place
argued
march
decided
june
respondent
behavior
aroused
suspicion
law
enforcement
officers
waited
line
miami
international
airport
purchase
ticket
new
york
la
guardia
airport
officers
approached
respondent
requested
received
identification
respondent
consented
search
two
suitcases
checked
flight
depart
officers
decided
search
luggage
officers
found
discrepancies
address
tags
luggage
called
drug
enforcement
administration
dea
authorities
new
york
relay
information
upon
respondent
arrival
la
guardia
airport
two
dea
agents
approached
said
believed
might
carrying
narcotics
asked
received
identification
respondent
refused
consent
search
luggage
one
agents
told
going
take
federal
judge
obtain
search
warrant
agents
took
luggage
kennedy
airport
subjected
sniff
test
trained
narcotics
detection
dog
reacted
positively
one
suitcases
point
minutes
elapsed
since
seizure
luggage
thereafter
agents
obtained
search
warrant
suitcase
upon
opening
discovered
cocaine
respondent
indicted
possession
cocaine
intent
distribute
district
denied
motion
suppress
contents
suitcase
pleaded
guilty
charge
convicted
reserved
right
appeal
denial
motion
suppress
appeals
reversed
holding
prolonged
seizure
respondent
luggage
exceeded
limits
type
investigative
stop
permitted
terry
ohio
hence
amounted
seizure
without
probable
cause
violation
fourth
amendment
held
circumstances
seizure
respondent
luggage
violated
fourth
amendment
accordingly
evidence
obtained
subsequent
search
luggage
inadmissible
respondent
conviction
must
reversed
pp
officer
observations
lead
reasonably
believe
traveler
carrying
luggage
contains
narcotics
principles
terry
progeny
permit
officer
detain
luggage
temporarily
investigate
circumstances
aroused
officer
suspicion
provided
investigative
detention
properly
limited
scope
pp
investigative
procedure
subjecting
luggage
sniff
test
narcotics
detection
dog
constitute
search
within
meaning
fourth
amendment
pp
police
seize
luggage
suspect
custody
limitations
applicable
investigative
detentions
person
define
permissible
scope
investigative
detention
luggage
less
probable
cause
standard
police
conduct
exceeded
permissible
limits
investigative
stop
length
detention
respondent
luggage
alone
precludes
conclusion
seizure
reasonable
absence
probable
cause
fourth
amendment
violation
exacerbated
dea
agents
failure
inform
respondent
accurately
place
transporting
luggage
length
time
might
dispossessed
arrangements
made
return
luggage
investigation
dispelled
suspicion
pp
delivered
opinion
burger
white
powell
rehnquist
stevens
joined
brennan
filed
opinion
concurring
result
marshall
joined
post
blackmun
filed
opinion
concurring
judgment
marshall
joined
post
alan
horowitz
argued
cause
briefs
solicitor
general
lee
assistant
attorney
general
jensen
deputy
solicitor
general
frey
john
fichter
de
pue
james
clark
argued
cause
filed
brief
respondent
richard
emery
charles
sims
filed
brief
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
fred
inbau
wayne
schmidt
james
manak
evelle
younger
howard
berringer
filed
brief
americans
effective
law
enforcement
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
justice
delivered
opinion
case
presents
issue
whether
fourth
amendment
prohibits
law
enforcement
authorities
temporarily
detaining
personal
luggage
exposure
trained
narcotics
detection
dog
basis
reasonable
suspicion
luggage
contains
narcotics
given
enforcement
problems
associated
detection
narcotics
trafficking
minimal
intrusion
properly
limited
detention
entail
conclude
fourth
amendment
prohibit
detention
facts
case
however
hold
police
conduct
exceeded
bounds
permissible
investigative
detention
luggage
respondent
raymond
place
behavior
aroused
suspicions
law
enforcement
officers
waited
line
miami
international
airport
purchase
ticket
new
york
la
guardia
airport
place
proceeded
gate
flight
agents
approached
requested
airline
ticket
identification
place
complied
request
consented
search
two
suitcases
checked
flight
depart
however
agents
decided
search
luggage
prompted
place
parting
remark
recognized
police
agents
inspected
address
tags
checked
luggage
noted
discrepancies
two
street
addresses
investigation
revealed
neither
address
existed
telephone
number
place
given
airline
belonged
third
address
street
basis
encounter
place
information
miami
agents
called
drug
enforcement
administration
dea
authorities
new
york
relay
information
place
two
dea
agents
waited
place
arrival
gate
la
guardia
airport
new
york
behavior
aroused
suspicion
agents
claimed
two
bags
called
limousine
agents
decided
approach
identified
federal
narcotics
agents
place
responded
knew
cops
spotted
soon
deplaned
one
agents
informed
place
based
observations
information
obtained
miami
authorities
believed
might
carrying
narcotics
identifying
bags
belonging
place
stated
number
police
miami
airport
surrounded
searched
baggage
agents
responded
information
contrary
agents
requested
received
identification
place
new
jersey
driver
license
agents
later
ran
computer
check
disclosed
offenses
airline
ticket
receipt
place
refused
consent
search
luggage
one
agents
told
going
take
luggage
