goldfarb
virginia
state
bar
argued
march
decided
june
petitioners
husband
wife
contracted
buy
home
fairfax
county
lender
financed
purchase
required
obtain
title
insurance
necessitated
title
examination
performed
legally
member
respondent
virginia
state
bar
petitioners
unsuccessfully
tried
find
lawyer
examine
title
less
fee
prescribed
schedule
published
respondent
fairfax
county
bar
association
enforced
respondent
virginia
state
bar
petitioners
brought
class
action
respondents
seeking
injunctive
relief
damages
alleging
schedule
enforcement
mechanism
applied
fees
legal
services
relating
residential
real
estate
transactions
constitute
price
fixing
violation
sherman
act
although
holding
state
bar
exempt
sherman
act
district
granted
judgment
county
bar
association
enjoined
publication
fee
schedule
appeals
reversed
holding
state
bar
actions
immune
liability
state
action
parker
brown
also
county
bar
association
immune
practice
law
learned
profession
trade
commerce
sherman
act
event
respondents
activities
sufficient
effect
interstate
commerce
support
sherman
act
jurisdiction
held
schedule
published
county
bar
association
enforced
state
bar
violates
sherman
act
pp
schedule
enforcement
mechanism
constitute
price
fixing
since
record
shows
schedule
rather
purely
advisory
operated
fixed
rigid
price
floor
fee
schedule
enforced
prospect
professional
discipline
state
bar
reason
attorneys
desire
comply
announced
professional
norms
assurance
lawyers
compete
underbidding
pp
since
significant
amount
funds
furnished
financing
purchase
homes
fairfax
county
comes
outside
state
since
title
examination
integral
part
interstate
transactions
interstate
commerce
sufficiently
affected
sherman
act
purposes
notwithstanding
showing
prospective
purchasers
discouraged
buying
homes
fairfax
county
challenged
activities
showing
fee
schedule
resulted
raising
fees
pp
congress
intend
sweeping
learned
profession
exclusion
sherman
act
title
examination
service
exchange
service
money
commerce
common
usage
term
pp
respondents
activities
exempt
sherman
act
state
action
within
meaning
parker
brown
supra
neither
virginia
virginia
statute
required
activities
although
state
bar
power
issue
ethical
opinions
appear
approves
enough
anticompetitive
competitive
conduct
prompted
state
action
exempt
conduct
must
compelled
direction
state
acting
sovereign
state
bar
providing
deviation
minimum
fees
may
lead
disciplinary
action
voluntarily
joined
essentially
private
anticompetitive
activity
hence
claim
beyond
sherman
act
reach
pp
burger
delivered
opinion
members
joined
except
powell
took
part
consideration
decision
case
footnotes
alan
morrison
argued
cause
filed
briefs
petitioners
andrew
miller
attorney
general
virginia
argued
cause
respondent
virginia
state
bar
brief
anthony
troy
deputy
attorney
general
stuart
dunn
assistant
attorney
general
lewis
booker
argued
cause
respondent
fairfax
county
bar
assn
brief
john
shenefield
solicitor
general
bork
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
brief
assistant
attorney
general
kauper
gerald
norton
howard
shapiro
eleanor
fox
filed
brief
association
bar
city
new
york
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
james
fellers
blair
white
american
bar
assn
richard
mcfarlain
national
organization
bar
counsel
leroy
jeffers
state
bar
texas
warren
resh
state
bar
wisconsin
robert
wallach
walter
robinson
bar
association
san
francisco
owen
rall
peter
sfikas
american
dental
assn
chief
justice
burger
delivered
opinion
granted
certiorari
decide
whether
schedule
lawyers
published
fairfax
county
bar
association
enforced
virginia
state
bar
violates
sherman
act
stat
amended
appeals
held
although
fee
schedule
enforcement
mechanism
substantially
restrained
competition
among
lawyers
publication
schedule
county
bar
outside
scope
act
practice
law
trade
commerce
enforcement
schedule
state
bar
exempt
sherman
act
state
action
defined
parker
brown
petitioners
husband
wife
contracted
buy
home
fairfax
county
va
financing
agency
required
secure
title
insurance
required
title
examination
member
virginia
state
bar
legally
perform
service
petitioners
therefore
contacted
lawyer
quoted
precise
fee
suggested
schedule
published
respondent
fairfax
county
bar
