savorgnan
argued
decided
january
petitioner
american
citizen
competent
adult
woman
voluntarily
knowingly
applied
obtained
italian
citizenship
naturalization
accordance
italian
law
went
italy
lived
italian
husband
returned
held
expatriated
laws
naturalization
italian
citizen
followed
residence
abroad
pp
within
meaning
citizenship
act
term
naturalization
foreign
state
includes
naturalization
proceedings
lead
citizenship
foreign
state
even
though
proceedings
take
place
competent
adult
american
citizen
voluntarily
knowingly
performed
overt
act
spells
expatriation
wording
citizenship
act
preserve
regain
american
citizenship
showing
intent
understanding
contrary
usual
legal
consequences
act
since
legal
consequences
dependent
upon
intention
citizen
pp
whether
case
governed
foreign
residence
nationality
act
citizenship
act
fact
following
naturalization
italian
citizen
petitioner
actually
resided
abroad
place
general
abode
deprived
american
citizenship
regardless
whether
intended
abandon
residence
obtain
permanent
residence
abroad
pp
decision
made
question
whether
petitioner
italian
naturalization
deprived
american
citizenship
taken
residence
abroad
pp
petitioner
signing
instrument
containing
oath
allegiance
king
italy
oath
allegiance
foreign
state
within
meanings
citizenship
act
nationality
act
even
though
ceremony
formal
administration
oath
accompanied
signature
suit
nationality
act
stat
district
granted
respondent
judgment
declaring
american
citizen
supp
appeals
reversed
granted
certiorari
affirmed
suel
arnold
carl
flom
argued
cause
filed
brief
petitioner
oscar
davis
argued
cause
respondents
brief
solicitor
general
perlman
assistant
attorney
general
campbell
robert
erdahl
philip
monahan
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
reversal
filed
walbridge
taft
margaret
trimble
revedin
jack
wasserman
gaspare
cusumano
association
immigration
nationality
lawyers
justice
burton
delivered
opinion
question
whether
special
circumstances
case
american
citizen
became
italian
citizen
lived
italy
italian
husband
nevertheless
retained
american
citizenship
reasons
hereinafter
stated
hold
controlling
statutes
citizenship
act
successor
nationality
act
petitioner
rosette
sorge
savorgnan
brought
action
district
western
district
wisconsin
nationality
act
stat
judgment
declaring
american
citizen
decided
favor
supp
appeals
seventh
circuit
reversed
judgment
remanded
case
directions
dismiss
petition
consented
sued
enter
judgment
favor
defendants
conformity
opinion
importance
decision
determining
american
citizenship
granted
certiorari
insofar
material
undisputed
facts
found
district
follows
petitioner
born
wisconsin
parents
resided
july
march
intended
husband
alessandro
savorgnan
italian
citizen
serving
italian
vice
consul
louis
missouri
informed
italian
law
become
italian
citizen
obtain
necessary
royal
consent
marriage
applied
italian
citizenship
prepared
application
italian
understood
understand
august
petitioner
granted
italian
citizenship
november
appeared
savorgnan
italian
consulate
chicago
illinois
presence
signed
instrument
contained
oath
italian
expressly
renouncing
american
citizenship
swearing
allegiance
king
italy
ceremony
formal
administration
oath
accompanied
signature
apparently
none
required
savorgnan
understood
signing
instrument
citizenship
securing
required
royal
consent
savorgnan
marry
translate
instrument
explain
contents
district
found
fact
time
signing
documents
mentioned
petitioner
although
intending
obtain
italian
citizenship
intention
endangering
american
citizenship
renouncing
allegiance
december
petitioner
savorgnan
married
july
italian
diplomatic
officials
required
leave
italian
diplomatic
passport
issued
petitioner
embarked
italy
husband
remained
italy
november
except
six
months
spent
germany
italy
lived
husband
family
rome
worked
italian
foreign
ministry
november
returned
america
italian
diplomatic
passport
later
requested
commissioner
immigration
naturalization
service
correct
records
office
show
american
citizen
time
return
america
request
denied
instituted
present
proceeding
evidence
maintaining
time
marriage
residence
dwelling
place
place
general
abode
apart
husband
district
however
found
times
signing
application
italian
citizenship
instrument
containing
oath
allegiance
king
italy
intend
establish
permanent
residence
country
