cooper
aaron
argued
september
decided
september
opinion
announced
september
plan
gradual
desegregation
races
public
schools
little
rock
arkansas
adopted
petitioners
approved
courts
respondents
negro
children
ordered
admitted
previously
high
school
beginning
school
year
due
actions
legislature
governor
state
opposing
desegregation
threats
mob
violence
resulting
therefrom
respondents
unable
attend
school
troops
sent
maintained
federal
government
protection
attended
school
remainder
school
year
finding
events
resulted
tensions
bedlam
chaos
turmoil
school
disrupted
educational
process
district
june
granted
petitioners
request
operation
plan
desegregation
suspended
two
years
respondents
sent
back
segregated
schools
appeals
reversed
held
judgment
appeals
affirmed
orders
district
enforcing
petitioners
plan
desegregation
reinstated
effective
immediately
pp
countenance
claim
governor
legislature
state
duty
state
officials
obey
federal
orders
resting
considered
interpretation
constitution
brown
board
education
rejects
contention
uphold
suspension
little
rock
school
board
plan
away
segregated
public
schools
little
rock
state
laws
efforts
upset
nullify
holding
brown
case
challenged
tested
courts
many
locations
obedience
duty
desegregation
require
immediate
general
admission
negro
children
otherwise
qualified
students
appropriate
classes
particular
schools
analysis
relevant
factors
course
excludes
hostility
racial
desegregation
district
concludes
justification
exists
requiring
present
nonsegregated
admission
qualified
negro
children
public
schools
scrutinize
program
school
authorities
make
sure
developed
arrangements
pointed
toward
earliest
practicable
completion
desegregation
taken
appropriate
steps
put
program
effective
operation
petitioners
stand
litigation
agents
state
assert
good
faith
excuse
delay
implementing
respondents
constitutional
rights
vindication
rights
rendered
difficult
impossible
actions
state
officials
pp
constitutional
rights
respondents
sacrificed
yielded
violence
disorder
followed
upon
actions
governor
legislature
law
order
preserved
depriving
negro
children
constitutional
rights
constitutional
rights
children
discriminated
school
admission
grounds
race
color
declared
brown
case
neither
nullified
openly
directly
state
legislators
state
executives
judicial
officers
nullified
indirectly
evasive
schemes
segregation
whether
attempted
ingeniously
ingenuously
pp
interpretation
fourteenth
amendment
enunciated
brown
case
law
land
art
vi
constitution
makes
binding
effect
thing
constitution
laws
state
contrary
notwithstanding
state
legislator
executive
judicial
officer
war
constitution
without
violating
solemn
oath
support
state
support
segregated
schools
arrangement
management
funds
property
squared
command
fourteenth
amendment
state
shall
deny
person
within
jurisdiction
equal
protection
laws
richard
butler
argued
cause
petitioners
brief
house
special
leave
john
haley
pro
hac
vice
thurgood
marshall
argued
cause
respondents
brief
wiley
branton
william
coleman
jack
greenberg
louis
pollak
solicitor
general
rankin
invitation
post
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
relief
sought
respondents
granted
brief
oscar
davis
philip
elman
ralph
spritzer
opinion
chief
justice
justice
black
justice
frankfurter
justice
douglas
justice
burton
justice
clark
justice
harlan
justice
brennan
justice
whittaker
case
reaches
us
raises
questions
highest
importance
maintenance
federal
system
government
necessarily
involves
claim
governor
legislature
state
duty
state
officials
obey
federal
orders
resting
considered
interpretation
constitution
specifically
involves
actions
governor
legislature
arkansas
upon
premise
bound
holding
brown
board
education
holding
fourteenth
amendment
forbids
use
governmental
powers
bar
children
racial
grounds
attending
schools
state
participation
arrangement
management
funds
property
urged
uphold
suspension
little
rock
school
board
plan
away
segregated
public
schools
little
rock
state
laws
efforts
upset
nullify
holding
brown
board
education
challenged
tested
courts
reject
contentions
case
argued
us
september
following
day
unanimously
affirmed
judgment
appeals
eighth
circuit
reversed
judgment
district
eastern
district
arkansas
supp
district
granted
application
petitioners
little
rock
school
board
school
superintendent
suspend
two
years
operation
school
board
desegregation
program
order
school
board
might
know
without
doubt
duty
regard
opening
school
set
following
monday
september
immediately
issued
judgment
reserving
expression
supporting
views
later
date
opinion
members
embodies
views
following
facts
circumstances
far
necessary
show
legal
questions
presented
may
decided
enforced
racial
segregation
public
schools
state
denial
equal
protection
laws
enjoined
fourteenth
amendment
brown
board
education
postponed
pending
argument
formulation
decree
effectuate
decision
decree
rendered
may
brown
board
education
formulation
decree
recognized
good
faith
compliance
principles
declared
brown
might
situations
call
elimination
variety
obstacles
making
transition
