mississippi
university
women
hogan
argued
march
decided
july
held
policy
petitioner
mississippi
university
women
muw
university
inception
limited
enrollment
women
denying
otherwise
qualified
males
respondent
right
enroll
credit
school
nursing
violates
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
pp
party
seeking
uphold
statute
classifies
individuals
basis
gender
must
carry
burden
showing
exceedingly
persuasive
justification
classification
kirchberg
feenstra
personnel
administrator
mass
feeney
burden
met
showing
least
classification
serves
important
governmental
objectives
discriminatory
means
employed
substantially
related
achievement
objectives
wengler
druggists
mutual
insurance
test
must
applied
free
fixed
notions
concerning
roles
abilities
males
females
pp
admissions
policy
muw
school
nursing
justified
asserted
ground
compensates
discrimination
women
therefore
constitutes
educational
affirmative
action
state
evoke
compensatory
purpose
justify
otherwise
discriminatory
classification
members
gender
benefited
classification
actually
suffer
disadvantage
related
classification
rather
compensating
discriminatory
barriers
faced
women
muw
policy
tends
perpetuate
stereotyped
view
nursing
exclusively
woman
job
moreover
state
shown
classification
substantially
directly
related
proposed
compensatory
objective
contrary
muw
policy
permitting
men
attend
classes
auditors
fatally
undermines
claim
women
least
school
nursing
adversely
affected
presence
men
thus
state
fallen
far
short
establishing
exceedingly
persuasive
justification
needed
sustain
classification
pp
exclusion
men
muw
school
nursing
justified
basis
language
title
ix
education
amendments
exempts
general
prohibition
gender
discrimination
federally
funded
education
programs
admissions
policies
public
institutions
undergraduate
higher
education
traditionally
continually
establishment
policy
admitting
students
one
sex
clear
argued
state
congress
enacted
statute
pursuant
power
granted
fourteenth
amendment
enforce
amendment
thus
placed
limitation
upon
broad
prohibitions
equal
protection
clause
rather
congress
apparently
intended
create
exemption
title
ix
requirements
event
congress
power
limited
adopting
measures
enforce
guarantees
amendment
grants
congress
power
restrict
abrogate
dilute
guarantees
katzenbach
morgan
pp
delivered
opinion
brennan
white
marshall
stevens
joined
burger
post
blackmun
post
filed
dissenting
opinions
powell
filed
dissenting
opinion
rehnquist
joined
post
hunter
gholson
argued
cause
petitioners
briefs
bill
allain
attorney
general
mississippi
ed
davis
noble
assistant
attorney
general
wilbur
colom
argued
cause
respondent
brief
wayne
drinkwater
zona
fairbanks
hostetler
suellen
terrill
keiner
phyllis
segal
marcia
greenberger
judith
lichtman
filed
brief
national
women
law
center
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
justice
delivered
opinion
case
presents
narrow
issue
whether
state
statute
excludes
males
enrolling
professional
nursing
school
violates
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
facts
dispute
mississippi
legislature
created
mississippi
industrial
institute
college
education
white
girls
state
mississippi
oldest
college
miss
laws
ch
school
known
today
mississippi
university
women
muw
inception
limited
enrollment
women
muw
established
school
nursing
initially
offering
associate
degree
three
years
later
school
instituted
baccalaureate
program
nursing
today
also
offers
graduate
program
school
nursing
faculty
administrative
officers
establishes
criteria
admission
respondent
joe
hogan
registered
nurse
hold
baccalaureate
degree
nursing
since
worked
nursing
supervisor
medical
center
columbus
city
muw
located
hogan
applied
admission
muw
school
nursing
baccalaureate
program
although
otherwise
qualified
denied
admission
school
nursing
solely
sex
school
officials
informed
audit
courses
interested
enroll
credit
tr
hogan
filed
action
district
northern
district
mississippi
claiming
admissions
policy
muw
school
nursing
violated
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
hogan
sought
injunctive
declaratory
relief
well
compensatory
damages
following
hearing
district
denied
preliminary
injunctive
relief
app
pet
cert
concluded
maintenance
muw
school
bears
rational
relationship
state
legitimate
interest
providing
greatest
practical
range
educational
opportunities
female
student
population
furthermore
stated
admissions
policy
arbitrary
providing
schools
consistent
respected
though
means
universally
accepted
educational
theory
education
affords
unique
benefits
students
ibid
stating
case
presented
issue
fact
informed
hogan
enter
summary
judgment
dismissing
claim
unless
tendered
factual
issue
hogan
offered
evidence
district
entered
summary
judgment
favor
state
record
appeals
fifth
circuit
reversed
holding
admissions
policy
discriminates
basis
gender
district