found
also
left
america
italy
without
intention
establishing
permanent
residence
abroad
abandoning
residence
divesting
american
citizenship
see
supp
thus
face
two
principal
questions
effect
upon
petitioners
american
citizenship
applying
obtaining
italian
citizenship
government
contends
thereby
naturalized
foreign
state
conformity
laws
within
meaning
either
act
act
contends
act
require
residence
abroad
condition
expatriation
therefore
effectively
expatriated
act
merely
upon
becoming
naturalized
italian
citizen
still
remaining
agree
thus
naturalized
find
necessary
pass
upon
contention
obtaining
naturalization
expatriated
lost
american
citizenship
without
taking
residence
abroad
ii
effect
upon
petitioner
american
citizenship
residence
italy
government
contends
even
petitioner
lose
american
citizenship
became
naturalized
italian
citizen
lost
took
residence
italy
agree
government
contends
expatriation
effected
either
act
act
continued
effect
saving
clause
act
find
unnecessary
choose
contentions
leads
conclusion
case
effect
upon
petitioner
american
citizenship
applying
obtaining
italian
citizenship
traditionally
supported
right
expatriation
natural
inherent
right
people
denial
restriction
impairment
questioning
right
declared
congress
inconsistent
fundamental
principles
government
beginning
one
obvious
effective
forms
expatriation
naturalization
laws
another
nation
however
due
prohibition
expatriation
without
consent
sovereign
courts
hesitated
recognize
expatriation
citizens
even
foreign
naturalization
without
express
consent
government
congress
finally
gave
consent
upon
specific
terms
stated
citizenship
act
successor
nationality
act
acts
read
light
declaration
policy
favoring
freedom
expatriation
stands
unrepealed
hackworth
digest
international
law
one
contention
petitioner
novel
one
naturalization
meet
requirements
act
take
place
within
boundaries
foreign
state
answer
phrase
american
citizen
shall
deemed
expatriated
naturalized
foreign
state
conformity
laws
emphasis
supplied
refers
merely
naturalization
citizenship
foreign
state
refer
place
naturalization
proceeding
occurs
matter
even
clearly
dealt
act
section
lists
obtaining
naturalization
foreign
state
means
losing
nationality
section
expatriation
shall
result
performance
acts
listed
within
national
performing
thereafter
takes
residence
abroad
thus
congress
expressly
recognized
naturalization
foreign
state
included
naturalization
proceedings
led
citizenship
foreign
state
took
place
within
petitioner
principal
contention
intend
give
american
citizenship
although
applied
accepted
italian
citizenship
intent
prevail
however
acts
upon
statutes
expressly
condition
consent
government
expatriation
citizens
stated
objectively
suggestion
statutory
language
effect
specified
overt
acts
voluntarily
done
conditioned
upon
undisclosed
intent
person
long
recognized
general
undesirability
dual
allegiances
since
congress
required
alien
seeking
american
citizenship
declare
absolutely
entirely
renounce
abjure
allegiance
fidelity
every
foreign
prince
potentate
state
sovereignty
whatever
particularly
name
prince
potentate
state
sovereignty
whereof
citizen
subject
stat
see
temporary
limited
duality
citizenship
arisen
inevitably
differences
laws
respective
nations
naturalization
expatriation
shall
become
effective
nothing
however
act
implies
congressional
intent
american
citizen
performed
overt
act
spells
expatriation
wording
statute
nevertheless
preserve
duality
citizenship
showing
intent
understanding
contrary
usual
legal
consequences
act
interpreting
act
existed
passed
upon
substantially
question
section
provided
american
woman
marries
foreigner
shall
take
nationality
husband
stat
repealed
stat
provision
effect
woman
citizen
married
subject
great
britain
residing
california
woman
intended
give
american
citizenship
advised
done
sought
writ
mandamus
compel
local
board
elections
register
voter
showed
necessary
qualifications
registration
provided
established
american
citizenship
held
coverture
expatriation
binding
upon
statutory
consequence
marriage
foreigner
spite
contrary
intent
understanding
american
citizenship
accordingly
denied
relief
mackenzie
hare
see
also
ex
parte
griffin
cf
perkins
elg
petitioner
instant
case
competent
adult
voluntarily
knowingly
sought
obtained
italian
citizenship
application
naturalization
