board
education
allen
argued
april
decided
june
new
york
education
law
requires
local
public
school
authorities
lend
textbooks
free
charge
students
grades
seven
including
private
schools
appellant
school
boards
sought
declaration
statutory
requirement
invalid
violative
state
federal
constitutions
order
barring
appellee
commissioner
education
removing
appellants
members
office
failing
comply
order
preventing
use
state
funds
purchase
textbooks
lent
parochial
students
trial
held
law
unconstitutional
first
fourteenth
amendments
entered
summary
judgment
appellants
pleadings
appellate
division
reversed
ordered
complaint
dismissed
since
appellant
school
boards
standing
attack
statute
new
york
appeals
held
appellants
standing
statute
violate
state
federal
constitution
appeals
said
law
benefit
school
children
without
regard
type
school
attended
textbooks
approved
school
authorities
loaned
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statute
completely
neutral
respect
religion
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statute
violate
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exercise
clause
first
amendment
pp
express
purpose
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furtherance
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opportunities
young
law
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children
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school
books
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charge
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parents
children
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board
education
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books
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authorities
unable
distinguish
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books
honestly
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books
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parochial
schools
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education
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textbooks
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judicial
notice
concluded
statute
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involvement
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instruction
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establishment
clause
since
appellants
shown
law
coerces
way
practice
religion
violation
free
exercise
clause
pp
marvin
pollock
argued
cause
appellants
brief
alan
levine
jean
coon
assistant
attorney
general
new
york
argued
cause
appellee
allen
brief
louis
lefkowitz
attorney
general
ruth
kessler
toch
solicitor
general
porter
chandler
argued
cause
appellees
rock
et
al
brief
william
ball
richard
nolan
james
mackrell
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
leo
pfeffer
arnold
forster
edwin
lukas
paul
hartman
sol
rabkin
joseph
robison
american
jewish
committee
et
franklin
salisbury
protestants
americans
separation
church
state
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
solicitor
general
griswold
assistant
attorney
general
weisl
lawrence
wallace
alan
rosenthal
robert
zener
herbert
desimone
attorney
general
rhode
island
charles
edwards
assistant
attorney
general
william
sennett
attorney
general
pennsylvania
james
oakes
attorney
general
vermont
robert
londerholm
attorney
general
kansas
william
saxbe
attorney
general
ohio
joe
patterson
attorney
general
mississippi
jack
gremillion
attorney
general
state
louisiana
boston
witt
attorney
general
myles
flint
assistant
attorney
general
state
new
mexico
ethan
hitchcock
national
association
independent
schools
raber
taylor
stuart
hubbell
herman
cahn
citizens
educational
freedom
edward
maguire
new
york
state
thomas
ford
edward
walsh
george
eaton
long
island
conference
religious
elementary
secondary
school
administrators
charles
whelan
consedine
alfred
scanlan
harmon
burns
national
catholic
educational
association
et
al
julius
berman
national
jewish
commission
law
public
affairs
james
brown
lutheran
synod
justice
white
delivered
opinion
law
state
new
york
requires
local
public
school
authorities
lend
textbooks
free
charge
students
grades
seven
students
attending
private
schools
included
case
presents
question
whether
statute
law
respecting
establishment
religion
prohibiting
free
exercise
thereof
conflict
first
fourteenth
amendments
constitution
authorizes
loan
textbooks
students
attending
parochial
schools
hold
law
violation
constitution
education
law
state
new
york
authorized
public
school
boards
designate
textbooks
use
public
schools
purchase
books
public
funds
rent
sell
books
public
school
students
legislature
amended
basing
amendments
findings
public
welfare
safety
require
state
local
communities
give
assistance
educational
programs
important
national
defense
general
welfare
state
beginning
school
year
local
school
boards
required
purchase
textbooks
lend
without
charge
children
residing
district
enrolled
grades
seven
twelve
public
private
school
complies
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education
law
books
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designated
use
public
elementary
secondary
schools
state
approved
boards
education
according
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text
semester
particular
class
school
legally
attends
appellant
board
education
central
school
district
rensselaer
columbia
counties
brought
suit
new
york
courts
appellee
james
allen
complaint
alleged
violated
state
federal
constitutions
appellants
reliance
interpretation
constitution
failed
lend
books
parochial
school
students
within
counties
appellee
allen
remove
appellants
office
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law
submitting
constituents
school
budget
including
funds
books
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parochial
school
pupils
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therefore
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declaration
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appellee
allen
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appellants
office
failing
comply
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order
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apportioning
state
funds
school
districts
purchase
textbooks
lent
parochial
students
answer
upon
summary
judgment
trial
held
law
unconstitutional
first
fourteenth
amendments
entered
judgment
appellants
misc
appellate
division
reversed
ordering
complaint
dismissed
ground
appellant
school
boards
standing
attack