improperly
used
rational
relationship
test
judge
constitutionality
policy
instead
appeals
stated
proper
test
whether
state
carried
heavier
burden
showing
classification
substantially
related
important
governmental
objective
recognizing
state
significant
interest
providing
educational
opportunities
citizens
found
state
failed
show
providing
unique
educational
opportunity
females
males
bears
substantial
relationship
interest
holding
policy
excluding
hogan
sex
denies
equal
protection
laws
vacated
summary
judgment
entered
hogan
claim
monetary
damages
remanded
entry
declaratory
judgment
conformity
opinion
appropriate
proceedings
rehearing
state
contended
congress
enacting
title
ix
education
amendments
pub
stat
et
expressly
authorized
muw
continue
admissions
policy
exempting
public
undergraduate
institutions
traditionally
used
admissions
policies
gender
discrimination
prohibition
title
ix
provision
state
argued
congress
limited
reach
fourteenth
amendment
exercising
power
amendment
appeals
rejected
argument
holding
fourteenth
amendment
grant
congress
power
authorize
maintain
practices
otherwise
violative
amendment
granted
certiorari
affirm
judgment
appeals
ii
begin
analysis
aided
several
firmly
established
principles
challenged
policy
expressly
discriminates
among
applicants
basis
gender
subject
scrutiny
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
reed
reed
statutory
policy
discriminates
males
rather
females
exempt
scrutiny
reduce
standard
review
caban
mohammed
orr
orr
decisions
also
establish
party
seeking
uphold
statute
classifies
individuals
basis
gender
must
carry
burden
showing
exceedingly
persuasive
justification
classification
kirchberg
feenstra
personnel
administrator
mass
feeney
burden
met
showing
least
classification
serves
important
governmental
objectives
discriminatory
means
employed
substantially
related
achievement
objectives
wengler
druggists
mutual
ins
although
test
determining
validity
classification
straightforward
must
applied
free
fixed
notions
concerning
roles
abilities
males
females
care
must
taken
ascertaining
whether
statutory
objective
reflects
archaic
stereotypic
notions
thus
statutory
objective
exclude
protect
members
one
gender
presumed
suffer
inherent
handicap
innately
inferior
objective
illegitimate
see
frontiero
richardson
plurality
opinion
state
objective
legitimate
important
next
determine
whether
requisite
direct
substantial
relationship
objective
means
present
purpose
requiring
close
relationship
assure
validity
classification
determined
reasoned
analysis
rather
mechanical
application
traditional
often
inaccurate
assumptions
proper
roles
men
women
need
requirement
amply
revealed
reference
broad
range
statutes
already
invalidated
statutes
relied
upon
simplistic
outdated
assumption
gender
used
proxy
germane
bases
classification
craig
boren
establish
link
objective
classification
applying
framework
analyze
arguments
advanced
state
justify
refusal
allow
males
enroll
credit
muw
school
nursing
iii
state
primary
justification
maintaining
admissions
policy
muw
school
nursing
compensates
discrimination
women
therefore
constitutes
educational
affirmative
action
brief
petitioners
applied
school
nursing
find
state
argument
unpersuasive
limited
circumstances
classification
favoring
one
sex
justified
intentionally
directly
assists
members
sex
disproportionately
burdened
see
schlesinger
ballard
however
consistently
emphasized
mere
recitation
benign
compensatory
purpose
automatic
shield
protects
inquiry
actual
purposes
underlying
statutory
scheme
weinberger
wiesenfeld
searching
analysis
must
made
regardless
whether
state
objective
eliminate
family
controversy
reed
reed
achieve
administrative
efficiency
frontiero
richardson
balance
burdens
borne
males
females
readily
apparent
state
evoke
compensatory
purpose
justify
otherwise
discriminatory
classification
members
gender
benefited
classification
actually
suffer
disadvantage
related
classification
considered
situation
califano
webster
involved
challenge
statutory
classification
allowed
women
eliminate
years
men
purposes
computing
social
security
retirement
benefits
although
effect
classification
allow
women
higher
monthly
benefits
available
men
earning
history
upheld
statutory
scheme
noting
took
account
women
unfairly
hindered
earning
much
men
work
ed
directly
remedy
resulting
economic
disparity
similar
pattern
discrimination
women
influenced
decision
schlesinger
ballard
supra
considered
federal
statute
granted
female
naval
officers
tenure
commissioned
service
mandatory
discharge
accorded
male
officers
tenure
recognized
women
barred
combat
duty
fewer
opportunities
promotion
male
counterparts
allowing
women
additional
four
years
reach
particular
rank
subjecting
mandatory
discharge
statute
directly
compensated
statutory
barriers
advancement
sharp
contrast
mississippi
made
showing
women
lacked