oath
allegiance
italian
understand
savorgnan
understand
italian
able
translate
explain
signed
knew
instruments
related
citizenship
signature
important
condition
upon
marriage
depended
thus
responsible
understanding
english
basis
married
whatever
legal
consequences
acts
may
bound
government
contends
vigorously
petitioner
italian
naturalization
expatriated
contends
provides
sufficient
basis
act
affirm
decision
appeals
without
reference
petitioner
subsequent
residence
abroad
recognizing
force
alternative
ground
affirmance
rest
decision
upon
however
entitled
noted
government
argument
residence
abroad
may
required
act
expressly
required
act
required
act
see
mackenzie
hare
government
concedes
however
least
since
state
department
considered
residence
abroad
necessary
element
expatriation
hackworth
digest
international
law
view
petitioner
residence
abroad
makes
unnecessary
determine
case
status
taken
residence
abroad
accordingly
ii
effect
upon
petitioner
american
citizenship
residence
italy
nationality
act
including
repeal
citizenship
act
took
effect
january
petitioner
residence
abroad
began
date
contended
effect
residence
may
determined
either
terms
act
act
continued
force
saving
clause
act
find
however
petitioner
residence
naturalization
effect
whether
resort
saving
clause
accordingly
necessary
determine
whether
petitioner
residence
naturalization
tested
saving
clause
rest
act
petitioner
residence
abroad
met
requirements
act
sections
used
terms
residence
place
general
abode
without
mention
intent
person
concerned
act
cleared
uncertainties
left
early
decisions
type
amount
residence
abroad
required
establish
expatriation
contrast
terms
temporary
residence
domicile
removal
family
effects
absolute
removal
permanent
residence
new
act
used
term
residence
plainly
possible
denote
objective
fact
identify
required
place
residence
required
place
general
abode
confirmation
intended
simplification
appears
report
revision
codification
nationality
laws
submitted
secretary
state
attorney
general
secretary
labor
congress
bill
became
nationality
act
definitions
residence
frequently
include
element
intent
future
place
abode
however
section
hereof
mention
made
intent
actual
place
general
abode
sole
test
determining
residence
words
place
general
abode
taken
second
paragraph
section
citizenship
act
march
stat
seem
speak
relate
principal
dwelling
place
person
judgment
appeals
accordingly
affirmed
case
remanded
district
directions
dismiss
petition
enter
judgment
favor
defendants
conformity
opinion
affirmed
justice
frankfurter
justice
black
joins
opinion
judgment
district
reinstated
law
course
determines
legal
consequences
conduct
citizenship
act
nationality
act
raise
issues
fact
district
allowably
found
facts
favor
petitioner
since
expatriation
follow
basis
finding
judgment
district
disturbed
supp
footnotes
naturalized
citizen
shall
resided
two
years
foreign
state
came
five
years
foreign
state
shall
presumed
ceased
american
citizen
place
general
abode
shall
deemed
place
residence
said
years
provided
however
presumption
may
overcome
presentation
satisfactory
evidence
diplomatic
consular
officer
rules
regulations
department
state
may
prescribe
provided
also
american
citizen
shall
allowed
expatriate
country
war
emphasis
supplied
stat
ed
sec
person
national
whether
birth
naturalization
shall
lose
nationality
obtaining
naturalization
foreign
state
either
upon
application
naturalization
parent
legal
custody
person
taking
oath
making
affirmation
formal
declaration
allegiance
foreign
state
emphasis
supplied
stat
sec
except
provided
subsections
section
national
expatriate
expatriated
section
within
outlying
possessions
expatriation
shall
result
performance
within
outlying
possessions
acts
fulfillment
conditions
specified
section
national
thereafter
takes
residence
abroad
emphasis
supplied
stat
stat
sec
purposes
sections
act
place
general
abode
shall
deemed
place
residence
emphasis
supplied
stat
translation
shows
instrument
included
following
statement
person
question
rosetta
andrus
sorge
rosette
sorge
savorgnan
later
became
petitioner
instant
case
requested
take
oath
pronounced
following
words
rosetta
andrus
sorge
born
american
citizen
declare
renounce
truth
renounce
american
citizenship
swear
faithful
king
italy
albania
emperor
ethiopia
royal
successors
loyally
observe