federal
judge
try
obtain
search
warrant
place
free
accompany
place
declined
obtained
one
agents
telephone
numbers
agents
reached
agents
took
bags
kennedy
airport
subjected
bags
sniff
test
trained
narcotics
detection
dog
dog
reacted
positively
smaller
two
bags
ambiguously
larger
bag
approximately
minutes
elapsed
since
seizure
respondent
luggage
late
friday
afternoon
agents
retained
luggage
monday
morning
secured
search
warrant
magistrate
smaller
bag
upon
opening
bag
agents
discovered
grams
cocaine
place
indicted
possession
cocaine
intent
distribute
violation
district
place
moved
suppress
contents
luggage
seized
la
guardia
airport
claiming
warrantless
seizure
luggage
violated
fourth
amendment
rights
district
denied
motion
applying
standard
terry
ohio
detention
personal
property
concluded
detention
bags
justified
based
reasonable
suspicion
believe
bags
contained
narcotics
finding
reasonable
suspicion
district
held
place
fourth
amendment
rights
violated
seizure
bags
dea
agents
supp
edny
place
pleaded
guilty
possession
charge
reserving
right
appeal
denial
motion
suppress
appeal
conviction
appeals
second
circuit
reversed
majority
assumed
terry
principles
applied
justify
warrantless
seizure
baggage
less
probable
cause
reasonable
suspicion
existed
justify
investigatory
stop
place
majority
concluded
however
prolonged
seizure
place
baggage
exceeded
permissible
limits
investigative
stop
consequently
amounted
seizure
without
probable
cause
violation
fourth
amendment
granted
certiorari
affirm
ii
fourth
amendment
protects
right
people
secure
persons
houses
papers
effects
unreasonable
searches
seizures
emphasis
added
although
context
personal
property
particularly
containers
fourth
amendment
challenge
typically
subsequent
search
container
rather
initial
seizure
authorities
cases
reveal
general
principles
regarding
seizures
ordinary
case
viewed
seizure
personal
property
per
se
unreasonable
within
meaning
fourth
amendment
unless
accomplished
pursuant
judicial
warrant
issued
upon
probable
cause
particularly
describing
items
seized
see
marron
law
enforcement
authorities
probable
cause
believe
container
holds
contraband
evidence
crime
secured
warrant
interpreted
amendment
permit
seizure
property
pending
issuance
warrant
examine
contents
exigencies
circumstances
demand
recognized
exception
warrant
requirement
present
see
arkansas
sanders
chadwick
coolidge
new
hampshire
example
objects
weapons
contraband
found
public
place
may
seized
police
without
warrant
payton
new
york
circumstances
risk
item
disappearance
use
intended
purpose
warrant
may
obtained
outweighs
interest
possession
see
also
leasing
case
government
asks
us
recognize
reasonableness
fourth
amendment
warrantless
seizures
personal
luggage
custody
owner
basis
less
probable
cause
purpose
pursuing
limited
course
investigation
short
opening
luggage
quickly
confirm
dispel
authorities
suspicion
specifically
asked
apply
principles
terry
ohio
supra
permit
seizures
basis
reasonable
articulable
suspicion
premised
objective
facts
luggage
contains
contraband
evidence
crime
view
application
appropriate
terry
first
recognized
narrow
authority
police
officers
suspect
criminal
activity
make
limited
intrusions
individual
personal
security
based
less
probable
cause
michigan
summers
approving
limited
search
weapons
frisk
individual
police
reasonably
believed
armed
dangerous
implicitly
acknowledged
authority
police
make
forcible
stop
person
officer
reasonable
articulable
suspicion
person
engaged
criminal
activity
implicit
proposition
embraced
openly
adams
williams
relied
terry
hold
police
officer
lawfully
made
forcible
stop
suspect
investigate
informant
tip
suspect
carrying
narcotics
concealed
weapon
see
also
michigan
summers
supra
limited
detention
occupants
authorities
search
premises
pursuant
valid
search
warrant
cortez
stop
near
border
vehicle
suspected
transporting
illegal
aliens
brief
investigative
stop
near
border
questioning
citizenship
immigration
status
exception
requirement
limited
seizures
person
recognized
terry
progeny
rests
balancing
competing
interests
determine
reasonableness
type
seizure
involved
within
meaning
fourth
amendment
general
proscription
unreasonable
searches
seizures
must
balance
nature
quality
intrusion
individual
fourth
amendment
interests
importance
governmental
interests
alleged
justify
intrusion
nature
extent
detention
minimally
intrusive
individual
fourth
amendment
interests
opposing
law
enforcement
interests
support
seizure
based
less
probable
cause
examine
first
governmental
interest
offered
justification
brief
seizure
luggage
suspect
custody
purpose
pursuing
limited
course
investigation
government
contends
authorities
possess
specific
articulable
facts
warranting
reasonable
belief
traveler
luggage
contains
narcotics
governmental
interest
seizing
luggage
briefly
pursue
investigation
substantial
agree
observed
mendenhall
opinion
powell
public
compelling
interest
detecting
traffic
deadly
drugs
personal
profit
respondent
suggests
absent
special
law
enforcement
interest
officer
safety
generalized
interest
law
enforcement
justify
intrusion
individual