opportunities
obtain
training
field
nursing
attain
positions
leadership
field
muw
school
nursing
opened
door
women
currently
deprived
opportunities
fact
year
school
nursing
first
class
enrolled
women
earned
percent
nursing
baccalaureate
degrees
conferred
mississippi
percent
degrees
earned
nationwide
dept
health
education
welfare
earned
degrees
conferred
institutional
date
year
aberration
one
decade
earlier
women
earned
nursing
degrees
conferred
mississippi
percent
degrees
conferred
nationwide
dept
health
education
welfare
earned
degrees
conferred
bachelor
higher
degrees
one
expect
labor
force
reflects
predominance
women
nursing
muw
school
nursing
began
operation
nearly
percent
employed
registered
nurses
female
bureau
census
statistical
abstract
rather
compensate
discriminatory
barriers
faced
women
muw
policy
excluding
males
admission
school
nursing
tends
perpetuate
stereotyped
view
nursing
exclusively
woman
job
assuring
mississippi
allots
openings
nursing
schools
women
men
muw
admissions
policy
lends
credibility
old
view
women
men
become
nurses
makes
assumption
nursing
field
women
prophecy
see
stanton
stanton
thus
conclude
although
state
recited
benign
compensatory
purpose
failed
establish
alleged
objective
actual
purpose
underlying
discriminatory
classification
policy
invalid
also
fails
second
part
equal
protection
test
state
made
showing
classification
substantially
directly
related
proposed
compensatory
objective
contrary
muw
policy
permitting
men
attend
classes
auditors
fatally
undermines
claim
women
least
school
nursing
adversely
affected
presence
men
muw
permits
men
audit
participate
fully
classes
additionally
men
women
take
part
continuing
education
courses
offered
school
nursing
regular
nursing
students
also
enroll
deposition
james
strobel
deposition
dean
annette
barrar
uncontroverted
record
reveals
admitting
men
nursing
classes
affect
teaching
style
deposition
nancy
herban
presence
men
classroom
affect
performance
female
nursing
students
tr
deposition
dean
annette
barrar
men
coeducational
nursing
schools
dominate
classroom
deposition
nancy
herban
sum
record
case
flatly
inconsistent
claim
excluding
men
school
nursing
necessary
reach
muw
educational
goals
thus
considering
asserted
interest
relationship
interest
methods
used
state
conclude
state
fallen
far
short
establishing
exceedingly
persuasive
justification
needed
sustain
classification
accordingly
hold
muw
policy
denying
males
right
enroll
credit
school
nursing
violates
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
additional
attempt
justify
exclusion
men
muw
school
nursing
state
contends
muw
direct
beneficiary
specific
congressional
legislation
face
permits
institution
exist
past
brief
petitioners
argument
based
upon
language
title
ix
education
amendments
although
prohibits
gender
discrimination
education
programs
receive
federal
financial
assistance
subsection
exempts
admissions
policies
undergraduate
institutions
traditionally
continually
establishment
policy
admitting
students
one
sex
general
prohibition
see
supra
arguing
congress
enacted
title
ix
furtherance
power
enforce
fourteenth
amendment
power
granted
amendment
state
us
conclude
congressional
limitation
upon
broad
prohibitions
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
brief
petitioners
argument
requires
little
comment
initially
far
clear
congress
intended
exempt
muw
constitutional
obligation
rather
congress
apparently
intended
exempt
muw
requirements
title
ix
even
congress
envisioned
constitutional
exemption
state
argument
fail
section
fourteenth
amendment
gives
congress
broad
power
indeed
enforce
command
amendment
secure
persons
enjoyment
perfect
equality
civil
rights
equal
protection
laws
state
denial
invasion
ex
parte
virginia
congress
power
however
limited
adopting
measures
enforce
guarantees
amendment
grants
congress
power
restrict
abrogate
dilute
guarantees
katzenbach
morgan
although
give
deference
congressional
decisions
classifications
neither
congress
state
validate
law
denies
rights
guaranteed
fourteenth
amendment
see
califano
goldfarb
williams
rhodes
fact
language
applies
muw
provides
state
solace
statute
apparently
governing
dispute
applied
judges
consistently
obligations
supremacy
clause
application
statute
conflict
constitution
marbury
madison
cranch
younger
harris
iv
conclude
state
policy
excluding
males
muw
school
nursing
violates
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
affirm
judgment
appeals
ordered
footnotes
record
exhibit
bulletin
mississippi
university
women
baccalaureate
degree
hogan
able
earn
higher
salary
eligible
obtain
specialized
training
anesthetist
tr
james
strobel
president
muw
verified
men
audit
equivalent
full
classload
either
night
daytime
classes
section
title
ix
education
amendments
pub
stat
provides
part
person
shall
basis
sex
excluded
participation
denied
benefits
