logan argued decided april statement justice gray four indictments numbered record sections revised statutes copied returned grand jury january term district northern district texas sitting dallas district eugene logan william williams verna wilkerson clinton rutherford conspiracy injure oppress citizens free exercise right secured constitution laws murder committed prosecution conspiracy forthwith transmitted circuit indictment averred first count january graham county young district charles marlow epp marlow alfred marlow george marlow william burkhardt louis clift citizens power custody control edward johnson deputy marshal district virtue writs commitment commissioner circuit district default bail answer indictments offense laws larceny indian country within exclusive jurisdiction said johnson held power custody control pursuance said writs defendants divers persons whose names grand jurors aforesaid unknown combine conspire confederate force arms injure oppress said charles marlow epp marlow alfred marlow george marlow william burkhardt louis clift citizense america free exercise enjoyment right exercising enjoying said right secured constitution laws right protected said deputy marshal assault defendants persons right held power custody control said deputy marshal virtue said writs heretofore set forth right said custody secure persons bodily harm injury assaults cruelties discharged due process laws defendants pursuance combination conspiracy prosecution thereof january went upon highway disguise waylaid assaulted said prisoners power custody control said deputy marshal loaded shotguns revolvers winchester rifles pursuance prosecution conspiracy feloniously willfully malice aforethought deliberate premeditated design effect death weapons kill murder epp marlow peace charging murder due technical form form statute case made provided peace dignity america counts indictment substantially similar except alleged prisoners custody thomas collier sheriff jailer young county writs commitment commissioner alleged alfred marlow person murdered charged one defendants principal others accessories murder indictments substantially like indictment added john levell phlete martin defendants besides counts like indictments omitting however charge murder contained counts alleging conspiracy obstruct jailer execution writs commitment pursuance thereof attempt take prisoners jail january murder highway january five indictments returned grand jury february march transmitted circuit logan martin persons four indictments containing charges various forms like added counts indictment october term held graham following proceedings took place october district attorney moved nine indictments consolidated tried together charged cognate kindred crimes presented parts phases transaction defendants opposed motion indictments set forth offenses different grades framed different sections statutes different penalties procedures motion granted indictments consolidated title consolidated defendants excepted october defendants several indictments presented order consolidated prosecuted case docket said charging said defendants conspiracy injure oppress charles marlow others free exercise enjoyment rights secured constitution laws move quash said indictments dismiss prosecution following reasons said indictments found presented grand jury january term district northern district texas holding session dallas allegations said indictments show offenses therein charged committed subdivision said district offenses committed cognizable alone term district circuit held graham said young county therefore without jurisdiction said indictments charge defendants conspiracy injure oppress charles marlow others named said indictments free exercise enjoyment right secured constitution laws right protected deputy marshal whose custody process said indictments bad right therein alleged secured said persons constitution laws therefore jurisdiction said indictments charge offense laws within jurisdiction show upon face allegations thereof offense committed laws state texas courts said state exclusive jurisdiction overruled motion quash indictment defendants excepted october district attorney moved order set aside former order consolidation far separate five earlier indictments confirm consolidation indictments sever levell martin defendants order consolidated case stand trial logan williams wilkerson rutherford made order accordingly except williams case continued application consent district attorney order exception taken defendants logan wilkerson rutherford severally pleaded guilty trial resulting november verdict jury find defendant clinton rutherford guilty jury agree eugene logan verna wilkerson approved verdict ordered recorded also ordered rutherford discharged indictment logan wilkerson stand committed custody marshal order february term held graham motion district attorney ordered consolidated consolidated indictment numbered found grand jury district graham october forth transmitted circuit charging collier johnson levell marion wallace samuel waggoner william hollis richard cook five others named including logan conspiracy pursuance thereof attempt kill january murder january exception taken order motion district attorney suggesting deaths williams collier indictments dismissed remaining defendants indictment several indictments consolidated made motion quash second third grounds stated former motion quash motion overruled defendants excepted overruling motion pleaded guilty logan wilkerson filed special plea jeopardy offense october term tried upon indictment murder conspiracy jury said jury legally drawn impaneled sworn hearing evidence argument counsel charge retired consider verdict said jury retirement forty hours announced open unable agree defendants thereupon motion without consent defendants either discharged said jury consideration case remanded defendants custody marshal fully appear reference copies said verdict order entered thereon hereto attached defendants state existed law fact emergency hurry discharge said jury said discharge demanded ends public justice purpose motion special plea defendants aver charge circuit northern district texas graham october term jurisdiction power try determine said