grace
argued
january
decided
april
title
prohibits
display
flag
banner
device
designed
adapted
bring
public
notice
party
organization
movement
building
grounds
defined
include
public
sidewalks
constituting
outer
boundaries
grounds
one
appellee
threatened
arrest
police
officers
violation
statute
distributed
leaflets
concerning
various
causes
sidewalk
front
appellee
similarly
threatened
arrest
displaying
sidewalk
picket
sign
containing
text
first
amendment
appellees
filed
suit
federal
district
seeking
injunction
enforcement
declaratory
judgment
unconstitutional
face
district
dismissed
complaint
failure
exhaust
administrative
remedies
appeals
determining
dismissal
erroneous
struck
face
unconstitutional
restriction
first
amendment
rights
public
place
held
section
applied
public
sidewalks
surrounding
building
unconstitutional
first
amendment
pp
conduct
appellee
falls
statutory
ban
hence
proper
reach
constitutional
question
involved
pp
general
matter
peaceful
picketing
leafletting
expressive
activities
involving
speech
protected
first
amendment
public
places
streets
sidewalks
parks
historically
associated
free
exercise
expressive
activities
considered
without
public
forums
places
government
may
enforce
reasonable
time
place
manner
regulations
additional
restrictions
absolute
prohibition
particular
type
expression
upheld
narrowly
drawn
accomplish
compelling
governmental
interest
pp
grounds
transformed
public
forum
property
merely
public
permitted
freely
enter
leave
grounds
practically
times
admitted
building
specified
hours
sidewalks
forming
perimeter
grounds
indistinguishable
sidewalks
washington
treated
differently
thus
public
forums
first
amendment
purposes
pp
insofar
totally
bans
specified
communicative
activity
public
sidewalks
around
grounds
justified
reasonable
place
restriction
total
ban
carrying
flag
banner
device
public
sidewalks
substantially
serve
purposes
statute
part
provide
maintenance
law
order
grounds
prohibitions
issue
sufficiently
serve
averred
purpose
protecting
outside
influence
preventing
appearing
public
subject
influence
picketing
marching
acceptable
way
influencing
noted
public
sidewalks
surrounding
grounds
different
public
sidewalks
city
pp
white
delivered
opinion
burger
brennan
blackmun
powell
rehnquist
joined
marshall
post
stevens
post
filed
opinions
concurring
part
dissenting
part
solicitor
general
lee
argued
cause
appellants
briefs
assistant
attorney
general
mcgrath
deputy
solicitor
general
geller
david
strauss
anthony
steinmeyer
marc
richman
sebastian
graber
argued
cause
appellees
brief
norman
townsend
bradley
stetler
stephen
hut
arthur
spitzer
charles
sims
filed
brief
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
robert
gnaizda
sidney
wolinsky
filed
brief
league
latin
american
citizens
amicus
curiae
justice
white
delivered
opinion
case
must
determine
whether
prohibits
among
things
display
flag
banner
device
designed
adapted
bring
public
notice
party
organization
movement
building
grounds
violates
first
amendment
may
appellee
thaddeus
zywicki
standing
sidewalk
front
building
distributed
leaflets
passerby
leaflets
reprints
letter
editor
washington
post
senator
concerning
removal
unfit
judges
bench
police
officer
approached
zywicki
told
accurately
title
code
prohibited
distribution
leaflets
grounds
includes
sidewalk
zywicki
left
january
zywicki
visited
sidewalk
front
distribute
pamphlets
containing
information
forthcoming
meetings
events
concerning
oppressed
peoples
central
america
zywicki
approached
police
officer
informed
distribution
leaflets
grounds
prohibited
law
officer
indicated
zywicki
arrested
leafletting
continued
zywicki
left
zywicki
reappeared
february
sidewalk
front
distributed
handbills
concerning
oppression
guatemala
zywicki
consulted
attorney
concerning
legality
activities
informed
superior
district
columbia
construed
statute
prohibited
leafletting
prohibit
conduct
done
specific
intent
influence
impede
obstruct
administration
justice
zywicki
told
police
officer
subject
arrest
persisted
leafletting
zywicki
complained
denied
right
others
granted
referring
newspaper
vending
machines
located
sidewalk
nonetheless
zywicki
left
grounds
around
noon
march
appellee
mary
grace
entered
upon
sidewalk
front
began
display
four
foot
two
half
foot
sign
inscribed
verbatim
text
first
amendment
police
officer
approached
grace
informed
go
across
street
wished
display
sign
grace
informed
title
code
prohibited
conduct
cease
arrested
grace
left
grounds
may
zywicki
grace
filed
present
suit
district
district
columbia
sought
injunction
continued
enforcement
declaratory
judgment
statute
unconstitutional
face
august
district
dismissed
complaint
failure
exhaust
administrative
remedies
appellees
took
appeal
arguing
district
action
improper
appeals
grant
relief
requested
complaint
appeals
determined
district
dismissal
failure
exhaust
administrative
remedies
erroneous
went
strike
face
unconstitutional
restriction
first
amendment
rights
public
