adkins
children
hospital
district
columbia
argued
march
decided
december
addition
cases
cited
decisions
dealing
laws
especially
relating
hours
labor
women
muller
oregon
sup
ann
cas
riley
massachusetts
sup
miller
wilson
sup
bosley
mclaughlin
sup
muller
case
validity
oregon
statute
forbidding
employment
female
certain
industries
hours
one
day
upheld
decision
proceeded
upon
theory
difference
sexes
may
justify
different
rule
respecting
hours
labor
case
women
case
men
pointed
consist
differences
physical
structure
especially
respect
maternal
functions
also
fact
historically
woman
always
dependent
upon
man
established
control
superior
physical
strength
cases
riley
miller
bosley
follow
respect
muller
case
ancient
inequality
sexes
otherwise
physical
suggested
muller
case
sup
ann
cas
continued
diminishing
intensity
view
say
changes
taken
place
since
utterance
contractual
political
civil
status
women
culminating
nineteenth
amendment
unreasonable
say
differences
come
almost
quite
vanishing
point
aspect
matter
physical
differences
must
recognized
appropriate
cases
legislation
fixing
hours
conditions
work
may
properly
take
account
accept
doctrine
women
mature
age
sui
juris
require
may
subjected
restrictions
upon
liberty
contract
lawfully
imposed
case
men
similar
circumstances
ignore
implications
drawn
present
day
trend
legislation
well
common
thought
usage
woman
accorded
emancipation
old
doctrine
must
given
special
protection
subjected
special
restraint
contractual
civil
relationships
passing
may
noted
instant
statute
applies
case
woman
employer
contracting
woman
employee
former
man
essential
characteristics
statute
consideration
differentiate
laws
fixing
hours
labor
made
appear
proceed
sufficient
point
latter
well
statutes
mentioned
paragraph
deal
incidents
employment
necessary
effect
upon
heart
contract
amount
wages
paid
received
law
forbidding
work
continue
beyond
given
number
hours
leaves
parties
free
contract
wages
thereby
equalize
whatever
additional
burdens
may
imposed
upon
employer
result
restrictions
hours
adjustment
respect
amount
wages
enough
said
show
authority
fix
hours
labor
exercised
except
respect
occupations
work
long
continued
duration
detrimental
health
careful
every
case
question
raised
place
decision
upon
limited
authority
legislature
regulate
hours
labor
disclaim
purpose
uphold
legislation
fixing
wages
thus
recognizing
essential
difference
two
seems
plain
decisions
afford
real
support
form
law
establishing
minimum
wages
light
furnished
foregoing
exceptions
general
rule
forbidding
legislative
interference
freedom
contract
examine
analyze
statute
question
shall
see
differs
every
material
respect
law
dealing
business
charged
public
interest
public
work
meet
tide
temporary
emergency
nothing
character
methods
periods
wage
payments
prescribe
hours
labor
conditions
labor
done
protection
persons
legal
disability
prevention
fraud
simply
exclusively
law
confined
adult
women
considering
provisions
relating
minors
legally
capable
contracting
men
forbids
two
parties
lawful
penalties
freely
contract
one
another
respect
price
one
shall
render
service
purely
private
employment
willing
perhaps
anxious
agree
even
though
consequence
may
oblige
one
surrender
desirable
engagement
dispense
services
desirable
employee
price
fixed
board
need
relation
capacity
earning
power
employee
number
hours
may
happen
constitute
day
work
character
place
work
done
circumstances
surroundings
employment
basis
support
validity
assumed
necessities
employee
takes
account
independent
resources
may
based
wholly
opinions
members
board
average
opinions
precisely
necessary
provide
living
woman
keep
health
preserve
morals
applies
every
occupation
district
without
regard
nature
character
work
standard
furnished
statute
guidance
board
vague
impossible
practical
application
reasonable
degree
accuracy
sufficient
supply
necessary
cost
living
woman
worker
maintain
good
health
protect
morals
obviously
precise
unvarying
even
approximately
amount
depend
upon
variety
circumstances
individual
temperament
habits
thrift
care
ability
buy
necessaries
intelligently
whether
woman
live
alone
family
practice
economy
given