cause annexed plea copies verdict order thereon stated plea district attorney filed exception nature demurrer ordered exception sustained plea held naught order logan wilkerson excepted order motion district attorney johnson five others indictment severed defendants leaving case proceed logan wilkerson levell wallace waggoner hollis cook copies indictments indorsed names witnesses upon whose testimony found grand jury delivered defendants therein two days trial list witnesses produced trial proving indictment delivered defendants case called trial government announced ready defendants suggested facts moved required proceed lists furnished overruled motion defendants excepted impaneling jury district attorney leave put jurors summoned question conscientions scruples regard infliction death penalty crime answered conscientious scruples thereupon challenged cause defendants time objected jury nothing penalty passes alone upon guilt innocence defendants one disqualifications jury service laws defendants unlawfully deprived service said jurors regularly drawn summoned special venire heretofore issued herein triors cause overruled objections defendants excepted trial witness whose names indorsed either indictment called sworn testify behalf government witnesses defendants objected testifying neither names list containing names delivered defendants two days trial defendants objected ground proceeding case called trial overruled objection admitted witnesses testify material facts necessary prove indictments make case government defendants excepted phlete martin one spear offered witnesses government shown certified copies record produced exhibited convicted sentenced felony martin convicted superior iredell county state north carolina felonious homicide sentenced august imprisonment six months county jail served sentence spear convicted district tarrant county state texas two larcenies felonies law texas sentenced january two terms imprisonment two years served sentence government offered read evidence full prociamation pardon offenses issued spear governor texas may defendants objected two witnesses testifying laws texas incompetent testify virtue express statute offenses convicted infamous crimes incompetent testify held within state texas defendants objected proclamation pardon issued governor texas spear said pardon issued served full time required said judgment sentence facts called testify came knowledge said judgment conviction sentence issue said proclamation pardon said proclamation pardon retroactive effect rendering said witness competent testify facts came knowledge incompetent testify overruled objections admitted testimony witnesses material facts afterwards instructed jury competent convictions sentences affected credibility defendants excepted admission evidence instruction thereon government introduced evidence tending prove following facts shortly october term district nerthern district texas held graham four marlows named indictment one boone marlow five brothers arrested warrants issued commissioner circuit complaints charging larceny indian territory within exclusive jurisdiction term indicted offense enlarged bail went live farm young county miles graham known farm afterwards december sheriff county deputy collier went farm arrest boone marlow capias state answer charge murder without showing warrant collier fired pistol fired collier missing killed sheriff killing sheriff caused great excitement young county much resentment part friends marlows boone marlow escaped appear four marlows put county jail citizens surrendered bail committed jail edward johnson deputy marshal writs commitment commissioner directing answer indictments larceny night january body men armed partly disguised entered jail surrounded steel cage four marlows confined attempted enter resisted marlows one mob knocked injured finally withdrew without actual violence prisoners january dark johnson undertook remove marlows burkhardt clift imprisoned like commitments jail adjoining county six prisoners shackled together two two alfred charles epp george burkhardt clift irons riveted around one leg connected chain placed hack driven martin county attorney johnson defendant wallace two men armed followed another hack defendant waggoner another man also armed accompanied buggy three vehicles close order gone along highway two miles graham attacked near run called creek large body men armed disguised opened fire upon prisoners martin guards league attacking party four marlows spite shackles immediately dropped hack wrested arms either guards assailants defended killed two mob wounded others finally put rest flight johnson wounded guards also fled alfred marlow epp marlow killed two marlows severely wounded succeeded freeing brothers dead bodies took possession hack surviving marlows met burkhardt clift made way neighboring village thence denson farm following day collier new sheriff county one defendants case died trial went denson farm large body men collected purpose recapturing two surriving marlows met sheriff neighboring county whose aid summoned declined learning facts case interfere matter marlows refused give one except marshal one morton deputy violence offered collier body men kept guard near house days arrival morton remonstrance part collier took marlows custody removed dallas afterwards tried acquitted charges trial present case principal question fact defendants connection conspiracy charged indictment evidence case tending show johnson lying wounded home fight assented solicitation defendants publication newspaper statement logan one guards dry creek night january government purpose contradicting johnson independent evidence logan took part fight guard one mob called several witnesses prove declarations johnson made fight night others days logan guardon night meant go guard excused going must person informed mob intended guard night meant objected admission evidence among grounds declarations made logan presence made crime committed conspirators separated judge overruled objection admitted evidence defendants excepted admission also admitted like objection exception defendants testimony declarations collier hollis persons known witnesses made night fight escape marlows collier