school
systems
operated
accordance
constitutional
principles
set
forth
may
decision
went
state
courts
equity
may
properly
take
account
public
interest
elimination
obstacles
systematic
effective
manner
go
without
saying
vitality
constitutional
principles
allowed
yield
simply
disagreement
giving
weight
public
private
considerations
courts
require
defendants
make
prompt
reasonable
start
toward
full
compliance
may
ruling
start
made
courts
may
find
additional
time
necessary
carry
ruling
effective
manner
burden
rests
upon
defendants
establish
time
necessary
public
interest
consistent
good
faith
compliance
earliest
practicable
date
end
courts
may
consider
problems
related
administration
arising
physical
condition
school
plant
school
transportation
system
personnel
revision
school
districts
attendance
areas
compact
units
achieve
system
determining
admission
public
schools
nonracial
basis
revision
local
laws
regulations
may
necessary
solving
foregoing
problems
may
three
days
first
brown
opinion
little
rock
district
school
board
adopted
may
made
public
statement
policy
entitled
decision
segregation
public
schools
statement
board
recognized
responsibility
comply
federal
constitutional
requirements
intend
outlines
method
followed
upon
challenge
group
negro
plaintiffs
desiring
rapid
completion
desegregation
process
district
upheld
school
board
plan
aaron
cooper
supp
appeals
affirmed
review
judgment
sought
school
board
thus
going
forward
preparation
desegregating
little
rock
school
system
state
authorities
contrast
actively
pursuing
program
designed
perpetuate
arkansas
system
racial
segregation
held
violated
fourteenth
amendment
first
came
november
amendment
state
constitution
flatly
commanding
arkansas
general
assembly
oppose
every
constitutional
manner
desegregation
decisions
may
may
ark
amend
initiative
pupil
assignment
law
ark
stat
pursuant
state
constitutional
command
law
relieving
school
children
compulsory
attendance
racially
mixed
schools
ark
stat
law
establishing
state
sovereignty
commission
ark
stat
enacted
general
assembly
february
school
board
superintendent
schools
nevertheless
continued
preparations
carry
first
stage
desegregation
program
nine
negro
children
scheduled
admission
september
central
high
school
two
thousand
students
various
administrative
measures
designed
assure
smooth
transition
first
stage
desegregation
undertaken
september
day
negro
students
enter
central
high
school
authorities
met
drastic
opposing
action
part
governor
arkansas
dispatched
units
arkansas
national
guard
central
high
school
grounds
placed
school
limits
colored
students
found
district
subsequent
proceedings
governor
action
requested
school
authorities
entirely
unheralded
findings
time
september
crowds
gathered
central
high
school
acts
violence
threats
violence
connection
carrying
plan
occurred
nevertheless
abundance
caution
school
authorities
frequently
conferred
mayor
chief
police
little
rock
taking
appropriate
steps
little
rock
police
prevent
possible
disturbances
acts
violence
connection
attendance
colored
students
central
high
school
mayor
considered
little
rock
police
force
adequately
cope
incidents
might
arise
opening
school
mayor
chief
police
school
authorities
made
request
governor
representative
state
assistance
maintaining
peace
order
central
high
school
neither
governor
official
state
government
consulted
little
rock
authorities
whether
little
rock
police
prepared
cope
incidents
might
arise
school
need
state
assistance
maintaining
peace
order
stationing
arkansas
national
guard
central
high
school
aaron
cooper
supp
morning
next
day
september
negro
children
attempted
enter
high
school
district
later
found
units
arkansas
national
guard
acting
pursuant
governor
order
stood
shoulder
shoulder
school
grounds
thereby
forcibly
prevented
negro
students
entering
continued
every
school
day
following
three
weeks
day
september
attorney
eastern
district
arkansas
requested
district
begin
immediate
investigation
order
fix
responsibility
interference
orderly
implementation
district
direction
carry
desegregation
program
three
days
later
september
district
denied
petition
school
board
superintendent
schools
order
temporarily
suspending
continuance
program
upon
completion
attorney
investigation
attorney
general
district
request
entered
proceedings
filed
petition
behalf
amicus
curiae
enjoin
governor
arkansas
officers
arkansas
national
guard
attempts
prevent
obedience
order
hearings
petition
district
found
school
board
plan
obstructed
governor
use
national
guard
troops
granted
preliminary
injunction
september
enjoining
governor
officers
guard
preventing
attendance
negro
children
central
high
school
otherwise
obstructing
interfering
orders
connection
plan
supp
affirmed
faubus
national
guard
withdrawn
school
next
school
day
monday
september
negro
children
entered
high
school
morning
protection
little
rock
police
department
members
arkansas
state
police
officers
caused
children
removed
school
morning
difficulty
controlling
large
demonstrating
crowd
gathered
high
school
september
however
president