subjected
discrimination
education
program
activity
receiving
federal
financial
assistance
except
regard
admissions
educational
institutions
section
shall
apply
institutions
vocational
education
professional
education
graduate
higher
education
public
institutions
undergraduate
higher
education
regard
admissions
section
shall
apply
public
institution
undergraduate
higher
education
institution
traditionally
continually
establishment
policy
admitting
students
one
sex
section
fourteenth
amendment
provides
congress
shall
power
enforce
appropriate
legislation
provisions
article
although
statements
appeals
decision
refer
schools
within
muw
see
factual
underpinning
hogan
claim
relief
involved
exclusion
nursing
program
complaint
appeals
holding
applies
hogan
individual
claim
relief
additionally
oral
argument
counsel
verified
hogan
sought
admission
school
nursing
tr
oral
arg
hogan
claim
thus
limited
review
judgments
statements
opinions
black
cutter
laboratories
decline
address
question
whether
muw
admissions
policy
applied
males
seeking
admission
schools
school
nursing
violates
fourteenth
amendment
without
question
muw
admissions
policy
worked
hogan
disadvantage
although
hogan
attended
classes
received
credit
one
mississippi
coeducational
nursing
programs
none
located
columbus
attend
driving
considerable
distance
home
tr
similarly
situated
female
required
choose
forgoing
credit
bearing
inconvenience
moreover
since
many
students
enrolled
school
nursing
hold
jobs
deposition
dean
annette
barrar
hogan
female
colleagues
available
opportunity
open
hogan
obtain
credit
additional
training
policy
denying
males
right
obtain
credit
toward
baccalaureate
degree
thus
imposed
upon
hogan
burden
bear
female
orr
orr
dissenting
opinion
justice
powell
argues
less
rigorous
test
apply
hogan
advance
serious
equal
protection
claim
post
justice
blackmun
without
proposing
alternative
test
labels
test
applicable
discrimination
rigid
productive
needless
conformity
post
past
decisions
establish
however
classification
expressly
discriminates
basis
gender
analysis
level
scrutiny
applied
determine
validity
classification
vary
simply
objective
appears
acceptable
individual
members
validity
importance
objective
may
affect
outcome
analysis
analysis
change
thus
apply
test
previously
relied
upon
measure
constitutionality
discrimination
conclude
challenged
statutory
classification
substantially
related
important
objective
need
decide
whether
classifications
based
upon
gender
inherently
suspect
see
stanton
stanton
history
provides
numerous
examples
legislative
attempts
exclude
women
particular
areas
simply
legislators
believed
women
less
able
men
perform
particular
function
remained
unmoved
myra
bradwell
argument
fourteenth
amendment
prohibited
state
classifying
unfit
practice
law
simply
female
bradwell
illinois
wall
opinion
concurring
judgment
justice
bradley
described
reasons
underlying
state
decision
determine
positions
men
fill
prerogative
legislator
prescribe
regulations
founded
nature
reason
experience
due
admission
qualified
persons
professions
callings
demanding
special
skill
confidence
fairly
belongs
police
power
state
opinion
view
peculiar
characteristics
destiny
mission
woman
within
province
legislature
ordain
offices
positions
callings
shall
filled
discharged
men
shall
receive
benefit
energies
responsibilities
decision
firmness
presumed
predominate
sterner
sex
similar
vein
goesaert
cleary
upheld
legislature
right
preclude
women
bartending
except
limited
circumstances
ground
legislature
devise
preventive
measures
moral
social
problems
result
women
apparently
men
tend
bar
similarly
many
protective
labor
laws
enacted
late
early
centuries
often
objective
protection
weaker
workers
laws
assumed
meant
females
see
generally
brown
freedman
katz
price
women
rights
law
instance
stanton
stanton
supra
invalidated
state
statute
specified
greater
age
majority
males
females
thereby
affected
period
divorced
parent
responsible
supporting
children
question
importance
validity
state
interest
defining
parents
obligation
support
children
minority
analysis
however
determined
purported
relationship
objective
classification
based
upon
traditional
assumptions
female
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white
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black
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mayes
history
education
mississippi
hereinafter
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see
also
neilson
history
mississippi
state
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women
unpublished
manuscript
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two
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code
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generalizations
women
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powell