hollis others pursuit stopping houses way get persons join made following day funeral one conspirators elsewhere logan present fight guard wounded two surviving marlows permitted testify behalf government burkhardt clift escaping hack fight charles marlow told companions believed logan man shot shooting fight defendants objected evidence declarations made absence hearsay excepted admission defendants requested judge instruct jury matters alleged indictments proof made constituted offense laws therefore return verdict guilty judge refused instruct jury instructed follows citizen committed custody marshal state jail process issuing one courts held default bail await trial criminal charge within exclusive jurisdiction national courts citizen right constitution laws speedy public trial impartial jury tried discharged due process law right said constitution laws treated humanity protected unlawful violence deprived ordinary means defending protecting instruction well refusal give instruction requested defendants excepted judge defined crimes charged conspiracy murder prosecution conspiracy submitted jury questions whether defendants guilty conspiracy whether guilty murder also many rullings instructions excepted trial omitted statement passed upon april jury found defendants logan waggoner wallace guilty conspiracy charged indictments guilty murder acquitted defendants thereupon ordered adjudged defendants discharged logan waggoner wallace guilty conspiracy charged indictments sentenced pay fine imprisoned term years ineligible office place honor profit trust created constitution laws june sued writ error act march garland may kearby plaintiffs error atty miller sol tatt asst atty maury justice gray stating facts foregoing language delivered opinion plaintiffs error indicted sections revised statutes conspiracy murder prosecution conspiracy convicted section conspiracy injure oppress citizens free exercise enjoyment right secure assault bodily harm protected unlawful violence custody marshal lawful commitment commissioner circuit trial offense laws section revised statutes two persons conspire injure oppress threaten intimidate citizen free exercise enjoyment right privilege secured constitution laws exercised shall fined five thousand dollars imprisoned ten years shall moreover thereafter ineligible office place honor profit trust created constitution laws principal question case whether right citizen custody marshal lawful commitment answer offense protected lawless violence right secured constitution laws whether right vindicated laws several question presented record several forms raised first instance defendants moving quash indictment motion quash indictment ordinarily addressed discretion therefore refusal quash generally assigned error rosenberg wall hamilton sup motion case appears intended understood include exception according practice louisiana texas equivalent demurrer question distinctly presented judge refusal instruct jury requested instructions given jury upon question doubt said chief justice marshall great case mcculloch maryland government union though limited powers within sphere action trace found constitution intention create dependence government union execution great powers assigned means adequate ends means alone expected rely accomplishment ends impose necessity resorting means control another government may furnish withhold render course precarious result measures uncertain create dependence governments might disappoint important designs incompatible language constitution wheat among powers constitution expressly confers upon congress power make laws necessary proper carrying execution powers specifically granted powers vested constitution government department officer thereof exercise general power legislation congress may use means appearing eligible appropriate adapted end accomplished consistent letter spirit constitution mcculloch maryland wheat juilliard greenman sup although constitution contains grant general specific congress power provide punishment crimes except piracies felonies high seas offenses law nations treason counterfeiting securities current coin one doubts power congress provide punishment crimes offenses whether committed within one union within territory congress plenary exclusive jurisdiction accomplish end congress right enact laws arrest commitment accused crime offense holding safe custody indictment trial persons arrested held pursuant laws exclusive custody subject judicial process executive warrant state ableman booth tarble case wall robb connolly sup absolute right hold prisoners equal duty protect held assault injury quarter existence duty part government necessarily implies corresponding right prisoners protected right prisoners right secured constitution laws statutes provided person accused crime offense may judge commissioner circuit arrested confined bailed case may trial cognizance offense bailed may arrested bail delivered marshal deputy judge officer power commit offense thereupon recommitted custody marshal held discharged due course law rev also provided expenses attendant upon transportation place place upon temporary permanent confinement persons arrested committed laws shall paid treasury marshal case necessity may provide convenient place temporary jail make provision may deem expedient necessary keeping prisoners arrested committed authority permanent provision purpose made law rev case bar indictments alleged evidence trial tended prove jury found verdict charles marlow five others citizens custody control writs commitment commissioner circuit default bail answer indictments offense laws plaintiffs error conspired injure oppress free exercise enjoyment right secured constitution laws protected custody control assault bodily harm discharged due process laws evidence introduced government tended show assistants made attempt protect prisoners league collusion conspirators lessen impair right protection secured prisoners constitution laws prisoners exclusive custody control protection peace duty part protect lawless violence persons within custody control protection peace corresponding right persons secured constitution laws protected officers charged performance duty behalf affording protection securing