statutes
laws
kingdom
italy
emphasis
supplied
see
notes
supra
government
claims
petitioner
signing
instrument
containing
oath
allegiance
king
italy
oath
allegiance
foreign
state
within
meanings
act
act
agree
see
note
supra
section
act
set
full
note
infra
true
requirements
expatriation
nationality
act
see
notes
supra
see
also
bauer
clark
cir
reynolds
haskins
cir
ex
rel
de
cicco
longo
supp
ex
rel
wrona
karnuth
supp
full
text
see
note
supra
santissima
trinidad
wheat
murray
charming
betsy
cranch
case
isaac
williams
opinion
ellsworth
see
cranch
talbot
janson
dall
ex
parte
griffin
comitis
parkerson
la
op
atty
op
atty
whereas
right
expatriation
natural
inherent
right
people
indispensable
enjoyment
rights
life
liberty
pursuit
happiness
whereas
recognition
principle
government
freely
received
emigrants
nations
invested
rights
citizenship
whereas
claimed
american
citizens
descendents
subjects
foreign
owing
allegiance
governments
thereof
whereas
necessary
maintenance
public
peace
claim
foreign
allegiance
promptly
finally
disavowed
therefore
enacted
senate
house
representatives
america
congress
assembled
declaration
instruction
opinion
order
decision
officers
government
denies
restricts
impairs
questions
right
expatriation
hereby
declared
inconsistent
fundamental
principles
government
stat
see
note
supra
see
note
supra
see
note
supra
see
note
supra
present
statute
requires
oath
following
form
hereby
declare
oath
absolutely
entirely
renounce
abjure
allegiance
fidelity
foreign
prince
potentate
state
sovereignty
heretofore
subject
citizen
support
defend
constitution
laws
america
enemies
foreign
domestic
bear
true
faith
allegiance
take
obligation
freely
without
mental
reservation
purpose
evasion
help
god
acknowledgment
whereof
hereunto
affixed
signature
stat
see
hackworth
digest
international
law
citizenship
board
appointed
secretary
state
proposed
expatriation
provisions
act
said
support
true
conflicting
laws
subject
citizenship
different
countries
child
may
born
double
allegiance
man
permitted
deliberately
place
position
services
may
claimed
one
government
allegiance
due
one
doc
sess
act
congress
added
number
per
se
acts
expatriation
included
among
others
entering
armed
forces
foreign
state
accepting
office
foreign
state
nationals
state
eligible
voting
political
election
foreign
state
lack
intent
abandon
american
citizenship
certainly
offset
fortiori
mature
citizen
accepted
naturalization
full
citizenship
foreign
state
intended
congress
greater
freedom
establish
duality
citizenship
congress
found
necessary
world
war
enact
special
legislation
assist
men
regain
american
citizenship
expatriated
taking
foreign
oath
allegiance
required
permit
enlist
armies
certain
foreign
nations
stat
et
seq
see
cong
rec
sess
sess
cong
rec
forsaking
american
citizenship
even
difficult
situation
matter
expediency
attempted
excuse
conduct
later
crass
material
considerations
suggest
course
duress
doreau
marshall
cir
see
cases
real
duress
dos
reis
nicolls
cir
schioler
supp
gogal
supp
see
act
stat
apparent
congress
intend
leave
gap
statutory
coverage
acts
expatriation
sec
nothing
contained
chapter
including
expressly
repealed
act
act
unless
otherwise
provided
therein
shall
construed
affect
validity
declaration
intention
petition
naturalization
certificate
naturalization
citizenship
document
proceeding
shall
valid
time
act
shall
take
effect
affect
prosecution
suit
action
proceedings
civil
criminal
brought
act
thing
matter
civil
criminal
done
existing
time
act
shall
take
effect
prosecutions
suits
actions
proceedings
acts
things
matters
statutes
parts
statutes
repealed
act
hereby
continued
force
effect
stat
section
act
see
note
supra
may
apply
antecedent
naturalizations
oaths
allegiance
well
future
ones
statute
made
retroactive
merely
draws
upon
antecedent
facts
operation
cox
hart
see
also
reynolds
bradley
cir
ex
rel
rojak
marshall
op
atty
see
note
supra
see
note
supra
permanent
residence
intended
statute
used
term
act
stat
hearings
house
committee
immigration
naturalization
superseded
sess
test
made
saving
clause
quoted
note
supra
may
mean
need
character
residence
determined
act
contention
department
justice
residence
abroad
required
practice
department
state
residence
abroad
required
hackworth
digest
international
law
believe
provisions
act
substantially
reflect
requirements
residence