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classification
mississippi
elected
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women
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state
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powell
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arts
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dissenting
unless
mississippi
university
women
wished
preserve
historical
anachronism
one
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observes
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mississippi
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hattiesburg
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women
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enriched
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life
effect
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state
may
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even
single
institution
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learning
open
women
students
gives
heed
efforts
state
mississippi
provide
abundant
opportunities
young
men
young
women
attend
coeducational
institutions
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preferences
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women
years
evidenced
approval
college
choosing
mississippi
university
women
muw
seven
coeducational
universities
within
state
decides
today
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protection
clause
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unlawful
state
provide
women
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man
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class
whose
primary
concern
personal
convenience
undisputed
women
enjoy
complete
equality
opportunity
mississippi
public
system
higher
education
state
universities
junior
colleges
except
muw
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least
two
mississippi
universities
provided
respondent
nursing
curriculum
wishes
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male
joined
complaint
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personal
acquaintance
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emphatically
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urging
state
mississippi
allowed
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classification
provides
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choice
women
moreover
believe
mississippi
educational
system
upheld
case
even
inappropriate
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analysis
applied
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historically
novel
educational
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grade
school
high
school
college
graduate
professional
training
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population
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educated
sexually
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level
instance
recently
prestigious
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universities
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ivy
league
long
histories
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harvard
yale
princeton
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colleges
well
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half
century
seven
sister
institutions
established
parallel
standard
excellence
women
colleges
seven
sisters
mount
holyoke
opened
female
seminary
chartered
college
vassar
founded
smith
wellesley
radcliffe
bryn
mawr
barnard
mount
holyoke
smith
wellesley
recently
made
considered
decisions
remain
essentially
institutions
see
carnegie
commission
higher
education
opportunities
women
higher
education
carnegie
report
excerpted
babcock
freedman
norton
ross
sex
discrimination
law
babcock
barnard
retains
independence
columbia
traditional
coordinate
institution
harvard
radcliffe
maintained
separate
admissions
policies
recently
sexual
segregation
students
reflection
rather
imposition
upon
preference
subject
policy
disputed
example
highly
qualified
women
attending
leading
women
colleges
earned
admission
virtually
college
choice
women
attending
colleges
chosen
usually
expressing
preference
special
benefits
institutions
similar
decisions
made
colleges
elected
remain
open
women
arguable
benefits
colleges
also
continue
recognized
students
higher
education
carnegie
commission
higher
education
reported
favor
continuation
colleges
women
provide
element
diversity
environment
women
generally
speak
classes
hold
positions
leadership
campus
role
models
mentors
among
women
teachers
administrators
carnegie
report
quoted
davidson
ginsburg
kay
discrimination
empirical
study
cooperative
institutional
research
program
american
counsel
education
university
california
los