right neglected violated duty prisoners less shield panoply cases heretofore decided cited behalf plaintiffs error way inconsistent views contrary contain much support matter considered cases whether particular right question secured constitution within acts congress question us important learned counsel plaintiffs error strongly relied cases fit review detail reese decided october term speaking chief justice waite said immunities created dependent upon constitution protected congress form manner protection may congress legitimate exercise legislative discretion shall provide may varied meet necessities particular right protected decision case fifteenth amendment constitution confer citizens right vote right exemption denied state right vote account race color previous condition servitude therefore sections enforcement act may pp rev undertaking punish denial obstruction right vote laws state territory grounded discrimination unconstitutional cruikshank term also opinion delivered chief justice indictment section enforcement act rev present conviction points adjudged construction constitution extent powers congress follows held first amendment constitution ordained congress make law abridging right people peaceably assemble petition government redress grievances grant people right peaceably assemble lawful purposes recognized right already existing guaranty continuance except acts congress therefore general right right secured constitution added right people peaceably assemble purpose petitioning congress redress grievances anything else connected powers duties national government attribute national citizenship protection guarantied idea government republican form implies right part citizens meet peaceably consultation respect public affairs petition redress grievances alleged counts object defendants prevent meeting purpose cause within statute within scope sovereignty held second amendment constitution declaring right people keep bear arms shall infringed equally limited scope held conspiracy individuals injure oppress intimidate citizens intent deprive life liberty without due process law come within statute power congress rights life liberty granted constitution natural inalienable rights man fourteenth amendment constitution declaring state shall deprive person life liberty property without due process law added nothing rights one citizen another simply furnished additional guaranty encroachment upon fundamental rights belong every citizen member society fundamental rights life liberty created dependent constitution said purpose rests alone duty within power punish conspiracy falsely imprison murder within state punish false imprisonment murder held provision fourteenth amendment forbidding state deny person within jurisdiction equal protection laws gave greater power congress held accordance reese cited counts conspiracy prevent hinder citizens african race free exercise enjoyment right vote state elections injure oppress voted elections alleging account race color previous condition servitude maintained saying right vote comes right exemption prohibited discrimination comes first granted secured constitution last nothing else decided cruikshank except questions technical sufficiency indictment bearing upon larger questions main principles decision based clearly summed justice bradley case circuit follows undoubtedly sound proposition whenever right guarantied constitution congress power provide enforcement either implication arising correlative duty government protect wherever right citizen conferred general power contained article par make laws necessary proper carrying execution foregoing powers powers vested constitution government department officer thereof regard acknowledged rights privileges citizen form part political inheritance derived mother country challenged vindicated centuries stubborn resistance arbitrary power belong birthright duty particular state citizen protect enforce naught deprive full enjoyment rights privileges secured constitution declaration state shall violate abridge understood created conferred constitution constitution guaranties shall impaired state case may fulfillment guaranty duty government charged affirmative enforcement rights privileges unless something expressed devolve upon belongs state government part residuary sovereignty woods strauder west virginia october term adjudged provision fourteenth amendment forbidding state deny person within jurisdiction equal protection laws violated statutes state providing white men jurors trial black man speaking justice strong said right immunity whether created constitution guarantied even without express delegation power may protected congress ex parte virginia term upheld constitutionality civil rights act march enacting citizen qualifications provided law disqualified service juror state account race color previous condition servitude officer charged duty selecting jurors exclude citizen cause guilty misdemeanor harris sup october term indictment conspiring deprive depriving certain citizens equal protection laws custody officers state lawful arrest charges crime laws said state entitled due equal protection laws thereof persons protected violence arrest aforesaid indictment section revised statutes assumed punish conspiracy purpose depriving person class persons equal protection laws following cases reese cruikshank stated held section unconstitutional broader thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth amendments constitution justify case clearly distinguished case bar facts prisoners custody officers state laws equal protection alleged deprived laws state cases reported head civil rights cases sup october term whole extent decision sections civil rights act march declaring persons within jurisdiction entitled full equal enjoyment inns public conveyances places public amusement assuming punish denial enjoyment citizen reasons law applicable citizens every race color regardless previous condition servitude unconstitutional authorized either thirteenth amendment abolishing slavery fourteenth amendment general scope purpose thus defined justice bradley delivering judgment state action particular character prohibited individual invasion individual rights amendment invest