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state
statute
app
div
appeal
new
york
appeals
concluded
vote
appellants
standing
different
vote
held
violation
either
state
federal
constitution
appeals
said
law
purpose
benefit
school
children
regardless
type
school
attended
textbooks
approved
public
school
authorities
loaned
therefore
considered
completely
neutral
respect
religion
merely
making
available
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textbooks
request
individual
student
asking
question
school
attends
section
appeals
concluded
law
establishes
religion
constitutes
use
public
funds
aid
religious
schools
noted
probable
jurisdiction
everson
board
education
case
decided
nearly
point
today
problem
new
jersey
reimbursed
parents
expenses
incurred
busing
children
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schools
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establishment
clause
bars
state
passing
laws
aid
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aid
religions
prefer
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religion
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bars
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levied
support
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activities
institutions
whatever
may
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form
may
adopt
teach
practice
religion
nevertheless
said
establishment
clause
prevent
state
extending
benefits
state
laws
citizens
without
regard
religious
affiliation
prohibit
new
jersey
spending
funds
pay
bus
fares
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school
pupils
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program
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fares
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line
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locate
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church
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problems
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law
one
degree
zorach
clauson
see
mcgowan
maryland
based
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mcgowan
cases
abington
school
district
schempp
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test
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books
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authorize
loan
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books
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claims
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literature
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school
use
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courses
book
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school
authorities
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books
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appeals
new
york
merely
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textbooks
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record
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books
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religious
schools
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goals
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instruction
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appellants
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books
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charge
students
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interest
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cases
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judgments
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recognition
private
education
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care
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education
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children
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district
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appellants
contended
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york
law
way
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footnotes
new
york
sess
laws
new
york
education
law
supp
several
cities
school
districts
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boards
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officer
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side
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district
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york
permits
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york
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education
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schools
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subcommittee
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pt
twice
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inspire
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love
country
west
virginia
state
board
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quoting
minersville
school
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parents
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question
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york
state
regulates
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york
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school
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new
york
requires
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new
york
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students
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york
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law
new
york
employ
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black
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affirms
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new
york
appeals
sustained
constitutionality
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york
law
providing
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funds
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books
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owned
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sects
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new
york
law
held
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flagrant
open
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fourteenth
amendments
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forbid
congress
state
legislatures
enact