fourth
amendment
interests
absence
probable
cause
prior
cases
however
support
proposition
terry
described
governmental
interests
supporting
initial
seizure
person
effective
crime
prevention
detection
interest
underlies
recognition
police
officer
may
appropriate
circumstances
appropriate
manner
approach
person
purposes
investigating
possibly
criminal
behavior
even
though
probable
cause
make
arrest
similarly
michigan
summers
identified
three
law
enforcement
interests
justified
limited
detention
occupants
premises
execution
valid
search
warrant
preventing
flight
event
incriminating
evidence
found
minimizing
risk
harm
officers
occupants
orderly
completion
search
cf
florida
royer
plurality
opinion
predicate
permitting
seizures
suspicion
short
probable
cause
law
enforcement
interests
warrant
limited
intrusion
personal
security
suspect
test
whether
interests
sufficiently
substantial
whether
independent
interest
investigating
crimes
effectively
apprehending
suspects
context
particular
law
enforcement
practice
course
may
affect
determination
whether
brief
intrusion
fourth
amendment
interests
less
probable
cause
essential
effective
criminal
investigation
inherently
transient
nature
drug
courier
activity
airports
allowing
police
make
brief
investigative
stops
persons
airports
reasonable
suspicion
substantially
enhances
likelihood
police
able
prevent
flow
narcotics
distribution
channels
strong
governmental
interest
must
weigh
nature
extent
intrusion
upon
individual
fourth
amendment
rights
police
briefly
detain
luggage
limited
investigative
purposes
point
respondent
place
urges
rationale
terry
stop
person
wholly
inapplicable
investigative
detentions
personality
specifically
terry
exception
requirement
premised
notion
stop
person
substantially
less
intrusive
person
liberty
interests
formal
arrest
property
context
however
place
urges
degrees
intrusion
owner
property
seized
dispossession
absolute
disagree
intrusion
possessory
interests
occasioned
seizure
one
personal
effects
vary
nature
extent
seizure
may
made
owner
relinquished
control
property
third
party
immediate
custody
control
owner
moreover
police
may
confine
investigation
inquiry
example
immediate
exposure
luggage
trained
narcotics
detection
dog
transport
property
another
location
given
fact
seizures
property
vary
intrusiveness
brief
detentions
personal
effects
may
minimally
intrusive
fourth
amendment
interests
strong
countervailing
governmental
interests
justify
seizure
based
specific
articulable
facts
property
contains
contraband
evidence
crime
sum
conclude
officer
observations
lead
reasonably
believe
traveler
carrying
luggage
contains
narcotics
principles
terry
progeny
permit
officer
detain
luggage
briefly
investigate
circumstances
aroused
suspicion
provided
investigative
detention
properly
limited
scope
purpose
respondent
luggage
seized
course
arrange
exposure
narcotics
detection
dog
obviously
investigative
procedure
search
requiring
probable
cause
initial
seizure
respondent
luggage
purpose
subjecting
sniff
test
matter
brief
justified
less
probable
cause
see
terry
ohio
cortez
adams
williams
fourth
amendment
protects
people
unreasonable
government
intrusions
legitimate
expectations
privacy
chadwick
affirmed
person
possesses
privacy
interest
contents
personal
luggage
protected
fourth
amendment
canine
sniff
narcotics
detection
dog
however
require
opening
luggage
expose
noncontraband
items
otherwise
remain
hidden
public
view
example
officer
rummaging
contents
luggage
thus
manner
information
obtained
investigative
technique
much
less
intrusive
typical
search
moreover
sniff
discloses
presence
absence
narcotics
contraband
item
thus
despite
fact
sniff
tells
authorities
something
contents
luggage
information
obtained
limited
limited
disclosure
also
ensures
owner
property
subjected
embarrassment
inconvenience
entailed
less
discriminate
intrusive
investigative
methods
respects
canine
sniff
sui
generis
aware
investigative
procedure
limited
manner
information
obtained
content
information
revealed
procedure
therefore
conclude
particular
course
investigation
agents
intended
pursue
exposure
respondent
luggage
located
public
place
trained
canine
constitute
search
within
meaning
fourth
amendment
iii
doubt
agents
made
seizure
place
luggage
purposes
fourth
amendment
following
refusal
consent
search
agent
told
place
going
take
luggage
federal
judge
secure
issuance
warrant
observed
terry
manner
seizure
conducted
course
vital
part
inquiry
whether
warranted
therefore
examine
whether
agents
conduct
case
place
seizure
within
general
rule
requiring
probable
cause
seizure
within
terry
exception
rule
outset
must
reject
government
suggestion
point
probable
cause
seizure
luggage
person
presence
becomes
necessary
distant
case
terry
stop
person
premise
government
argument
seizures
property
generally
less
intrusive
seizures
person
true
circumstances
premise
faulty
facts
address
case
precise
type
detention
confront
seizure
personal
luggage
immediate
possession
suspect
purpose
arranging
exposure
narcotics
detection
dog
particularly
case
detention
luggage
within
traveler
immediate
possession