congress power legislate upon subjects within domain state legislation provide modes relief state legislation state action kind referred authorize congress create code municipal law regulation private rights provide modes redress operation state laws action state officers executive judicial subversive fundamental rights specified amendment legislation properly cover whole domain rights appertaining life liberty property defining providing vindication establish code municipal law regulative private rights man man society make congress take place state legislatures supersede sup ex parte yarbrough sup term adjudged section revised statutes indictments founded section punishing conspiracy prevent force intimidation threats citizen lawfully giving support election qualified person presidential elector member congress constitutional within implied powers congress answer argument parties assaulted officers protection congress exercising right vote stand ground protection election officers speaking jusice miller said distinction well taken power either case arises circumstance function party engaged right exercise dependent laws cases duty government see may exercise right freely protect violence account duty arise solely interest party concerned necessity government service shall free adverse influence force fraud practiced agents votes members congress president elected shall free votes electors officers thus chosen free uncorrupted choice right take part choice sup waddell sup october term reaffirmed constitutionality section revised statutes speaking eminent judge said statute careful limit operation obstruction oppression free exercise right privilege secured constitution laws exercised rights protection section extends right right privilege dependent law laws state object guaranty safety protection persons exercise rights dependent laws including course constitution treaties well statutes section least design protect rights sup particular right held case dependent secured laws protected section revised statutes interference individuals right citizen made homestead entry public land within limits state continue reside land five years purpose perfecting title patent sections revised statutes said right guarantied mere right protection personal violence result ordinary quarrel malice cognizable laws state courts something different right remain land order perform requirements act congress according rules perfect incipient title whenever acts complained character prevent throw obstruction way exercising right purpose intent prevent injure oppress person exercised right asserted law granted law acts come within purview statute constitutional power congress make statute sup baldwin franks sup october term decided word section revised statutes original act may used political sense synonymous therefore include alien regard point chief justice waite said particular section substantial section original act found among sections deal exclusively political rights citizens especially right vote evidently intended prevent discriminations particular voters account race color previous condition servitude sup say section question sections among found exclusively political rights citizens said section question limited direct conflict decision waddell cited chief justice outset discussion question whether included alien referred establishing constitutionality section whole scope effect series decisions certain fundamental rights recognized declared granted created amendments constitution thereby guarantied violation abridgment state case may therefore affirmatively enforced congress unlawful acts individuals yet every right created arising dependent upon constitution may protected enforced congress means manner congress exercise correlative duty protection legislative powers conferred upon constitution may discretion deem eligible best adapted attain object among particular rights seen adjudged secured expressly implication constitution laws within section revised statutes providing punishment conspiracles individuals conspiracies individuals enjoyment rights secured political right voter protected violence exercising right suffrage laws private right citizen made homestead entry protected interference remaining possession land time occupancy congress enacted shall entitle patent case bar right question depend upon amendments constitution arises creation establishment constitution national government paramount within sphere action government power indict try punish crime arrest accused hold trial must power duty protect unlawful interference prisoners held well executive judicial officers charged keeping trying recent case neagle sup october term held although express act congress authorizing appointment officer attend justice traveling circuit protect assault injury within power duty executive department protect judge courts reason believe personal danger executing duties office assault upon judge discharge official duties breach peace distinguished peace state assault took place marshal specially charged duty protecting guarding judge imposed upon duty whatever might necessary purpose even taking human life delivering judgment justice miller repeating language used justice bradley speaking ex parte siebold said argued preservation peace good order society within powers confided government belongs exclusively met theory government rest upon soil territory country think theory founded entire misconception nature powers government hold incontrovertible principle government may means physical force exercised official agents execute every foot american soil powers functions belong necessarily involves power command obedience laws hence power keep peace extent sup discussion question powers sheriffs state california transaction took place justice miller added peace man assaulting judge discharge duties violates peace case marshal stands relation peace sheriff county peace state california questions clear need argument prove sup bound protect lawless violence persons service custody course administration justice duty correlative right protection limited magistrates officers charged expounding executing laws apply least equal force held custody accusation crime deprived means reasons opinion crime