angeles
also
affirmed
distinctive
benefits
colleges
universities
summarized
astin
four
critical
years
data
established
oth
male
female
colleges
facilitate
student
involvement
several
areas
academic
interaction
faculty
verbal
aggressiveness
men
women
colleges
also
positive
effect
intellectual
students
colleges
satisfied
students
coeducational
colleges
virtually
aspects
college
life
area
students
less
satisfied
social
life
ii
issue
case
whether
state
transgresses
constitution
within
context
public
system
offers
diverse
range
campuses
curricula
educational
alternatives
seeks
accommodate
legitimate
personal
preferences
desiring
advantages
college
view
errs
seriously
assuming
without
argument
discussion
equal
protection
standard
generally
applicable
sex
discrimination
appropriate
standard
designed
free
women
archaic
overbroad
generalizations
schlesinger
ballard
previous
case
applied
invalidate
state
efforts
expand
women
choices
prior
sex
discrimination
decisions
male
plaintiff
case
choice
equal
benefit
cases
cited
therefore
control
issue
us
women
given
opportunity
benefit
men
cases
involving
male
plaintiffs
equally
inapplicable
craig
boren
male
permitted
buy
beer
anywhere
state
women
afforded
choice
whether
accept
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measured
generalities
concerning
drinking
tendencies
aggregate
groups
similar
situation
prevailed
orr
orr
men
opportunity
seek
alimony
divorced
wives
women
escape
statute
stereotypical
announcement
state
preference
allocation
family
responsibilities
wife
plays
dependent
role
applying
heightened
equal
protection
analysis
case
frustrates
liberating
spirit
equal
protection
clause
prohibits
providing
women
opportunity
choose
type
university
prefer
yet
women
regards
victims
illegal
stereotyped
perception
role
women
society
reasons
way
case
woman
complained
complainant
man
advances
claims
behalf
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recalled
denied
substantive
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opportunity
even
right
attend
coeducational
college
see
brief
respondent
colleges
open
located
inconvenient
distances
iii
views
case
presenting
serious
equal
protection
claim
sex
discrimination
sustain
mississippi
right
continue
muw
analysis
need
apply
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accept
present
purposes
standard
applied
distinction
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serve
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governmental
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means
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wengler
druggists
mutual
ins
record
case
reflects
muw
historic
position
state
educational
system
dating
back
women
presently
evidence
preference
muw
enrolled
choice
one
discriminates
invidiously
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state
purpose
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choice
legitimate
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finest
minds
among
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students
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institutions
afford
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course
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views
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reason
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dimension
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interest
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suggests
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operated
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view
nursing
exclusively
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ante
muw
school
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created
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founded
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supports
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profession
muw
admission
policy
indeed
muw
school
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instituted
decade
separate
school
nursing
established
coeducational
university
mississippi
jackson
see
university
mississippi
undergraduate
catalog
school
nursing
makes
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part
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small
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muw
diverse
modern
university
campus
curriculum
departments
muw
campus
offer
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range
degrees
typical
range
subjects
indication
women
suffer
fewer
opportunities
mississippi
state
campuses
muw
admission
policy
sum
practice
voluntarily
chosen
education
honored
tradition
country
even
rarely
exists
state
colleges
universities
mississippi
accommodation
student
choices
legitimate
completely
consensual