police
conduct
intrudes
suspect
possessory
interest
luggage
well
liberty
interest
proceeding
itinerary
person
whose
luggage
detained
technically
still
free
continue
travels
carry
personal
activities
pending
release
luggage
moreover
subjected
coercive
atmosphere
custodial
confinement
public
indignity
personally
detained
nevertheless
seizure
effectively
restrain
person
since
subjected
possible
disruption
travel
plans
order
remain
luggage
arrange
return
therefore
police
seize
luggage
suspect
custody
think
limitations
applicable
investigative
detentions
person
define
permissible
scope
investigative
detention
person
luggage
less
probable
cause
standard
clear
police
conduct
exceeded
permissible
limits
investigative
stop
length
detention
respondent
luggage
alone
precludes
conclusion
seizure
reasonable
absence
probable
cause
although
recognized
reasonableness
seizures
longer
momentary
ones
involved
terry
adams
see
michigan
summers
brevity
invasion
individual
fourth
amendment
interests
important
factor
determining
whether
seizure
minimally
intrusive
justifiable
reasonable
suspicion
moreover
assessing
effect
length
detention
take
account
whether
police
diligently
pursue
investigation
note
new
york
agents
knew
time
place
scheduled
arrival
la
guardia
ample
time
arrange
additional
investigation
location
thereby
minimized
intrusion
respondent
fourth
amendment
interests
thus
although
decline
adopt
outside
time
limitation
permissible
terry
stop
never
approved
seizure
person
prolonged
period
involved
facts
presented
case
see
dunaway
new
york
although
detention
respondent
luggage
sufficient
render
seizure
unreasonable
violation
exacerbated
failure
agents
accurately
inform
respondent
place
transporting
luggage
length
time
might
dispossessed
arrangements
made
return
luggage
investigation
dispelled
suspicion
short
hold
detention
respondent
luggage
case
went
beyond
narrow
authority
possessed
police
detain
briefly
luggage
reasonably
suspected
contain
narcotics
iv
conclude
circumstances
case
seizure
respondent
luggage
unreasonable
fourth
amendment
consequently
evidence
obtained
subsequent
search
luggage
inadmissible
place
conviction
must
reversed
judgment
appeals
accordingly
affirmed
ordered
footnotes
warrant
clause
fourth
amendment
provides
warrants
shall
issue
upon
probable
cause
supported
oath
affirmation
particularly
describing
place
searched
persons
things
seized
sanders
explained
police
acted
properly
indeed
commendably
apprehending
respondent
luggage
ample
probable
cause
believe
respondent
green
suitcase
contained
marihuana
probable
cause
believe
contraband
driven
away
taxi
police
justified
stopping
vehicle
seizing
suitcase
suspected
contained
contraband
concurring
opinion
terry
justice
harlan
made
logical
underpinning
fourth
amendment
holding
clear
first
place
frisk
justified
order
protect
officer
encounter
citizen
officer
must
first
constitutional
grounds
insist
encounter
make
forcible
stop
make
perfectly
clear
right
frisk
case
depends
upon
reasonableness
forcible
stop
investigate
suspected
crime
referring
problem
intercepting
drug
couriers
nation
airports
justice
powell
observed
much
drug
traffic
highly
organized
conducted
sophisticated
criminal
syndicates
profits
enormous
many
drugs
may
easily
concealed
result
obstacles
detection
illegal
conduct
may
unmatched
area
law
enforcement
mendenhall
one
need
compare
facts
case
van
leeuwen
defendant
voluntarily
relinquished
two
packages
coins
postal
authorities
several
facts
aroused
suspicion
postal
officials
detained
packages
without
searching
hours
certain
lines
inquiry
pursued
information
obtained
time
sufficient
give
authorities
probable
cause
believe
packages
contained
counterfeit
coins
obtaining
warrant
authorities
opened
packages
found
counterfeit
coins
therein
resealed
packages
sent
way
expressly
limiting
holding
facts
case
concluded
detention
packages
reasonable
suspicion
contained
contraband
violate
fourth
amendment
one
commentator
noted
van
leeuwen
easy
case
defendant
unable
show
invasion
intruded
upon
either
privacy
interest
contents
packages
possessory
interest
packages
lafave
search
seizure
supp
cf
florida
royer
supra
plurality
opinion
agree
state
officers
adequate
grounds
suspecting
royer
carrying
drugs
temporarily
detaining
luggage
attempted
verify
dispel
suspicions
manner
exceed
limits
investigative
detention
emphasis
added
least
authorities
make
absolutely
clear
plan
reunite
suspect
possessions
future
time
place
seizure
object
tantamount
seizure
person
person
must
either
remain
scene
else
seemingly
surrender
effects
permanently
police
lafave
search
seizure
supp
cf
florida
royer
plurality
opinion
trained
narcotics
detection
dogs
used
royer
luggage
momentarily
detained
investigative
procedure
carried
course
conduct
also
avoided
substantial
intrusion
respondent
possessory
interests
caused
removal
luggage
another
location
cf
ali
model
code
procedure
recommending
maximum
minutes
terry
stop
understand
desirability
providing
law
enforcement
authorities
clear
rule
guide
conduct
nevertheless
question
wisdom
rigid
time
limitation
limit
undermine
equally
important