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new
york
appeals
judgment
confident
keeping
deliberate
statement
made
everson
board
education
repeated
mccollum
board
education
neither
state
federal
government
set
church
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laws
aid
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versa
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city
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new
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opinion
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scaled
peak
placed
tiny
crucifix
benedictine
monk
supplied
america
yesterday
supra
another
example
text
written
clergy
priest
nun
together
one
layman
contains
imprimatur
nihil
obstat
denominational
edition
see
nn
spain
early
organization
victory
national
elections
result
government
made
discordant
political
elements
failed
preserve
civil
order
country
violent
attacked
burned
churches
monasteries
government
even
try
prevent
crimes
result
spaniards
loved
country
loyal
religion
revolted
government
republic
able
general
francisco
franco
put
head
revolt
began
july
spain
end
world
war
backward
monarchy
king
resigned
people
established
republic
spanish
tried
many
reforms
many
wanted
go
back
old
ways
old
privileges
monarchy
rich
wanted
hold
property
people
thought
francisco
franco
fascist
help
civil
war
started
soon
came
called
dress
rehearsal
world
war
ii
fascist
countries
italy
germany
supported
franco
rebels
hand
russia
supported
loyalists
armies
republic
called
democratic
countries
might
supported
loyalists
fear
communism
prevented
franco
defeated
loyalists
became
dictator
spain
today
el
caudillo
leader
still
rules
spain
iron
hand
purpose
parochial
school
beginning
clear
beyond
peradventure
generally
held
roman
catholic
position
matter
education
public
parochial
schools
well
summarized
late
monsignor
john
ryan
matter
fact
state
maintains
system
schools
completely
satisfactory
catholics
inasmuch
place
given
morality
religion
since
church
realizes
teaching
religion
instruction
secular
branches
rightfully
successfully
separated
one
compelled
maintain
system
schools
general
education
well
religious
instruction
stokes
church
state
education
parochial
schools
follows
general
curriculum
public
schools
main
differences
per
cent
time
given
religious
instruction
catholic
point
view
brought
treatment
historical
subjects
protestant
point
view
might
emphasized
protestant
school
ibid
john
chronicle
folly
continuum
emphasis
original
cf
adler
board
education
barsky
board
regents
proportions
contest
suggested
letter
dated
november
late
cardinal
spellman
directed
read
masses
sunday
november
vote
proposed
constitution
opened
wide
door
state
aid
parochial
schools
attached
letter
appendix
opinion
writings
james
madison
hunt
ed
recent
account
extent
public
funds
poured
sectarian
schools
see
one
parochial
school
lobbyist
group
urged
congress
order
avoid
establishment
secularism
education
federal
monies
must
distributed
various
sects
operate
parochial
schools
valueless
neutral
school
argued
education
religion
separated
hearings
subcommittee
house
committee
judiciary
statement
francis
brown
chairman
national
association
personal
rights
education
unhappily
come
pass
perhaps
church
time
become
administrative
arm
state
goal
predicted
galbraith
mature
corporation
new
industrial
state
circle
completed
return
point
long
struggle
keep
church
state
separate
first
started
constitutional
form
government
conceivable
proposals
putting
nation
religious
sects
public
payroll
addressed
federal
constitutional
convention
since
brother
black
shows
scheme
thoroughly
rejected
adoption
first
amendment
justice
fortas
dissenting
majority
opinion
upholds
new
york
statute
ignoring
vital
aspect
public
funds
used
buy
students
sectarian
schools
textbooks
selected
prescribed
sectarian
schools
brother
douglas
points
despite
transparent
camouflage
books
furnished
students
reality
selected
use
prescribed
sectarian
authorities
child
must
use
prescribed
book
use
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book
prescribed
use
public
schools
state
choose
book
used
true
public
school
boards
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approve
book
selected
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authorities
real
significance
purpose
provisions
hold
promise
books
secular
cf
douglas
dissenting
ante
fact
remains
books
chosen
sectarian
schools
misleading
say
majority
opinion
new
york
law
merely
makes
available
children
benefits
general
program
lend
school
books
free
charge
ante
general
program
specific
program
use
state
funds
buy
books
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sectarian
schools
new
york
primarily
catholic
jewish
lutheran
sponsored
schools
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general
program
school
books
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available
children
precisely
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selected
used
public
schools
program
one
children
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alike
regardless
go
school
program
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features
satisfy
specific
needs
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schools
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schools
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authorities
use
public
money
aid
sectarian
establishments
also
beside
point
opinion
assume
majority
opinion
books
loaned
students
books
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use
public
schools
religious
content
ante
point
books
furnished
students
sectarian
schools
selected
religious
authorities
prescribed
case
within
principle
everson
board
education
apart
differences
textbooks
bus
rides
present
statute
call
extending
children
attending
sectarian
schools
service
facility
extended
children
public
schools
statute
calls
furnishing
special
separate
particular
books
specially
separately
particularly
chosen
religious
sects
representatives
use
sectarian
schools
infirmity
opinion
feature
makes
impossible
view
reach
conclusion
statute
unconstitutional
use
public
funds
support
establishment
religion
feature
present
statute
makes
totally
inaccurate
suggest
majority
furnishing
specially
selected
books
use
sectarian
schools
like
public
provision
police
fire
protection
sewage
facilities
streets
sidewalks
ante
furnished
alike
selected
basis
specification
religious
sect
patrons
one
sect
receive
services
facilities
different
accorded
members
religions
agnostics
even
atheists
reverse
judgment