sum
afford
comfort
contrary
habit
sum
wholly
inadequate
economies
family
group
taken
account
though
constitute
important
consideration
estimating
cost
living
obvious
individual
expense
less
case
member
family
case
one
living
alone
relation
earnings
morals
capable
standardization
shown
women
safeguard
morals
carefully
poorly
paid
morality
rests
upon
considerations
wages
certainly
prevalent
connection
two
justify
broad
attempt
adjust
latter
reference
former
means
safeguarding
morals
attempted
classification
opinion
without
reasonable
basis
distinction
made
women
work
others
ground
distinction
women
men
certainly
women
require
minimum
wage
preserve
morals
men
require
preserve
honesty
reasons
others
might
stated
inquiry
respect
necessary
cost
living
income
necessary
preserve
health
morals
presents
individual
composite
question
must
answered
individual
considered
general
formula
prescribed
statutory
bureau
uncertainty
statutory
standard
demonstrated
consideration
certain
orders
board
already
made
orders
fix
sum
paid
woman
employed
place
food
served
mercantile
establishment
per
week
printing
establishment
per
week
laundry
per
week
provision
reducing
case
beginner
woman
employed
serve
food
requires
minimum
per
week
hard
understand
woman
working
printing
establishment
laundry
get
income
lessened
per
week
board
probably
found
impossible
follow
indefinite
standard
statute
brought
different
factors
problem
goes
far
direction
demonstrating
fatal
uncertainty
act
infirmity
opinion
plainly
exists
law
takes
account
necessities
one
party
contract
ignores
necessitie
employer
compelling
pay
less
certain
sum
whether
employee
capable
earning
irrespective
ability
business
sustain
burden
generously
leaving
course
privilege
abandoning
business
alternative
going
loss
within
limits
minimum
sum
precluded
penalty
fine
imprisonment
adjusting
compensation
differing
merits
employees
compels
pay
least
sum
fixed
event
employee
needs
requires
service
equivalent
value
employee
therefore
undertakes
solve
problem
half
establishment
corresponding
standard
efficiency
forms
part
policy
legislation
although
practice
former
half
without
latter
must
lead
ultimate
failure
accordance
inexorable
law
one
continue
indefinitely
take
puts
without
ultimately
exhausting
supply
law
confined
great
powerful
employers
embraces
whose
bargaining
power
may
weak
employee
takes
account
periods
stress
business
depression
crippling
losses
may
leave
employer
without
adequate
means
livelihood
extent
sum
fixed
exceeds
fair
value
services
rendered
amounts
compulsory
exaction
employer
support
partially
indigent
person
whose
condition
rests
upon
peculiar
responsibility
therefore
effect
arbitrarily
shifts
shoulders
burden
belongs
anybody
belongs
society
whole
feature
statute
perhaps
puts
upon
stamp
invalidity
exacts
employer
arbitrary
payment
purpose
upon
basis
causal
connection
business
contract
work
employee
engages
declared
basis
already
pointed
value
service
rendered
extraneous
circumstance
employee
needs
get
prescribed
sum
money
insure
subsistence
health
morals
ethical
right
every
worker
man
woman
living
wage
may
conceded
one
declared
important
purposes
trade
organizations
secure
principle
every
legitimate
effort
realize
fact
one
quarrel
fallacy
proposed
method
attaining
assumes
every
employer
bound
events
furnish
moral
requirement
implicit
every
contract
employment
viz
amount
paid
service
rendered
shall
bear
relation
equivalence
completely
ignored
necessities
employee
alone
considered
arise
outside
employment
employment
great
one
occupation
another
certainly
employer
paying
fair
equivalent
service
rendered
though
sufficient
support
employee
neither
caused
contributed
poverty
contrary
extent
pays
relieved
principle
difference
case
selling
labor
case
selling
goods
one
goes
butcher
baker
grocer
buy
food
morally
entitled
obtain
worth
money
entitled
gets
worth
pays
justified
demanding
simply
needs
shopkeeper
dealt
fairly
honestly
transaction
concerned
peculiar
sense
question
customer
necessities
statute
undertake
vest
commission
power
determine
quantity
food
necessary
individual
support
require
shopkeeper
sell
individual
furnish
tha