need
allow
authorities
graduate
responses
demands
particular
situation
justice
brennan
justice
marshall
joins
concurring
result
case
appeals
assumed
officers
reasonable
suspicion
necessary
justify
investigative
stop
respondent
terry
ohio
progeny
principles
terry
apply
seizures
property
see
ante
held
simply
prolonged
seizure
respondent
baggage
went
far
beyond
mere
investigative
stop
amounted
violation
fourth
amendment
rights
see
also
affirm
appeals
judgment
ground
instead
simply
affirming
ground
putting
end
matter
decides
reach
purportedly
resolve
constitutionality
seizure
respondent
luggage
less
probable
cause
exposure
luggage
narcotics
detection
dog
see
ante
apparently
finds
unable
resist
pull
decide
constitutional
issues
involved
case
broader
basis
record
imperatively
requires
street
new
york
reaches
issues
unnecessary
judgment
subscribe
analysis
issues
concur
result
occasion
twice
recent
months
discuss
limited
scope
exception
fourth
amendment
requirement
created
terry
progeny
see
florida
royer
brennan
concurring
result
kolender
lawson
brennan
concurring
unfortunately
unwarranted
expansion
exception
endorses
today
forces
elaborate
previously
expressed
views
terry
expressly
declined
address
constitutional
propriety
investigative
seizure
upon
less
probable
cause
purposes
detention
interrogation
confronted
quite
narrow
question
whether
always
unreasonable
policeman
seize
person
subject
limited
search
weapons
unless
probable
cause
arrest
addressing
question
noted
dealing
entire
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conduct
necessarily
swift
action
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officer
beat
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practical
matter
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procedure
result
conduct
involved
case
tested
fourth
amendment
general
proscription
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searches
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ibid
omitted
inquiry
reasonableness
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balancing
need
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entails
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police
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outer
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persons
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might
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adams
holding
officer
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lead
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aliens
illegally
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car
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investigate
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relaxation
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requirement
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interest
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flow
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aliens
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stop
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noted
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driver
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citizenship
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also
ybarra
illinois
terry
case
created
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exception
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careful
maintain
omitted
dunaway
new
york
discussing
narrow
scope
terry
progeny
clear
terry
cases
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limited
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florida
royer
scope
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must
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limited
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exception
swallow
general
rule
fourth
amendment
seizures
searches
reasonable
based
probable
cause
concurring
result
quoting
dunaway
new
york
supra
ii
respects
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case
seen
logical
successor
plurality
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florida
royer
supra
plurality
opinion
royer
contained
considerable
language
unnecessary
judgment
brennan
concurring
result
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even
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royer
discussion
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today
goes
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opening
luggage
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confirm
dispel
authorities
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ante
see
also
ante
addition
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see
supra
suggestion
finds
support
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progeny
significantly
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amendment
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settled
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amendment