association
lawyer
told
policy
keep
charges
line
schedule
provided
fee
value
property
involved
petitioners
tried
find
lawyer
examine
title
less
fee
fixed
schedule
sent
letters
fairfax
county
lawyers
requesting
fees
nineteen
replied
none
indicated
charge
less
rate
fixed
schedule
several
stated
knew
attorney
fee
schedule
lawyers
referred
list
recommended
minimum
prices
common
legal
services
respondent
fairfax
county
bar
association
published
fee
schedule
although
purely
voluntary
association
attorneys
county
bar
formal
power
enforce
enforcement
provided
respondent
virginia
state
bar
administrative
agency
virginia
regulates
practice
law
state
membership
state
bar
required
order
practice
virginia
although
state
bar
never
taken
formal
disciplinary
action
compel
adherence
fee
schedule
published
reports
condoning
fee
schedules
issued
two
ethical
opinions
indicating
fee
schedules
ignored
recent
opinion
evidence
attorney
habitually
charges
less
suggested
minimum
fee
schedule
adopted
local
bar
association
raises
presumption
lawyer
guilty
misconduct
petitioners
find
lawyer
willing
charge
fee
lower
schedule
dictated
title
examined
lawyer
first
contacted
brought
class
action
state
bar
county
bar
alleging
operation
schedule
applied
fees
legal
services
relating
residential
real
estate
transactions
constitutes
price
fixing
violation
sherman
act
petitioners
sought
injunctive
relief
damages
trial
solely
issue
liability
district
held
schedule
violated
sherman
act
supp
ed
viewed
system
significant
reason
petitioners
failure
obtain
legal
services
less
minimum
fee
rejected
county
bar
contention
learned
profession
practice
law
exempt
sherman
act
respondents
argued
actions
also
exempt
sherman
act
state
action
parker
brown
supra
district
agreed
virginia
state
bar
exempt
doctrine
administrative
agency
virginia
important
minor
role
matter
derived
judicial
legislative
command
state
intended
operate
become
effective
without
command
county
bar
hand
private
organization
compulsion
adopt
fee
schedule
recommended
state
bar
since
county
bar
chose
course
conduct
district
held
antitrust
laws
remain
full
force
effect
enjoined
fee
schedule
set
case
trial
ascertain
damages
appeals
reversed
liability
despite
conclusion
abundantly
clear
record
us
fee
schedule
enforcement
mechanism
supporting
act
substantial
restraint
upon
competition
among
attorneys
practicing
fairfax
county
appeals
held
state
bar
immune
parker
brown
supra
held
county
bar
immune
practice
law
trade
commerce
sherman
act
long
judicial
recognition
limited
exclusion
learned
professions
scope
antitrust
laws
said
exclusion
based
upon
special
form
regulation
imposed
upon
professions
incompatibility
certain
competitive
practices
professional
regulation
concluded
promulgation
schedule
one
matters
respect
accord
must
reached
necessities
professional
regulation
dictates
antitrust
laws
accord
reached
hold
practice
law
exempt
antitrust
laws
alternatively
appeals
held
respondents
activities
sufficient
effect
interstate
commerce
support
sherman
act
jurisdiction
petitioners
argued
fee
schedule
restrained
business
financing
insuring
home
mortgages
inflating
component
part
total
cost
housing
concluded
title
examination
generally
local
service
even
part
transaction
crosses
state
lines
effect
commerce
incidental
justify
federal
regulation
granted
certiorari
thus
confronted
first
time
question
whether
sherman
act
applies
services
performed
attorneys
examining
titles
connection
financing
purchase
real
estate
ii
inquiry
divided
four
steps
respondents
engage
price
fixing
activities
interstate
commerce
affect
interstate
commerce
activities
exempt
sherman
act
involve
learned
profession
activities
state
action
within
meaning
parker
brown
therefore
exempt
sherman
act
county
bar
argues
fee
schedule
merely
advisory
schedule
enforcement
mechanism
constitute
price
fixing
purpose
argument
continues
provide
legitimate
information
aid
member
lawyers
complying
virginia
professional
regulations
moreover
county
bar
contends
practice
schedule
effect
producing
fixed
fees
facts
found
trier
belie
contentions
nothing
record
suggests
findings
lack
support
purely
advisory
fee
schedule
issued
provide
guidelines
exchange
price
information
without
showing