place
grace
burger
app
government
appealed
appeals
judgment
noted
probable
jurisdiction
ii
section
prohibits
two
distinct
activities
unlawful
either
parade
stand
move
processions
assemblages
building
grounds
display
therein
flag
banner
device
designed
adapted
bring
public
notice
party
organization
movement
appellee
appeared
individually
public
sidewalks
engage
expressive
activity
goes
without
saying
threat
arrest
appellee
subjected
violating
prohibition
display
banner
device
accordingly
review
limited
latter
portion
statute
likewise
controversy
presented
appellees
concerned
right
use
public
sidewalks
surrounding
building
communicative
activities
sought
carry
shall
address
whether
proscriptions
constitutional
applied
public
sidewalks
normal
course
first
ascertain
whether
construction
statute
fairly
possible
constitutional
question
may
avoided
crowell
benson
see
new
york
ferber
appellees
make
statutory
construction
argument
lower
courts
oral
argument
question
raised
whether
reached
types
conduct
appellees
engaged
answer
agree
statute
covers
particular
conduct
zywicki
grace
therefore
proper
reach
constitutional
question
involved
case
statutory
ban
display
flag
banner
device
designed
adapted
bring
public
notice
party
organization
movement
undisputed
grace
picket
sign
containing
text
first
amendment
falls
within
description
flag
banner
device
although
less
obvious
equally
uncontested
zywicki
leaflets
fall
within
proscription
well
also
accept
government
contention
contested
appellees
almost
sign
leaflet
carrying
communication
including
grace
picket
sign
zywicki
leaflets
designed
adapted
bring
public
notice
party
organization
movement
construction
brings
certainty
reach
statute
hence
avoids
might
challenges
validity
iii
first
amendment
provides
congress
shall
make
law
abridging
freedom
speech
doubt
general
matter
peaceful
picketing
leafletting
expressive
activities
involving
speech
protected
first
amendment
carey
brown
gregory
chicago
jamison
texas
thornhill
alabama
lovell
griffin
schneider
state
also
true
public
places
historically
associated
free
exercise
expressive
activities
streets
sidewalks
parks
considered
without
public
forums
see
perry
education
assn
perry
local
educators
carey
brown
supra
hudgens
nlrb
cox
new
hampshire
hague
cio
places
government
ability
permissibly
restrict
expressive
conduct
limited
government
may
enforce
reasonable
time
place
manner
regulations
long
restrictions
narrowly
tailored
serve
significant
government
interest
leave
open
ample
alternative
channels
communication
perry
education
supra
see
heffron
international
society
krishna
consciousness
grayned
city
rockford
cox
louisiana
cox
ii
additional
restrictions
absolute
prohibition
particular
type
expression
upheld
narrowly
drawn
accomplish
compelling
governmental
interest
see
perry
education
supra
widmar
vincent
publicly
owned
operated
property
become
public
forum
simply
members
public
permitted
come
go
see
greer
spock
although
whether
property
generally
opened
public
factor
consider
determining
whether
government
opened
property
use
people
communicative
purposes
determinative
question
regularly
rejected
assertion
people
wish
propagandize
protests
views
constitutional
right
whenever
however
wherever
please
adderley
florida
see
cox
louisiana
cox
cox
ii
supra
little
doubt
circumstances
government
may
ban
entry
public
property
public
forum
persons
except
legitimate
business
premises
government
less
private
owner
property
power
preserve
property
control
use
lawfully
dedicated
adderley
florida
supra
see
cox
ii
supra
iv
argued
building
grounds
fit
neatly
within
description
nonpublic
forum
property
although
property
publicly
owned
traditionally
held
open
use
public
expressive
activities
greer
spock
supra
teaches
property
transformed
public
forum
property
merely
public
permitted
freely
enter
leave
grounds
practically
times
public
admitted
building
specified
hours
view
necessary
determine
restrictions
imposed
reasonable
light
use
building
grounds
dedicated
discrimination
basis
content
need
make
judgment
time
however
covers
public
sidewalks
well
building
grounds
inside
sidewalks
become
evident
hold
may
applied
public
sidewalks
prohibitions
imposed
technically
cover
entire
grounds
defined
section
describes
grounds
extending
curb
four
streets
enclosing
block
building
located
included
within
small
geographical
area
therefore
building
plaza
surrounding
promenade
lawn
area
steps
also
sidewalks
sidewalks
comprising
outer
boundaries
grounds
indistinguishable
sidewalks
washington
discern
reason
treated
differently
sidewalks
course
among
areas
public
property
traditionally
held
open
public
expressive
activities
clearly
within
areas
public
property
may
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generally
without
inquiry
public
forum
property
respect
present
case
differs
greer
spock
supra
greer
streets
sidewalks
issue
located
within
enclosed
military
reservation
fort
dix
thus
separated
streets