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noted
supra
terry
cases
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authorize
brief
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based
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time
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questions
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kolender
lawson
brennan
concurring
true
terry
stops
may
involve
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effects
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person
involved
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officer
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possession
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fourth
amendment
protects
effects
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people
unreasonable
searches
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regard
justice
stevens
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texas
brown
fourth
amendment
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two
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interests
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interest
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possession
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interest
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colorado
bannister
payton
new
york
leasing
chambers
maroney
warden
hayden
see
also
texas
brown
supra
stevens
concurring
judgment
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terry
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activity
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may
authorize
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line
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see
therefore
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effects
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soon
officers
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ante
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terry
conclude
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effects
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reasonable
suspicion
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ante
dunaway
new
york
stated
narrow
intrusions
involved
terry
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test
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cases
followed
established
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general
rule
fourth
amendment
already
performed
constitutional
balance
police
objectives
personal
privacy
michigan
summers
stewart
dissenting
protections
intended
framers
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consideration
balancing
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presented
different
cases
especially
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first
instance
police
officers
engaged
often
competitive
enterprise
ferreting
crime
dunaway
new
york
supra
quoting
johnson
truth
proposition
apparent
one
considers
today
employed
balancing
test
swallow
general
rule
seizures
property
reasonable
based
probable
cause
justice
blackmun
concern
emerging
tendency
part
convert
terry
decision
general
statement
fourth
amendment
requires
seizure
reasonable
post
blackmun
concurring
judgment
omitted
certainly
justified
iii
also
suggests
today
discussion
unnecessary
judgment
exposure
respondent
luggage
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dog
constitute
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within
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amendment
ante
district
respondent
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se
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edny
appeals
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briefed
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short
agree
justice
blackmun
address
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post
blackmun
concurring
judgment
also
agree
justice
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suggestion
issue
complex
discussion
lead
one
believe
justice
stevens
suggested
objecting
unnecessarily
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knotts
use
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opinion
concurring
judgment
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dog
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senses
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therefore
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greater
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implicates
concerns
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use
certain
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detection
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cf
katz
expressed
view
dog
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constitute
searches
see
doe
renfrow
brennan
dissenting
denial
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doe
suggested
sniffs
inanimate
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dog