important
permits
students
decide
type
college
education
think
benefit
finally
mississippi
policy
substantially
related
objective
iv
distinctive
feature
america
tradition
respect
diversity
characteristic
peoples
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lands
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see
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aspect
means
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heritage
available
choice
coeducational
institutions
higher
learning
answers
discrimination
may
tolerable
example
candidates
admission
able
contribute
educational
institution
able
contribute
less
discrimination
constitutional
dimension
found
discrimination
finds
difficult
identify
victims
hardly
claim
women
discriminated
constitutional
case
held
exist
solely
one
man
found
inconvenient
travel
institutions
made
available
state
mississippi
essence
insists
right
attend
college
home
community
simply
sex
discrimination
case
equal
protection
clause
never
intended
applied
kind
case
wo
mississippi
universities
offered
coeducational
programs
leading
bachelor
science
nursing
university
southern
mississippi
hattiesburg
miles
columbus
university
mississippi
jackson
miles
columbus
brief
respondent
see
also
tr
oral
arg
history
briefly
summarized
higher
education
northeast
duplicated
mention
state
virginia
even
today
hollins
college
mary
baldwin
college
randolph
macon
woman
college
sweet
briar
college
remain
women
colleges
proud
respected
reputation
quality
education
true
historically
many
institutions
higher
education
particularly
east
south
extents
choices
means
universally
available
men
women
choices
always
substantial
purpose
relating
experience
country
colleges
universities
document
obvious
generations
americans
including
scholars
thought
wholly
without
regard
discriminatory
animus
distinct
advantages
type
higher
education
announcing
wellesley
decision
remain
women
college
president
barbara
newell
said
research
clearly
demonstrates
women
colleges
produce
disproportionate
number
women
leaders
women
responsible
positions
society
demonstrate
higher
proportion
women
faculty
higher
motivation
women
students
carnegie
report
babcock
similarly
rejecting
coeducation
mount
holyoke
trustees
committee
coeducation
reported
conditions
historically
justified
founding
women
colleges
continued
justify
remaining
tradition
ibid
benefits
education
asserted
students
alumnae
muw
one
expect
regard
views
directly
relevant
case
aspect
life
known
courtship
american
female
remains
role
pursued
sex
expected
adorn
groom
attract
male
without
comment
common
sense
equities
social
arrangement
remains
sociological
fact
institution
collegiate
higher
learning
maintained
exclusively
women
uniquely
able
provide
education
atmosphere
women
best
attain
maximum
learning
potential
serve
overcome
historic
repression
past
orient
woman
function
achieve
still
male
dominated
economy
free
students
burden
playing
mating
game
attending
classes
thus
giving
academic
rather
sexual
emphasis
consequently
many
institutions
flourish
graduates
make
significant
contributions
arts
professions
business
brief
mississippi
university
women
alumnae
association
amicus
curiae
constitution
require
classification
keep
abreast
latest
educational
opinion
especially
remains
respectable
opinion
contrary
rule
mean
courts
legislatures
determine
matters
public
policy
williams
mcnair
supp
sc
omitted
summarily
aff
see
kirchberg
feenstra
invalidating
statute
gave
husband
head
master
property
jointly
owned
wife
unilateral
right
dispose
property
without
spouse
consent
wengler
druggists
mutual
ins
invalidating
law
benefits
working
woman
expect
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case
death
less
payable
spouse
deceased
male
wage
earner
stanton
stanton
invalidating
statute
provided
shorter
period
parental
support
obligation
female
children
male
children
weinberger
wiesenfeld
invalidating
statute
failed
grant
woman
worker
protection
similarly
situated
male
worker
received
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richardson
invalidating
statute
containing
mandatory
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male
applicants
reed
reed
invalidating
arbitrary
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established
favor
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administration
decedent
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see
also
caban
mohammed
invalidating
law
denied
men
opportunity
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women
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adoption
illegitimate
child
means
withholding
consent
permit
men
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generalization
maternal
role
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women
paternal
role
men
even
argue
appropriate