sidewalks
municipality
true
sidewalks
surrounding
separation
fence
indication
whatever
persons
stepping
street
curb
sidewalks
serve
perimeter
grounds
entered
special
type
enclave
postal
service
greenburgh
civic
stated
congress
may
ipse
dixit
destroy
public
forum
status
streets
parks
historically
public
forums
inclusion
public
sidewalks
within
scope
prohibition
however
results
destruction
public
forum
status
least
presumptively
impermissible
traditional
public
forum
property
occupies
special
position
terms
first
amendment
protection
lose
historically
recognized
character
reason
abuts
government
property
dedicated
use
forum
public
expression
may
government
transform
character
property
expedient
including
within
statutory
definition
might
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nonpublic
forum
parcel
property
public
sidewalks
forming
perimeter
grounds
view
public
forums
treated
first
amendment
purposes
government
submits
qualifies
reasonable
time
place
manner
restriction
may
imposed
restrict
communicative
activities
public
forum
property
sidewalks
argument
inquiry
confined
grounds
focus
vicinity
public
places
washington
brief
appellants
viewed
light
government
contends
sufficient
alternative
areas
within
relevant
forum
streets
around
sidewalks
across
streets
permit
considered
reasonable
place
restriction
minimal
impact
expressive
activity
convinced
however
section
totally
bans
specified
communicative
activity
public
sidewalks
around
grounds
justified
reasonable
place
restriction
primarily
insufficient
nexus
public
interests
may
thought
undergird
reasons
conclusion
become
apparent
decide
insofar
prohibitions
reach
public
sidewalks
unconstitutional
sufficiently
serve
public
interests
urged
justification
section
part
statute
enacted
elating
policing
building
grounds
stat
occasion
passage
termination
practice
district
columbia
authorities
appointing
guards
special
policemen
district
action
left
police
force
without
authority
make
arrests
enforce
law
building
grounds
act
soon
forthcoming
modeled
legislation
relating
capitol
grounds
stat
authorizes
appointment
marshal
special
officers
duty
connection
policing
building
grounds
adjacent
streets
sections
act
prohibit
certain
kinds
conduct
building
grounds
section
codified
issue
sections
authorize
marshal
issue
regulations
provide
penalties
violations
act
regulations
authorize
special
police
make
arrests
violation
act
prohibitions
law
occurring
within
building
grounds
adjacent
streets
section
act
defines
limits
grounds
including
sidewalks
surrounding
building
based
provisions
legislative
history
fair
say
purpose
act
provide
protection
building
grounds
persons
property
therein
well
maintenance
proper
order
decorum
section
one
provisions
apparently
designed
purposes
least
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reason
stated
enactment
denigrate
necessity
protect
persons
property
maintain
proper
order
decorum
within
grounds
question
whether
total
ban
carrying
flag
banner
device
public
sidewalks
substantially
serves
purposes
suggestion
example
appellees
activities
way
obstructed
sidewalks
access
building
threatened
injury
person
property
way
interfered
orderly
administration
building
parts
grounds
said
building
perimeter
sidewalks
indistinguishable
public
sidewalks
city
normally
open
conduct
issue
forbids
total
ban
conduct
necessary
maintenance
peace
tranquility
public
sidewalks
surrounding
building
sidewalks
city
accordingly
justified
basis
offers
another
justification
deserves
attention
said
federal
courts
represent
independent
branch
government
decisionmaking
processes
different
branches
decisions
made
record
accordance
applicable
law
views
parties
others
presented
briefs
oral
argument
courts
subject
lobbying
judges
entertain
visitors
chambers
purpose
urging
cases
resolved
one
way
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respond
parades
picketing
pressure
groups
neither
government
urges
appear
public
subject
outside
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picketing
marching
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acceptable
proper
way
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influencing
hence
asked
hold
congress
quite
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conduct
dispute
occurring
sidewalks
edge
grounds
case
maintenance
law
order
grounds
discount
importance
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purpose
unconvinced
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issue
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serve
purpose
sustain
validity
insofar
public
sidewalks
perimeter
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sidewalks
used
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nothing
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sidewalks
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way
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sidewalks