actual
restraint
trade
present
us
different
question
american
column
maple
flooring
assn
see
national
assn
real
estate
boards
record
however
reveals
situation
quite
different
occur
purely
advisory
fee
schedule
fixed
rigid
price
floor
arose
respondents
activities
every
lawyer
responded
petitioners
inquiries
adhered
fee
schedule
lawyer
asked
additional
information
order
set
individualized
fee
price
information
disseminated
concern
past
standards
cf
cement
mfrs
protective
assn
rather
minimum
fees
charged
future
transactions
minimum
rates
increased
time
fee
schedule
enforced
prospect
professional
discipline
state
bar
desire
attorneys
comply
announced
professional
norms
see
generally
american
column
supra
motivation
conform
reinforced
assurance
lawyers
compete
underbidding
merely
case
agreement
may
inferred
exchange
price
information
container
naked
agreement
clearly
shown
effect
prices
plain
fortas
concurring
moreover
terms
restraining
competition
harming
consumers
like
petitioners
activities
found
unusually
damaging
title
examination
indispensable
process
financing
real
estate
purchase
since
attorney
licensed
practice
virginia
may
legally
examine
title
see
supra
consumers
turn
alternative
sources
necessary
service
attorneys
course
practicing
constraint
fee
schedule
see
generally
container
supra
county
bar
makes
much
fact
voluntary
organization
however
ethical
opinions
issued
state
bar
provide
lawyer
whether
member
county
bar
association
may
disciplined
habitually
charg
ing
less
suggested
minimum
fee
schedule
adopted
local
bar
association
see
supra
factors
coalesced
create
pricing
system
consumers
realistically
escape
record
respondents
activities
constitute
classic
illustration
price
fixing
county
bar
argues
appeals
held
effect
interstate
commerce
caused
fee
schedule
restraint
legal
services
incidental
remote
view
legal
services
performed
wholly
intrastate
essentially
local
nature
therefore
restraint
respect
never
substantially
affect
interstate
commerce
county
bar
maintains
showing
fee
schedule
enforcement
mechanism
increased
fees
even
showing
increase
deterred
prospective
homeowner
buying
fairfax
county
arguments
misconceive
nature
transactions
actions
issue
place
legal
services
play
transactions
district
found
significant
portion
funds
furnished
purchasing
homes
fairfax
county
comes
without
state
virginia
significant
amounts
loans
fairfax
county
real
estate
guaranteed
veterans
administration
department
housing
urban
development
headquartered
district
columbia
thus
class
action
transactions
create
need
particular
legal
services
question
frequently
interstate
transactions
necessary
connection
interstate
transactions
restraint
trade
provided
schedule
present
practical
sense
title
examinations
necessary
real
estate
transactions
assure
lien
valid
title
borrower
financing
realty
purchases
lenders
require
condition
making
loan
title
property
involved
examined
thus
title
examination
integral
part
interstate
transaction
long
held
obvious
distinction
drawn
course
conduct
wholly
within
state
conduct
inseparable
element
larger
program
dependent
success
upon
activity
affects
commerce
frankfort
distilleries
given
substantial
volume
commerce
involved
inseparability
particular
legal
service
interstate
aspects
real
estate
transactions
conclude
interstate
commerce
sufficiently
affected
see
montague
lowry
women
sportswear
fact
showing
home
buyers
discouraged
challenged
activities
mean
interstate
commerce
affected
otherwise
magnitude
effect
control
cases
shown
effect
shown
specific
magnitude
need
proved
mckesson
robbins
necessary
petitioners
prove
fee
schedule
raised
fees
petitioners
clearly
proved
fee
schedule
fixed
fees
thus
deprive
purchasers
consumers
advantages
derive
free
competition
apex
hosiery
leader
see
oil
matter
law
practical
necessity
legal
services
integral
part
interstate
transaction
restraint
services
may
substantially
affect
commerce
sherman
act
purposes
course
may
legal
services
involve
interstate
commerce
fashions
may
legal
services
nexus
interstate
commerce
thus
beyond
reach
sherman
act
county
bar
argues
congress
never
intended
include
learned
professions
within
terms
trade
commerce
sherman
act
therefore
sale
professional
services