plaintiffs error indicted convicted within reach constitutional powers congress covered section revised statutes remains considered whether denied legal right rulings instructions circuit objection consolidation indictments plaintiffs error tried convicted prevail congress enacted several charges person act transaction two acts transactions connected together two acts transactions class crimes offenses may properly joined instead several indictments whole may joined one indictment separate counts two indictments found cases may order consolidated rev record us shows different times made three orders consolidation exception taken defendants orders first one made october term four indictments trial afterwards ordered consolidated five earlier indictments included defendants different offenses second order consolidation made subsequent day term five earlier indictments ordered separated respect case stood never consolidated four later ones two defendants one four indictments ordered severed tried separately former order consolidation confirmed four indictments stood charges persons act transaction least two acts transactions connected together therefore within terms purpose section revised statutes quoted might perhaps ordered discretion tried together independently statute upon subject see ex parte yarbrough sup marchant wheat withers com serg order exception taken third order consolidation indeed made february term shortly trial new indictment different persons crime consolidated four indictments unnecessary consider whether open objection since none defendants objected excepted may considered advantageous convenient new indictment tried together four gone trial without objection indictments consolidated last order open take objection first time verdict objection made four indictments found grand jury graham dallas based misapprehension acts congress upon subject act february creating northern judicial district texas young county one counties included district section terms courts district held waco dallas graham section process issued defendants residing counties young certain adjoining counties returned graham defendants residing certain counties waco dallas respectively pp act june act amended adding end section words prosecutions either said districts offenses laws shall tried division district process county said offenses committed said section required returned writs recognizances said prosecutions shall returned division said prosecutions act tried provision affect authority grand jury district sitting place appointed held present indictments offenses committed within district requires trial writs recognizances returned division offense committed finding indictment part trial indictments tried graham conformity thestatute plea former jeopardy rightly held bad averred discharge jury former trial without defendants consent motion jury retirement consider verdict hours announced open unable agree defendants averment existed law fact emergency hurry discharge said jury said discharge demanded ends public justice allegation much specific traversable fact inference opinion control effect facts previously alleged upon facts whether discharge jury manifestly necessary order prevent defeat ends public justice question finally decided presiding judge sound exercise discretion perez wheat simmons sup defendants indicted tried crime punishable death jurors stated voir dire scruples regard infliction death penalty crime rightly permitted challenged government cause juror conscientious scruples subject prevent standing indifferent government accused trying case according law evidence impartial juror accordingly held person conscientious belief polygamy rightful may challenged cause trial polygamy reynolds miles principle applied question us justice story cornell mason justice baldwin wilson baldw well courts every state question arisen express statute many whart crim pl ed support objection competency two witnesses previously convicted sentenced felony one north carolina texas plaintiffs error relied article texas code criminal procedure makes incompetent testify criminal cases persons may convicted felony state jurisdiction unless conviction legally set aside unless convict legally pardoned crime convicted act congress republic texas december common law england practiced understood shall application juries evidence followed practiced courts republic far may inconsistent act law passed congress laws republic texas ed act force time admission texas union first act state texas incompetency witnesses reason conviction crime appears statute february persons convicted felony texas elsewhere made incompetent testify criminal actions notwithstanding pardon unless competency testify specifically restored gec laws leg tex oldham dig provision afterwards put shape stands code cited question whether existing statute state texas upon subject applicable criminal trials courts held within state depends upon construction effect section revised statutes follows courts witness shall excluded action account color civil action party interested issue tried provided actions executors administrators guardians judgment may rendered neither party shall allowed testify transaction statement testator intestate ward unless called testify thereto opposite party required testify thereto respects laws state held shall rules decision competency witnesses courts trials common law equity admiralty provision beginning section courts witness shall excluded action account color civil action party interested issue tried distinction civil action second clause action first clause shows first clause intended include criminal actions commonly called cases second clause terms restricted civil actions green wall whole section considered without reference previous statutes decision common law final clause section might also held include trials criminal well civil cases history congressional legislation judicial exposition subject renders construction impossible judiciary act september enacted laws several except constitution treaties statutes shall otherwise require provide shall regarded rules decision trials common law courts cases apply although section stood two sections clearly applicable criminal cases adjudged