
lives
disrupted
military
service
cold
war
gi
bill
intended
title
app
provides
conscientious
objectors
may
inducted
armed
forces
assigned
noncombatant
service
thus
conscientious
objectors
perform
active
duty
defined
therefore
eligible
receive
veterans
educational
benefits
lower
classifications
listed
defined
cfr
appellee
also
contends
act
violates
fifth
amendment
due
process
rights
exclusion
conscientious
objectors
vital
assistance
provided
act
educational
program
product
vindictive
harsh
policy
whose
purpose
clearly
punish
conscientious
objectors
adhering
beliefs
brief
appellee
sure
purpose
exclusion
conscientious
objectors
benefits
act
classification
unconstitutional
constitutional
conception
equal
protection
laws
means
anything
must
least
mean
bare
congressional
desire
harm
politically
unpopular
group
constitute
legitimate
governmental
interest
dept
agriculture
moreno
however
cited
research
discovered
single
reference
legislative
history
act
support
appellee
claim
therefore
find
appellee
claim
wholly
lacking
merit
enacting
legislation
exempting
conscientious
objectors
peculiar
rigors
military
service
congress
bestowed
relative
benefits
upon
conscientious
objectors
permitting
perform
alternative
service
obligation
civilians
thus
congress
decision
grant
educational
benefits
military
servicemen
might
arguably
viewed
attempt
equalize
burdens
military
service
alternative
civilian
service
rather
effort
congress
place
relative
burden
upon
conscientious
objector
free
exercise
religion
see
clark
guidelines
free
exercise
clause
harv
rev
justice
douglas
dissenting
dissent
applicable
braunfield
brown
expressed
view
pennsylvania
sunday
closing
law
unconstitutional
applied
sabbatarians
see
state
imposed
penalty
sabbatarian
keeping
shop
open
day
sabbath
christian
majority
seemed
exact
impermissible
price
free
exercise
sabbatarian
religion
indeed
case
sabbatarian
unable
continue
business
stay
open
sunday
lose
capital
investment
see
girouard
held
overruling
schwimmer
words
oath
prescribed
congress
naturalization
support
defend
constitution
laws
america
enemies
foreign
domestic
read
requiring
bearing
arms
room
constitution
support
defense
nation
times
great
peril
whose
religious
scruples
bar
shouldering
arms
said
effort
war
indivisible
whose
religious
scruples
prevent
killing
less
patriots
whose
special
traits
handicaps
result
assignment
duties
far
behind
fighting
front
making
utmost
contribution
according
capacity
fact
role
may
limited
religious
convictions
rather
physical
characteristics
necessary
bearing
attachment
country
willingness
support
defend
utmost
closer
point
present
problem
sherbert
verner
seventh
day
adventist
denied
unemployment
benefits
state
work
saturday
sabbath
day
faith
held
disqualification
unemployment
benefits
imposed
impermissible
burden
free
exercise
religion
saying
apparent
appellant
declared
ineligibility
benefits
derives
solely
practice
religion
pressure
upon
forgo
practice
unmistakable
ruling
forces
choose
following
precepts
religion
forfeiting
benefits
one
hand
abandoning
one
precepts
religion
order
accept
work
hand
governmental
imposition
choice
puts
kind
burden
upon
free
exercise
religion
fine
imposed
appellant
saturday
worship
found
compelling
state
interest
justify
state
infringement
one
religious
liberty
manner
wisconsin
yoder
held
wisconsin
compulsory
school
attendance
law
applied
amish
children
gravely
impair
free
exercise
religious
beliefs
district
present
case
said
penalty
present
act
places
conscientious
objectors
lesser
order
magnitude
upheld
past
cases
supp
true
yet
discrimination
man
religious
scruples
seems
apparent
present
act
derives
house
bill
purpose
solely
education
program
help
veteran
follow
educational
plan
might
adopted
never
entered
armed
forces
full
benefits
available
occupants
safe
desk
jobs
thousands
veterans
performed
civilian
type
duties
home
rigors
war
far
totally
disruptive
use
government
phrase
benefits
provided
though
draftee
serve
overseas
lived
family
civilian
community
worked
nine
five
file
clerk
military
base
attended
college
courses
hours
condition
hazardous
duty
attached
educational
assistance
program
senator
yarborough
said
benefits
accrue
even
never
served
overseas
educational
progress
opportunity
impaired
serious
damaging
fashion
served
distant
shores
educational
needs
less
comrades
served
abroad
line
drawn
act
class
conscientious
objectors
performed
alternative
civilian
service
draftees
conscientious
objectors
get
educational
benefits
whatsoever
indeed
demeaning
religious
scruples
shouldering
arms
suggest
government
religious
scruples
must
susceptible
compromise
protected
urge
forgo
religious
scruples
gain
monetary
advantage
certainly
burden
free
exercise
clause
cases
spiritually
weak
test
sherbert
girouard
deal
people
whose
religious
scruples
unwavering
die
stake
religious
scruples
may
constitutionally
penalized
government
exaction
penalties
free
exercise
religion
government
places
price
free
exercise
one
religious
scruples
crosses
forbidden
line
issue
coercive
effects
use
another
government
phrase
irrelevant
government
read
constitution
bill
rights
may
place
penalty
anyone
asserting
religious
scruples
nub
present
case
reason
judgment
affirmed
first
denial
felt
immediately
sherbert
point
time
substantially
removed
prospective
conscientious
objector
must
consider
whether
apply
exemption
military
service
secondly
denial
produce
positive
economic
injury
sort
effected
sunday
closing
law
ineligibility
unemployment
payments
considering
factors
doubts
denial
tends
make
prospective
alternate
service
performer
choose
following
following
dictates
conscience
supp
hearings
legislation
provide
gi
benefits
veterans
house
committee
veterans
affairs
gillette
irrelevant
present
case
concerned
whether
petitioners
validly
excluded
classification
conscientious
objectors
question
whether
government
penalize
exercise
conscience
concedes
valid
exempts
draftees
military
service
moreover
gillette
relied
upon
fact
government
classification
religiously
neutral
imposed
incidental
burdens
exercise
conscience
strictly
justified
substantial
governmental
interests
relate
directly
impacts
questioned
classification
neutral
excludes
conceded
government
objections
war
thus
burden
imposes
religious
beliefs
incidental
governmental
interest
even
approaching
found
gillette
danger
selective
objection
war
administered
fairly
citizens
conclude
go
war
chosen
unfairly
capriciously
resulting
mood
bitterness
cynicism
might
corrode
values
willing
performance
citizen
duties
heart
free
government
governmental
interest
financial
one
denying
appellee
class
educational
benefits
view
invidious
discrimination
penalty
assert
religious
scruples
joining
armed
services
shoulder
arms