dispatched
federal
troops
central
high
school
admission
negro
students
school
thereby
effected
regular
army
troops
continued
high
school
november
replaced
federalized
national
guardsmen
remained
throughout
balance
school
year
eight
negro
students
remained
attendance
school
throughout
school
year
come
aspect
proceedings
presently
us
february
school
board
superintendent
schools
filed
petition
district
seeking
postponement
program
desegregation
position
essence
extreme
public
hostility
stated
engendered
largely
official
attitudes
actions
governor
legislature
maintenance
sound
educational
program
central
high
school
negro
students
attendance
impossible
board
therefore
proposed
negro
students
already
admitted
school
withdrawn
sent
segregated
schools
steps
carry
board
desegregation
program
postponed
period
later
suggested
board
two
years
hearing
district
granted
relief
requested
board
among
things
found
past
year
central
high
school
attended
conditions
chaos
bedlam
turmoil
repeated
incidents
less
serious
violence
directed
negro
students
property
tension
unrest
among
school
administrators
teachers
pupils
latters
parents
inevitably
adverse
effect
upon
educational
program
school
official
threatened
violence
serious
financial
burden
cast
school
district
education
students
suffered
existing
conditions
continue
suffer
board
continue
need
military
assistance
equivalent
local
police
department
able
detail
enough
men
afford
necessary
protection
situation
intolerable
district
judgment
dated
june
negro
respondents
appealed
appeals
eighth
circuit
also
sought
stay
district
judgment
time
filed
petition
certiorari
asking
us
review
district
judgment
without
awaiting
disposition
appeal
appeals
petition
stay
declined
appeals
act
petition
stay
august
convening
special
session
august
hearing
appeal
reversed
district
august
appeals
stayed
mandate
permit
school
board
petition
certiorari
pending
filing
school
board
petition
certiorari
negro
respondents
august
applied
justice
whittaker
circuit
justice
eighth
circuit
stay
order
appeals
withholding
mandate
also
stay
district
judgment
view
nature
motions
referred
entire
recognizing
vital
importance
decision
issues
time
permit
arrangements
made
school
year
see
aaron
cooper
convened
special
term
august
heard
oral
argument
respondents
motions
also
argument
solicitor
general
invitation
appeared
amicus
curiae
asserted
appeals
judgment
clearly
correct
merits
urged
vacate
stay
forthwith
finding
respondents
application
necessarily
involved
consideration
merits
litigation
entered
order
deferred
decision
upon
motions
pending
disposition
school
board
petition
certiorari
fixed
september
day
petition
might
filed
september
oral
argument
upon
petition
petition
certiorari
duly
filed
granted
open
september
post
arguments
solicitor
general
urging
correctness
judgment
appeals
september
already
mentioned
unanimously
affirmed
judgment
appeals
per
curiam
opinion
set
forth
margin
outset
opinion
ante
affirming
judgment
appeals
reversed
district
accepted
without
reservation
position
school
board
superintendent
schools
counsel
displayed
entire
good
faith
conduct
proceedings
dealing
unfortunate
distressing
sequence
events
outlined
likewise
accepted
findings
district
conditions
central
high
school
school
year
also
findings
educational
progress
students
white
colored
school
suffered
continue
suffer
conditions
prevailed
last
year
permitted
continue
significance
findings
however
considered
light
fact
indisputably
revealed
record
us
conditions
depict
directly
traceable
actions
legislators
executive
officials
state
arkansas
taken
official
capacities
reflect
determination
resist
decision
brown
case
brought
violent
resistance
decision
arkansas
petition
certiorari
filed
school
board
describes
situation
language
legislative
executive
judicial
departments
state
government
opposed
desegregation
little
rock
schools
enacting
laws
calling
troops
making
statements
villifying
federal
law
federal
courts
failing
utilize
state
law
enforcement
agencies
judicial
processes
maintain
public
peace
one
may
well
sympathize
position
board
face
frustrating
conditions
confronted
regardless
board
good
faith
actions
state
agencies
responsible
conditions
compel
us
reject
board
legal
position
central
high
school
direct
management
state
hardly
suggested
immediately
charge
school
heard
assert
good
faith
legal
excuse
delay
implementing
constitutional
rights
respondents
vindication
rights
rendered
difficult
impossible
actions
state
officials
situation
different
posture
members
school
board
superintendent
schools
local
officials
point
view
fourteenth
amendment
stand
litigation
agents
state
constitutional
rights
respondents
sacrificed
yielded
violence
disorder
followed
upon
actions
governor
legislature
said
years
ago
unanimous
opinion
case
involving
another
aspect
racial
segregation
urged
proposed
segregation
promote
public
peace
preventing
race
conflicts
desirable
important
preservation
public
peace
aim
accomplished
laws
ordinances
deny
rights
created
protected
federal
constitution
buchanan
warley
thus
law