december term upon certificate division opinion circuit directly presenting question section include criminal trials leave power prescribe change time time rules evidence trials courts offenses chief justice taney delivering unanimous judgment said language section upon fair construction extended beyond civil cases common law contradistinguished suits equity far concerns rights property rule adopted courts one congress power establish section quoted merely intended confer courts jurisdiction necessary enable administer laws supposed without plain words show congress intended give power prescribing rules evidence trials offenses construction effect place criminal jurisprudence one sovereignty control another evident design act congress law opinion admissibility testimony criminal cases must determined law state courts established judiciary act courts haveuniformly courts uniformly congress thus sanctioned practice sixty years reid congress enacted laws state shall held shall rules decision competency witnesses courts trials common law equity admiralty familiar rule words common law statute receive construction judicially given words earlier statute relating subject abbotsford mooney sup louisville underwriters sup received construction several circuit courts hawthorne dill brown sawy black fox question come probably never division opinion upon circuit way recently brought provision courts shall exclusion witness account color civil actions party interested issue tried first introduced sundry civil appropriation act year ending june proviso section making appropriation bringing counterfeiters trial punishment act july proviso already suggested included criminal cases first clause distinguished second tendency bring criminal cases within general provision act proviso actions executors administrators guardians added way amendment section appropriation act mentioned act march proviso evidently relation criminal cases combination transposition provisions single section revised statutes putting two provisos later statutes first general rule earlier statute last hardly changing words either except far necessary connect together held altered scope purpose enactments inferred congress revising consolidating statutes intended change effect unless intention clearly expressed potter bank mcdonald hovey sup ryder sup may added congress enacted person convicted perjury subornation perjury laws shall incapable giving testimony judgment reversed rev made specific provisions competency witnesses criminal cases permitting defendant criminal case testify trial request making lawful husband wife accused competent witness prosecution bigamy polygamy unlawful cohabitation act march act march reasons stated provision section revised statutes laws state held shall rules decision competency witnesses courts trials common law equity admiralty application criminal trials therefore competency witnesses criminal trials courts held within state texas governed statute state first enacted except far congress made specific provisions upon subject governed common law seen law texas passage statute time admission texas union state common law general principles jurisprudence controlled express statute giving effect within state enacts conviction sentence another state conviction sentence effect way penalty personal disability disqualification beyond limits state judgment rendered wisconsin insurance sup com green mass sims sims trust gleason story confl laws greenl ev follows conviction martin north carolina make incompetent testify trial case competency spear testify equally clear convicted sentenced texas full pardon governor state although granted served term imprisonment thenceforth took away disqualifications witness restored competency testify facts within knowledge even came knowledge disqualification removed pardon boyd sup jones justice thompson wheeler crim cas hunnicutt state tex app thornton state tex app whether conviction either witness admissible affect credibility us ruling question favor plaintiffs error another question worthy consideration arises omission deliver defendants lists witnesses called section revised statutes follows person indicted treason copy indictment list jury witnesses produced trial proving indictment stating place abode juror witness shall delivered least three entire days tried person indicted capital offense copy indictment list jurors witnesses shall delivered least two entire days trial section provision first crimes act except act defendant indicted capital offense treason entitled list witnesses act april words existing statute plain misunderstood defendant indicted treason delivered three days trial copy indictment list jury witnesses produced trial proving indictment indicted capital offense copy indictment list jurors witnesses two days trial list witnesses required delivered defendant list witnesses whose testimony indictment found whose names indorsed indictment list produced trial proving indictment provision directory mandatory government purpose inform defendant testimony meet enable prepare defense enacted benefit may doubtless waive pleases right insist upon seasonably trial lawfully proceed requirement complied stewart dall curtis mason dow taney regina frost car moody lord state people hall keener state provision evidently derived english statute anne enacted person indicted high treason misprision treason list witnesses shall produced trial proving said indictment jury mentioning names profession place abode said witnesses jurors also given time copy indictment delivered party indicted copies indictments offenses aforesaid lists shall delivered party indicted ten days trial presence two credible witnesses upon case brought judges england copy indictment list jurors delivered defendant days list witnesses produced trial delivered days trial defendant put upon trial jury sworn charged upon indictment objected upon first witness called sworn neither witness examined list witnesses delivered time indictment list jurors statute anne required argued crown list witnesses seasonably delivered objection taken earlier held majority judges delivery list witnesses good delivery point law objection delivery taken due time judges agreed objection made due time effect