exempt
act
explicit
exemption
legislative
history
provided
support
contention
rather
existence
state
regulation
seems
primary
basis
also
county
bar
maintains
competition
inconsistent
practice
profession
enhancing
profit
goal
professional
activities
goal
provide
services
necessary
community
indeed
classic
basis
traditionally
advanced
distinguish
professions
trades
businesses
occupations
loses
force
used
support
fee
control
activities
involved
arguing
learned
professions
trade
commerce
county
bar
seeks
total
exclusion
antitrust
regulation
whether
state
regulation
active
dormant
real
theoretical
lawyers
able
adopt
anticompetitive
practices
impunity
find
support
proposition
congress
intended
sweeping
exclusion
nature
occupation
standing
alone
provide
sanctuary
sherman
act
associated
press
aspect
professional
practice
controlling
determining
whether
includes
professions
national
assn
real
estate
boards
congress
intended
strike
broadly
sherman
act
read
wide
exemption
urged
us
odds
purpose
language
sherman
act
course
contains
exception
language
comprehensive
difficult
conceive
underwriters
cases
repeatedly
established
heavy
presumption
implicit
exemptions
philadelphia
national
bank
california
fpc
indeed
cases
specifically
included
sale
services
within
american
medical
assn
radovich
national
football
league
whatever
else
may
examination
land
title
service
exchange
service
money
commerce
common
usage
word
disparagement
practice
law
profession
acknowledge
business
aspect
sherman
act
face
shows
carefully
studied
attempt
bring
within
act
every
person
engaged
business
whose
activities
might
restrain
monopolize
commercial
intercourse
among
underwriters
supra
parker
brown
held
anticompetitive
marketing
program
derived
authority
efficacy
legislative
command
state
violation
sherman
act
act
intended
regulate
private
practices
prohibit
state
imposing
restraint
act
government
olsen
smith
respondent
state
bar
respondent
county
bar
seek
avail
exemption
legislature
virginia
authorized
highest
regulate
practice
law
adopted
ethical
codes
deal
part
fees
far
exercising
state
power
authorize
binding
price
fixing
explicitly
directed
lawyers
controlled
fee
schedules
state
bar
state
agency
law
argues
issuing
fee
schedule
reports
ethical
opinions
dealing
fee
schedules
merely
implementing
fee
provisions
ethical
codes
county
bar
although
voluntary
association
state
agency
claims
ethical
codes
activities
state
bar
prompted
issue
fee
schedules
thus
actions
state
action
sherman
act
purposes
threshold
inquiry
determining
anticompetitive
activity
state
action
type
sherman
act
meant
proscribe
whether
activity
required
state
acting
sovereign
parker
brown
continental
union
carbide
need
inquire
question
fairly
said
state
virginia
rules
required
anticompetitive
activities
either
respondent
respondents
pointed
virginia
statute
requiring
activities
state
law
simply
refer
fees
leaving
regulation
profession
virginia
although
ethical
codes
mention
advisory
fee
schedules
direct
either
respondent
supply
require
type
price
floor
arose
respondents
activities
although
state
bar
apparently
granted
power
issue
ethical
opinions
indication
record
virginia
approves
opinions
respondents
arguments
constitute
contention
activities
complemented
objective
ethical
codes
view
state
action
sherman
act
purposes
enough
county
bar
puts
anticompetitive
conduct
prompted
state
action
rather
anticompetitive
activities
must
compelled
direction
state
acting
sovereign
fact
state
bar
state
agency
limited
purposes
create
antitrust
shield
allows
foster
anticompetitive
practices
benefit
members
cf
gibson
berryhill
state
bar
providing
deviation
county
bar
minimum
fees
may
lead
disciplinary
action
voluntarily
joined
essentially
private
anticompetitive
activity
posture
claim
beyond
reach
sherman
act
parker
brown
supra
activities
resulted
rigid
price
floor
petitioners
consumers
escape
wished
borrow
money
buy
home
iii
recognize
compelling
interest
practice
professions
within
boundaries
part
power
protect
public
health
safety
valid
interests
broad
power
establish
standards
licensing
practitioners
regulating
practice
professions
also
recognize
instances
state
may
decide
forms
competition
usual
business
world
may