order
preserved
depriving
negro
children
constitutional
rights
record
us
clearly
establishes
growth
board
difficulties
magnitude
beyond
unaided
power
control
product
state
action
difficulties
counsel
board
forthrightly
conceded
oral
argument
also
brought
control
state
action
controlling
legal
principles
plain
command
fourteenth
amendment
state
shall
deny
person
within
jurisdiction
equal
protection
laws
state
acts
legislative
executive
judicial
authorities
act
way
constitutional
provision
therefore
must
mean
agency
state
officers
agents
powers
exerted
shall
deny
person
within
jurisdiction
equal
protection
laws
whoever
virtue
public
position
state
government
denies
takes
away
equal
protection
laws
violates
constitutional
inhibition
acts
name
state
clothed
state
power
act
state
must
constitutional
prohibition
meaning
ex
parte
virginia
thus
prohibitions
fourteenth
amendment
extend
action
state
denying
equal
protection
laws
whatever
agency
state
taking
action
see
virginia
rives
pennsylvania
board
directors
city
trusts
philadelphia
shelley
kraemer
whatever
guise
taken
see
derrington
plummer
department
conservation
development
tate
short
constitutional
rights
children
discriminated
school
admission
grounds
race
color
declared
brown
case
neither
nullified
openly
directly
state
legislators
state
executive
judicial
officers
nullified
indirectly
evasive
schemes
segregation
whether
attempted
ingeniously
ingenuously
smith
texas
said
light
facts
developed
enough
dispose
case
however
answer
premise
actions
governor
legislature
bound
holding
brown
case
necessary
recall
basic
constitutional
propositions
settled
doctrine
article
vi
constitution
makes
constitution
law
land
chief
justice
marshall
speaking
unanimous
referring
constitution
fundamental
paramount
law
nation
declared
notable
case
marbury
madison
cranch
emphatically
province
duty
judicial
department
say
law
decision
declared
basic
principle
federal
judiciary
exposition
law
constitution
principle
ever
since
respected
country
permanent
indispensable
feature
constitutional
system
follows
interpretation
fourteenth
amendment
enunciated
brown
case
law
land
art
vi
constitution
makes
binding
effect
thing
constitution
laws
state
contrary
notwithstanding
every
state
legislator
executive
judicial
officer
solemnly
committed
oath
taken
pursuant
art
vi
cl
support
constitution
chief
justice
taney
speaking
unanimous
said
requirement
reflected
framers
anxiety
preserve
constitution
full
force
powers
guard
resistance
evasion
authority
part
state
ableman
booth
state
legislator
executive
judicial
officer
war
constitution
without
violating
undertaking
support
chief
justice
marshall
spoke
unanimous
saying
legislatures
several
may
annul
judgments
courts
destroy
rights
acquired
judgments
constitution
becomes
solemn
mockery
peters
cranch
governor
asserts
power
nullify
federal
order
similarly
restrained
power
said
chief
justice
hughes
also
unanimous
manifest
fiat
state
governor
constitution
law
land
restrictions
federal
constitution
upon
exercise
state
power
impotent
phrases
sterling
constantin
course
quite
true
responsibility
public
education
primarily
concern
equally
true
responsibilities
like
state
activity
must
exercised
consistently
federal
constitutional
requirements
apply
state
action
constitution
created
government
dedicated
equal
justice
law
fourteenth
amendment
embodied
emphasized
ideal
state
support
segregated
schools
arrangement
management
funds
property
squared
amendment
command
state
shall
deny
person
within
jurisdiction
equal
protection
laws
right
student
segregated
racial
grounds
schools
maintained
indeed
fundamental
pervasive
embraced
concept
due
process
law
bolling
sharpe
basic
decision
brown
unanimously
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rock
arkansas
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rights
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lesson
drawn
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ending
enforced
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schools
cities
negro
populations
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proportions
compliance
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organ
law
land
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throughout
history
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support
state
local
authorities
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power
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maintenance
federal
system
known
cherished
one
hundred
seventy
years
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note
opinion
filed
october
august
misc
aaron
et
al
cooper
et
members
board
directors
little
rock
arkansas
independent
school
district
et
al
application
vacation
order
appeals
eighth
circuit
staying
issuance
mandate
stay
order
district
eastern
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arkansas
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petitioners
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june
necessarily