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strict
scrutiny
standard
none
sex
discrimination
cases
ever
adopted
sexual
segregation
education
differs
tradition
typified
decision
plessy
ferguson
separate
equal
racial
segregation
characteristic
racial
segregation
segregated
facilities
offered
alternatives
increase
choices
available
blacks
sole
alternative
muw
stands
sharp
contrast
mississippi
public
universities
public
junior
colleges
muw
considers
sex
criterion
admission
women
consequently
free
select
coeducational
education
environment
desire
attendance
muw
matter
coercion
says
classification
provides
one
class
benefit
choice
available
class
ante
issue
whether
benefited
class
profits
classification
whether
state
decision
confer
benefit
upon
one
class
means
discriminatory
classification
substantially
related
achieving
legitimate
substantial
goal
ibid
emphasis
added
issue
case
hogan
complaining
benefit
conferred
upon
women
claiming
discrimination
mississippi
offers
college
brief
joe
hogan
ask
attend
college
offers
bachelor
science
nursing
asks
attend
muw
brief
respondent
asks
personal
convenience
students
respondent
position
denied
right
attend
state
college
home
town
treated
differently
students
reside
communities
many
miles
distant
state
supported
college
university
location
institution
must
necessarily
inure
benefit
detriment
others
depending
upon
distance
affected
individuals
reside
institution
heaton
bristol
tex
civ
app
cert
denied
quoted
williams
mcnair
plan
giving
student
choice
coeducational
institutions
exalts
neither
sex
expense
contrary
recognizes
equal
rights
sexes
benefit
best
varied
system
higher
education
state
supply
williams
mcnair
supra
quoting
heaton
bristol
supra
instance
school
nursing
takes
pages
muw
course
catalog
see
mississippi
university
women
bulletin
bachelor
arts
bachelor
science
master
arts
master
science
see
muw
also
offers
special
preprofessional
programs
law
dentistry
medicine
pharmacy
physical
therapy
veterinary
medicine
ibid
muw
bulletin
table
contents
lists
following
subjects
offered
school
arts
sciences
air
force
rotc
art
behavioral
sciences
biological
sciences
business
economics
cooperative
education
english
foreign
languages
health
physical
education
recreation
dance
history
journalism
broadcasting
mathematics
music
physical
sciences
speech
communication
see
instance
catalog
coeducational
university
mississippi
lists
general
description
sarah
isom
center
women
studies
described
dedicated
development
curriculum
scholarship
women
dissemination
information
expanding
career
opportunities
establishment
mutual
support
networks
women
ages
backgrounds
university
mississippi
undergraduate
catalog
listing
precedes
information
university
law
medical
centers
argues
muw
means
sufficiently
related
goal
allowed
men
audit
classes
extent
record
information
men
audited
courses
last
years
brief
respondent
average
men
audited
courses
year
muw
current
annual
catalog
lists
courses
offered
one
year
see
mississippi
university
women
bulletin
passim
understandable
muw
might
believe
allow
men
audit
courses
without
materially
affecting
environment
muw
charges
tuition
gives
academic
credit
auditing
university
evidently
correct
believing
men
choose
audit
circumstances
deviation
perfect
relationship
means
ends
insubstantial
opening
closing
sentences
note
opinion
issue
terms
professional
nursing
school
decline
address
question
whether
muw
admissions
policy
applied
males
seeking
admission
schools
school
nursing
violates
fourteenth
amendment
welcome
limitation
fact
leaves
muw
free
remain
university
schools
departments
include
four
schools
dozen
departments
cf
nn
supra
question
answer
whether
muw
may
remain
women
university
every
respect
except
school
nursing
critical
question
university
responsible
board
officials
holds
today
deprived
hogan
constitutional
rights
muw
adjudged
guilty
sex
discrimination
logic
entire
opinion
apart
statements
mentioned
appears
apply
sweepingly
entire
university
exclusion
men
school
nursing
repeatedly
characterized
discrimination
subject
standard
analysis
applied
previous
sex
discrimination
cases
opinion
anywhere
deny
analysis
applies
entire
university
nevertheless
purports
decide
case
narrow
ly
normally
properly
decide
question
presented
seems
fact
issue
properly
us
policy
university
issue
addressed
dissent
appeals
viewed
case
unambiguously
held
state
institution
higher
education
longer
permitted
constitution
see
principled
way
light
rationale
reach
different
result
respect
muw
schools
departments
given
insistence
decision
applies
school
nursing
view
board
officials
muw
may
continue
operate
remainder
university
basis
without
fear
personal
liability
standard
liability
whether
conduct
official
violate
clearly
established
statutory
constitutional
rights
reasonable
person
known
harlow
fitzgerald
today
leaves
doubt
reach
decision