demoralizing
ethical
standards
profession
oregon
state
medical
society
see
also
semler
oregon
state
board
dental
examiners
interest
regulating
lawyers
especially
great
since
lawyers
essential
primary
governmental
function
administering
justice
historically
officers
courts
see
sperry
florida
ex
rel
florida
bar
cohen
hurley
law
students
research
council
wadmond
holding
certain
anticompetitive
conduct
lawyers
within
reach
sherman
act
intend
diminution
authority
state
regulate
professions
judgment
appeals
reversed
case
remanded
orders
remand
district
proceedings
consistent
opinion
reversed
remanded
unauthorized
practice
law
opinion
virginia
state
bar
opinions
virginia
code
ann
provides
appeals
may
time
time
prescribe
adopt
promulgate
amend
rules
regulations
organizing
governing
association
known
virginia
state
bar
composed
attorneys
law
state
act
administrative
agency
purpose
investigating
reporting
violation
rules
regulations
adopted
article
competent
jurisdiction
proceedings
may
necessary
requiring
persons
practicing
law
state
members
thereof
good
standing
ibid
state
bar
published
report
listed
series
fees
stated
represent
considered
judgment
committee
economics
law
practice
fair
minimum
fee
instance
report
stated
however
fees
mandatory
recommended
state
bar
consider
adopting
schedule
nevertheless
shortly
thereafter
county
bar
adopted
schedule
purported
conscientious
effort
show
lawyers
true
perspective
dignity
training
integrity
suggested
fees
title
examination
virtually
identical
state
bar
report
accord
opinion
state
bar
committee
legal
ethics
schedule
stated
although
ethical
duty
charge
lower
fee
deserving
case
lawyer
purely
advancement
intentionally
regularly
bills
less
customary
charges
bar
similar
services
order
increase
business
resulting
personal
gain
becomes
form
solicitation
contrary
canon
also
violation
canon
forbids
efforts
one
lawyer
encroach
upon
employment
another
app
state
bar
published
second
report
candidly
stated
reflect
ed
general
scaling
fees
legal
services
report
stated
local
bar
association
bound
recommendations
however
respondent
county
bar
quickly
moved
publish
updated
schedule
generally
raise
fees
new
schedule
stated
fees
mandatory
tempered
referring
opinion
time
schedule
also
stated
lawyers
feel
free
charge
recommended
fees
avoid
condemnation
higher
fees
charged
lawyers
cautioned
county
bar
members
publicly
criticize
lawyers
charge
suggested
fees
herein
might
evidence
solicitation
virginia
state
bar
committee
legal
ethics
opinion
june
virginia
state
bar
committee
legal
ethics
opinion
may
ibid
parties
stipulated
opinions
substantial
influencing
factor
lawyers
adherence
fee
schedules
one
reason
may
state
bar
required
statute
investigat
report
violation
rules
regulations
adopted
virginia
competent
jurisdiction
proceedings
may
necessary
code
ann
therefore
lawyer
contemplated
ignoring
fee
schedule
must
aware
professional
sanctions
possible
enforcement
mechanism
existed
administer
two
additional
county
bar
associations
originally
named
defendants
agreed
consent
judgment
directed
cancel
existing
fee
schedules
enjoined
adopting
publishing
distributing
future
schedules
minimum
suggested
fees
damage
claims
associations
dismissed
prejudice
satisfied
interstate
commerce
sufficiently
affected
sustain
jurisdiction
sherman
act
significant
portion
funds
insurance
involved
purchase
homes
fairfax
county
comes
outside
state
virginia
supp
ed
appeals
accurately
depicted
situation
clear
record
nearly
county
bar
members
charged
fees
equal
exceeding
fees
set
forth
schedule
title
examinations
services
involving
real
estate
significant
reason
inability
petitioners
obtain
legal
services
less
fee
set
forth
minimum
fee
schedule
operation
minimum
fee
schedule
system
abundantly
clear
record
us
fee
schedule
enforcement
mechanism
supporting
act
substantial
restraint
upon
competition
among
attorneys
practicing
fairfax
county
appeals
disturb
district
findings
fact
simply
disagreed
conclusions
law
drawn
therefrom
practical
sense
must
view
effect
interstate
commerce
swift
mandeville
island
farms
american
crystal
sugar
county
bar
relies
yellow
cab
support
argument
essentially
local
legal
services
issue
beyond
sherman
act
held
inter
alia
intrastate