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seriously
doubt
public
draw
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inference
lone
picketer
carrying
sign
sidewalks
around
building
similar
picket
sidewalks
across
street
thus
perceive
insufficient
justification
prohibition
carrying
signs
banners
devices
public
sidewalks
surrounding
building
hold
first
amendment
section
unconstitutional
applied
sidewalks
course
say
sidewalks
like
sidewalks
subject
reasonable
time
place
manner
restrictions
either
statute
regulations
issued
pursuant
judgment
accordingly
affirmed
extent
indicated
opinion
otherwise
vacated
ordered
footnotes
case
zywicki
counsel
referred
ebner
super
case
currently
appeal
district
columbia
appeals
postponed
decision
pending
outcome
present
appeal
grace
burger
supp
justified
action
regard
relying
primarily
fact
case
presented
pure
question
law
fully
briefed
argued
parties
district
appeals
appellants
take
issue
propriety
appeals
action
addressing
merits
rather
remanding
district
assume
action
proper
without
deciding
question
cf
singleton
wulff
although
appeals
opinion
purports
hold
unconstitutional
face
without
indication
holding
limited
portion
statute
deals
display
flag
banner
device
decision
must
read
limited
prohibition
first
amendment
provides
full
congress
shall
make
law
respecting
establishment
religion
prohibiting
free
exercise
thereof
abridging
freedom
speech
press
right
people
peaceably
assemble
petition
government
redress
grievances
limitation
hours
public
permitted
building
regulation
promulgated
regulation
provides
building
first
street
washington
open
public
monday
friday
except
federal
holidays
building
closed
times
although
persons
legitimate
business
may
admitted
times
authorized
responsible
officials
section
provides
purposes
sections
title
grounds
shall
held
extend
line
face
east
curb
first
street
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maryland
avenue
northeast
east
capitol
street
line
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curb
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avenue
northeast
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northeast
second
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face
west
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maryland
avenue
northeast
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capitol
street
line
face
north
curb
east
capitol
street
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street
northeast
second
street
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prohibitions
expressly
made
applicable
entire
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statute
construed
exclude
sidewalks
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consider
congress
extension
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reasoned
choice
section
prohibit
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purport
prohibit
oral
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subject
unnecessary
however
determine
conduct
picketing
leafletting
issue
may
fairly
within
terms
statute
statute
least
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conduct
issue
note
current
marshal
interpreted
applied
statute
prohibit
picketing
leafletting
expressive
conduct
see
grace
burger
app
interpreted
applied
absolute
ban
two
types
expressive
conduct
clear
prohibition
facially
justice
marshall
concurring
part
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part
hold
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sidewalks
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excising
sidewalks
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bring
conformity
first
amendment
visitors
lose
first
amendment
rights
edge
sidewalks
students
teachers
shed
constitutional
rights
freedom
speech
expression
schoolhouse
gate
tinker
des
moines
independent
community
school
district
since
continuing
existence
statute
inevitably
chilling
effect
freedom
expression
virtue
deciding
constitutionality
piecemeal
basis
citizen
place
every
right
brown
louisiana
opinion
fortas
joined
warren
douglas
denied
opportunity
express
views
simply
government
chosen
designate
area
forum
public
discussion
right
conduct
expressive
activities
areas
streets
parks
sidewalks
reinforced
traditional
use
purposes
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hague
cio
opinion
roberts
joined
black
right
ultimately
rests
principle
one
rightfully
street
state
left
open
public
carries
elsewhere
constitutional
right
express
views
orderly
fashion
jamison
texas
emphasis
added
every
citizen
lawfully
present
public
place
right
engage
peaceable
orderly
expression
incompatible
primary
activity
place
question
whether
place
school
library
private
lunch
counter
grounds
statehouse
grounds
capitol
bus
terminal
airport
welfare
center
stated
grayned
city
rockford
crucial
question
whether
manner
expression
basically
incompatible
normal
activity
particular
place
particular
time
ne