postponement trial order give time proper delivery list course argument chief justice tindal said list delivered crown called single witness regina frost car moody new hampshire statute providing person indicted offense punishment may death confinement hard labor life shall entitled copy indictment arraigned thereon list witnesses used trial jurors returned serve name place abode delivered hours trial held objection list witnesses want due statement places abode waived taken one witness called sworn trial chief justice parker delivering judgment said defendant objection list statute requires furnished may object case called proceeding trial requisition statute complied competent respondent witness called case examined except witness named list furnished purpose excluding testimony witness rev lord state occasion consider far government delivered defendants required statute lists witnesses produced proving indictments particular witnesses afterwards coming knowledge government becoming necessary reason unexpected developments trial might permitted special reasons shown discretion testify case present case copies indictments indorsed names witnesses upon whose testimony found grand jury delivered defendants two days trial list produced trial proving indictment ever delivered witnesses none whose names indorsed indictments called government admitted testify course support indictments make case government without suggestion reason delivered defendants lists required statute pretense waiver part right list contrary took objection case called trial impaneling jury renewed objection soon witnesses whose names indorsed either indictments called sworn testify support indictments given testimony case occasion duly took exception overruling objection indictments charged defendants conspiracy capital offense also prosecution conspiracy committed murder capital offense therefore lawfully put trial objection least two days furnished list witnesses called tried lives right benefit statute refusal accord manifest error contended behalf error cured verdict acquitting defendants capital charge convicting lesser crime argument defendants prevailed defense capital charge legally prejudiced entitled list witnesses indicted tried charge ultimately convicted may doubted whether satisfactory answer objection indictment capital offense usually includes offense less capital defendant may convicted either instance one indicted murder may convicted manslaughter assault statute make defendant right list witnesses called depend upon degree crime upon trial ultimately convicted upon degree crime indicted list delivered trial person indicted capital offense objection defendants furnished list witnesses like ordinary objection competency particular testimony affected whole course trial put defendants anxiety danger capitally convicted return verdict true goverment might elected indict capital offense might perhaps objection want list witnesses first taken entered nolle prosequi much indictment contained allegations necessary make offense unnecessary constitute lesser crime conspiracy thereupon proceeded trial without delivering list witnesses government elected indict try defendants capital crime may well held bound afford means preparing defense statute required furnished might perhaps enabled defendants secure complete acquittal everything charged case bears analogy defendant held answer infamous crime without presentment indictment grand jury said question whether crime one statutes authorize award infamous punishment whether punishment ultimately awarded infamous one accused danger subjected infamous punishment convicted right insist shall put upon trial except accusation grand jury ex parte wilson sup unnecessary however case express definitive opinion upon question whether omission deliver list witnesses defendants require reversal conviction sentence less capital offense inasmuch entitled new trial upon another ground went far admitting testimony general question conspiracy doubtless cases conspiracy act one conspirator prosecution evidence evidence gooding wheat acts declarations admissible rule done made conspiracy pending furtherance object conspiracy come end whether success failure admissions one conspirator way narrative past facts admissible evidence others greenl ev greenl ev state dean ired patton state ohio state thibeau state larkin heine davis state tex app tested rule quite clear defendants trial affected admissions made others alleged conspirators conspiracy ended attack prisoners killing two dispersion mob evidence record tending show conspiracy continued time even suggested counsel conspiracy included attempt manufacture evidence shield logan johnson subsequent declarations logan acted mob fight dry creek execution furtherance conspiracy mere narratives past fact statements effect made charles marlow companions returning denson farm fight incompetent view case evidence tending prove conspiracy acts logan furtherance conspiracy therefore admissible conspirators acts admission incompetent evidence acts logan prejudiced defendants entitles new trial upon exceptions taken jefendants rulings instructions trial give opinion involve question public interest may arise form judgment reversed case remanded circuit directions set aside verdict order new trial justice lamar concur opinion construction section revised statutes justice brewer present argument took part decision case footnotes two persons conspire injure oppress threaten intimidate citizen free exercise enjoyment right privilege secured constitution laws exercised two persons go disguise highway premises another intent prevent hinder free exercise enjoyment right privilege secured shall fined five thousand dollars imprisoned ten years shall moreover thereafter ineligible office place honor profit trust created constitution laws act violating provision either two preceding sections felony misdemeanor committed offender shall punished punishment attached felony misdemeanor laws state offense committed laws texas killing malice either express implied murder murder committed express malice murder first degree punishment murder first degree death imprisonment penitentiary life degree murder well punishment found jury pen code tex arts