taxi
trips
occurred
start
finish
interstate
rail
travel
unrelated
interstate
commerce
constitute
part
thereof
within
meaning
sherman
act
ride
railway
station
said
rom
standpoints
time
continuity
may
quite
distinct
separate
interstate
journey
contrary
legal
services
coincidental
interstate
real
estate
transactions
terms
time
important
terms
continuity
essential
indeed
apt
compare
legal
services
taxi
trip
stations
change
trains
midst
interstate
journey
yellow
cab
held
trip
part
stream
commerce
county
bar
cites
phrases
several
cases
implied
practice
learned
profession
trade
commerce
antitrust
laws
federal
club
national
league
firm
lawyers
sending
member
argue
case
engage
commerce
lawyer
goes
another
state
ftc
raladam
medical
practitioners
follow
profession
trade
atlantic
cleaners
dyers
national
assn
real
estate
boards
citations
passing
references
cases
concerned
issues
important
present
case
clear
attempted
decide
whether
practice
learned
profession
falls
within
sherman
act
national
assn
real
estate
boards
specifically
stated
question
still
open
done
earlier
american
medical
assn
reason
adopting
fee
schedule
appear
wholly
altruistic
first
sentence
respondent
state
bar
minimum
fee
schedule
report
lawyers
slowly
surely
committing
economic
suicide
profession
virginia
state
bar
minimum
fee
schedule
report
app
fact
restraint
operates
upon
profession
distinguished
business
course
relevant
determining
whether
particular
restraint
violates
sherman
act
unrealistic
view
practice
professions
interchangeable
business
activities
automatically
apply
professions
antitrust
concepts
originated
areas
public
service
aspect
features
professions
may
require
particular
practice
properly
viewed
violation
sherman
act
another
context
treated
differently
intimate
view
situation
one
confronted
today
virginia
code
ann
provides
rules
regulations
defining
practice
law
prescribing
codes
ethics
disciplinary
procedure
appeals
may
time
time
prescribe
adopt
promulgate
amend
rules
regulations
defining
practice
law
prescribing
code
ethics
governing
professional
conduct
attorneys
law
code
judicial
ethics
prescribing
procedure
disciplining
suspending
disbarring
attorneys
law
addition
virginia
inherent
power
regulate
practice
law
state
button
day
see
lathrop
donohue
virginia
adopted
rules
integration
virginia
state
bar
rule
ii
dealt
procedure
setting
fees
among
six
factors
directed
considered
setting
fee
customary
charges
bar
similar
services
also
directed
determining
customary
charges
bar
similar
services
proper
lawyer
consider
schedule
minimum
fees
adopted
bar
association
lawyer
permit
controlled
thereby
follow
sole
guide
determining
amount
fee
rules
integration
virginia
state
bar
xvii
xxiii
emphasis
supplied
virginia
amended
rules
part
adopted
code
professional
responsibility
effective
january
certain
provisions
also
dealt
procedure
ec
lawyers
told
fees
vary
according
many
factors
uggested
fee
schedules
economic
reports
state
local
bar
associations
provide
guidance
subject
reasonable
fees
dr
detailed
eight
factors
considered
avoiding
excessive
fee
one
factors
fee
customarily
charged
locality
similar
legal
services
dr
see
supra
district
stated
state
bar
acted
minor
role
far
price
fixing
concerned
one
member
appeals
panel
prepared
exonerate
state
bar
participation
minimal
insufficient
impose
sherman
act
liability
craven
concurring
dissenting
course
alleged
participant
restraint
trade
may
insubstantial
connection
restraint
liability
sherman
act
found
see
national
assn
real
estate
boards
however
case
state
bar
fee
schedule
reports
provided
impetus
county
bar
two
occasions
adopt
schedules
important
state
bar
ethical
opinions
provided
substantial
reason
lawyers
comply
schedules
opinions
threatened
professional
discipline
habitual
disregard
fee
schedules
thus
attorneys
knew
livelihood
jeopardy
even
without
threat
opinions
constituted
substantial
reason
adhere
schedules
attorneys
expected
comply
order
assure
discredit
departing
professional
norms
perhaps
betraying
professional
oaths
state
bar
also
contends
protected
eleventh
amendment
see
edelman
jordan
petitioners
dispute
contention
district
occasion
reach
view
holding
given
record
us
intimate
view
issue
leaving
district
remand