exercise
liberty
expression
appropriate
places
abridged
plea
may
exercised
place
schneider
state
see
reason
premises
exempt
basic
principle
ironic
indeed
exception
constitution
recognized
institution
chief
responsibility
protecting
constitutional
rights
apply
premises
principle
applied
public
places
viewed
light
plainly
unconstitutional
face
statute
reasonable
regulation
time
place
manner
kovacs
cooper
cox
new
hampshire
applies
times
covers
entire
premises
interpreted
proscribes
even
handing
leaflet
presumably
wearing
campaign
button
well
statute
merely
forbid
conduct
incompatible
primary
activity
carried
cf
grayned
city
rockford
supra
greer
spock
powell
concurring
contrast
supp
statute
upheld
cox
louisiana
limited
expressive
activities
intended
interfere
obstruct
impede
administration
justice
cox
stressed
prohibition
expression
unrelated
judicial
proceedings
raise
entirely
different
considerations
statute
issue
far
cry
supp
statute
upheld
cox
imposes
blanket
prohibition
display
flag
banner
device
designed
adapted
bring
public
notice
party
organization
movement
emphasis
added
application
statute
depend
upon
whether
flag
banner
device
way
concerns
case
sweeping
prohibition
scarcely
necessary
protect
operations
view
constitutionally
applied
either
grounds
areas
inside
building
open
public
therefore
hold
prohibition
unconstitutional
face
repeatedly
recognized
statute
sweeps
within
ambit
broad
range
expression
protected
first
amendment
struck
face
existence
statute
results
continuous
pervasive
restraint
freedom
discussion
might
reasonably
regarded
within
purview
thornhill
alabama
omitted
justice
brennan
stated
opinion
naacp
button
first
amendment
freedoms
delicate
vulnerable
threat
sanctions
may
deter
exercise
almost
potently
actual
application
sanctions
leave
visitors
subject
continuing
threat
imprisonment
dare
exercise
first
amendment
rights
inside
sidewalks
tinker
des
moines
independent
community
school
district
brown
louisiana
brennan
concurring
judgment
garner
louisiana
harlan
concurring
judgment
edwards
south
carolina
jeannette
rankin
brigade
chief
capitol
police
supp
dc
summarily
aff
wolin
port
new
york
authority
cert
denied
chicago
area
military
project
city
chicago
cert
denied
kuszynski
city
oakland
albany
welfare
rights
organization
wyman
cert
denied
separate
provisions
code
also
make
crime
solicit
contributions
give
speech
premises
title
supp
provides
pertinent
part
whoever
intent
interfering
obstructing
impeding
administration
justice
intent
influencing
judge
juror
witness
officer
discharge
duty
pickets
parades
near
building
housing
intent
uses
similar
device
resorts
demonstration
near
building
shall
fined
imprisoned
one
year
louisiana
statute
upheld
face
cox
provided
pertinent
part
whoever
intent
interfering
obstructing
impeding
administration
justice
intent
influencing
judge
juror
witness
officer
discharge
duty
pickets
parades
near
building
housing
state
louisiana
shall
fined
five
thousand
dollars
imprisoned
one
year
la
rev
stat
supp
agree
clause
prohibiting
processions
assemblages
us
since
neither
appellees
engaged
procession
assemblage
robel
keyishian
board
regents
elfbrandt
russell
dombrowski
pfister
thornhill
alabama
lovell
griffin
indeed
protect
third
parties
held
even
litigant
whose
activities
unprotected
may
nevertheless
challenge
statute
showing
substantially
abridges
first
amendment
rights
parties
schaumburg
citizens
better
environment
emphasis
added
erznoznik
city
jacksonville
lewis
city
new
orleans
broadrick
oklahoma
gooding
wilson
kunz
new
york
naacp
button
showing
made
statute
struck
face
overbroad
statute
likewise
struck
face
challenged
litigants
whose
activities
constitutionally
protected
person
violates
statute
subject
imprisonment
days
fine
justice
stevens
concurring
part
dissenting
part
three
occasions
zywicki
distributed
leaflets
handbills
construe
activity
display
flag
banner
device
typical
passerby
learned
zywicki
message
display
literature
material
left
zywicki
possession
message
become
intelligible
one
occasion
grace
carried
sign
text
first
amendment
written
agree
display
device
agree
device
designed
adapted
bring
public
notice
party
organization
movement
typical
passerby
merely
observing
sign
confidently
link
specific
party
organization
movement
term
understood
statute
drafted
see
reason
stretch
language
statute
encompass
activities
either
zywicki
grace
matter
statutory
interpretation
infer
congress
intended
abridge
free
expression
circumstances
plainly
covered
language
statute
matter
judicial
restraint
avoid
unnecessary
adjudication
constitutional
questions
neither
appellees
violated
statute
affirm
judgment
appeals
extent
requires
appellants
restrained
causing
appellees
arrest
engaging
activities
disclosed
record
course
series
actions
endeavours
part
body
persons
moving
tending
less
continuously
towards
special
end
oxford
english
dictionary
movement
definition
see
also
webster
international
dictionary
ed
movement
definition