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providing
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basis
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questions
iv
justice
douglas
dissenter
terry
stated
powerful
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pressures
throughout
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constitutional
guarantees
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police
upper
hand
dissenting
opinion
today
uses
terry
justification
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strength
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finds
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amendment
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resist
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ohio
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accosts
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walk
away
seized
person
see
also
standard
however
easier
state
apply
compare
mendenhall
opinion
stewart
florida
royer
brennan
concurring
result
stops
usually
consume
minute
michigan
summers
relied
terry
progeny
hold
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footnotes
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plans
order
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arrange
return
ante
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van
leeuwen
support
conclusion
see
ante
reliance
misplaced
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van
leeuwen
expressly
limited
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case
ante
moreover
appeals
adequately
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van
leeuwen
see
stated
unlike
dispossession
hand
baggage
passenger
custody
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substantial
intrusion
mere
detention
mail
custody
control
amounts
minimal
technical
interference
person
effects
resulting
personal
deprivation
ibid
justice
blackmun
justice
marshall
joins
concurring
judgment
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part
iii
opinion
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case
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evaluation
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ante
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balanced
interests
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probable
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brown
powell
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rabinowitz
frankfurter
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circumstances
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law
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whether
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agree
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interest
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drug
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ante
see
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royer
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party
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ramifications
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certiorari
currently
pending
two
cases
present
issue
directly
beale
waltzer
reason
avoid
full
airing
issue
proper
case
foregoing
reasons
concur
judgment
applicability
terry
exception
rests
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competing
interests
determine
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type
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involved
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meaning
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amendment
general
proscription
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searches
seizures
ante
quoting
terry
context
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terry
makes
clear
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determine
reasonableness
occurs
exceptional
circumstances
justify
terry
exception
deal
entire
rubric
police
conduct
necessarily
swift
action
predicated
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observations
officer
beat
historically
practical
matter
subjected
warrant
procedure
instead
conduct
involved
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must
tested
fourth
amendment
general
proscription
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searches
seizures
ibid
agree
assertion
diligence
police
acting
suspicion
relevant
extent
intrusion
fourth
amendment
interests
see
ante
makes
little
difference
traveler
whose
luggage
seized
whether
police
conscientiously
followed
lead
bungled
investigation
duration
intrusiveness
seizure
altered
diligence
police
exercise
course
diligence
may
relevant
determination
reasonableness
seizure
determined
seizure
sufficiently
nonintrusive
eligible
terry
exception
district
hold
dog
sniff
conducted
fashion
circumstances
reasonably
calculated
achieve
tainted
reaction
dog
however
due
process
claim
one
fourth
amendment
place
apparently
raise
issue
appeals