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merits
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lemley
advised
opening
date
high
school
september
light
representations
made
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school
board
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plan
filing
petition
certiorari
makes
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order
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board
petition
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september
twelve
noon
action
petitioners
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addressed
stay
mandate
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order
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june
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pending
disposition
petition
certiorari
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filed
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thurgood
marshall
argued
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petitioners
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branton
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greenberg
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coleman
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butler
argued
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respondents
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solicitor
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cause
amicus
curiae
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relief
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petitioners
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oscar
davis
philip
elman
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spritzer
september
october
term
american
theatres
appeal
district
southern
district
new
york
dismissed
per
stipulation
pursuant
rule
rules
albert
bickford
appellant
oscar
davis
acting
solicitor
general
reported
supp
september
misc
aaron
et
al
cooper
et
members
board
directors
little
rock
arkansas
independent
school
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et
al
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circuit
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issuance
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arkansas
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file
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file
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bradley
minnick
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file
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burrow
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curiae
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cooper
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members
board
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rock
arkansas
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school
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et
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petition
writ
certiorari
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leave
file
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county
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state
sovereignty
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liberties
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curiae
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judgment
little
rock
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denied
petition
writ
certiorari
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eighth
circuit
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richard
butler
house
special
leave
john
haley
pro
hac
vice
petitioners
thurgood
marshall
wiley
branton
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coleman
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greenberg
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pollak
respondents
solicitor
general
rankin
appearing
invitation
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brief
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term
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respondents
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davis
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ralph
spritzer
reported
september
october
term
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commissioner
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revenue
petition
writ
certiorari
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circuit
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stipulation
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rule
rules
petitioner
pro
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solicitor
general
rankin
respondent
reported
september
october
term
allen
spooner
sons
et
al
port
new
york
authority
petition
writ
certiorari
appeals
second
circuit
dismissed
per
stipulation
pursuant
rule
rules
martin
mchugh
stipulation
petitioners
petition
thomas
daly
john
aherne
stipulation
respondent
reported