quantify
fixed
maximum
undoubtedly
fall
constitutional
test
fallacy
argument
support
validity
statute
quickly
exposed
argument
support
considered
equally
fallacious
though
weakness
may
plain
statute
requiring
employer
pay
money
pay
prescribed
regular
intervals
pay
value
services
rendered
even
pay
fair
relation
extent
benefit
obtained
service
understandable
statute
prescribes
payment
without
regard
things
solely
relation
circumstances
apart
contract
employment
business
affected
work
done
clearly
product
naked
arbitrary
exercise
power
allowed
stand
constitution
asked
upon
one
land
consider
fact
several
adopted
similar
statutes
invited
upon
hand
give
weight
fact
three
times
many
presumably
well
informed
anxious
promote
health
morals
people
refrained
enacting
legislation
also
furnished
large
number
printed
opinions
approving
policy
minimum
wage
reading
disclosed
large
number
contrary
proper
enough
consideration
lawmaking
bodies
since
tendency
establish
desirability
undesirability
legislation
reflect
legitimate
light
upon
question
validity
called
upon
decide
elucidation
question
aided
counting
heads
said
great
benefits
resulted
operation
statutes
alone
district
columbia
several
force
mass
reports
opinions
special
observers
students
subject
like
brought
us
support
statement
found
interesting
mildly
persuasive
earnings
women
greater
formerly
conditions
affecting
women
become
better
respects
may
conceded
convincing
indications
logical
relation
desirable
changes
law
question
significantly
lacking
may
quite
probably
due
causes
close
eyes
notorious
fact
earnings
everywhere
occupations
greatly
alone
minimum
wage
law
obtains
country
quite
much
among
men
among
women
occupations
outside
reach
law
governed
real
test
economic
value
law
periods
maximum
employment
general
causes
keep
wages
minimum
come
periods
depression
struggle
employment
efficient
employed
minimum
rate
less
capable
may
employed
finally
may
said
interest
public
welfare
police
power
may
invoked
justify
fixing
minimum
wage
may
public
welfare
thought
require
invoked
justify
maximum
wage
power
fix
high
wages
connotes
like
course
reasoning
power
fix
low
wages
face
guaranties
fifth
amendment
form
legislation
shall
legally
justified
field
operation
police
power
widened
great
dangerous
degree
example
opinion
future
lawmakers
wages
building
trades
shall
become
high
preclude
people
ordinary
means
building
owning
homes
authority
sustains
minimum
wage
invoked
support
maximum
wage
building
laborers
artisans
argument
urged
strip
employer
constitutional
liberty
contract
one
direction
utilized
strip
employee
constitutional
liberty
contract
opposite
direction
wrong
decision
end
precedent
swing
sentiment
bad
influence
may
run
one
extremity
arc
said
legislation
contract
opposite
direction
social
justice
whose
ends
freedom
contract
may
lawfully
subjected
restraint
liberty
individual
pleases
even
innocent
matters
absolute
must
frequently
yield
common
good
line
beyond
power
interference
may
pressed
neither
definite
unalterable
may
made
move
within
limits
well
defined
changing
need
circumstance
attempt
fix
rigid
boundary
unwise
well
futile
nevertheless
limits
power
passed
becomes
plain
duty
courts
proper
exercise
authority
declare
sustain
individual
freedom
action
contemplated
constitution
strike
common
good
exalt
surely
good
society
whole
better
served
preservation
arbitrary
restraint
liberties
constituent
members
follows
said
act
question
passes
limit
prescribed
constitution
accordingly
decrees
affirmed
justice
brandeis
took
part
consideration
decision
cases
chief
justice
taft
dissenting
regret
much
differ
cases
boundary
police
power
beyond
exercise
becomes
invasion
guaranty
liberty
fifth
fourteenth
amendments
constitutions
easy
mark
laboriously
engaged
pricking
line
successive
cases
must
careful
seems
follow
line
well
depart
suggesting
distinction
formal
rather
real
legislatures
limiting
freedom
contract
employee
employer
minimum
wage
proceed
assumption
employees
class
receiving
least
pay
upon
full
level
equality
choice
employer
necessitous
circumstances
prone
accept
pretty
much
anything
offered
peculiarly
subject
overreaching
harsh
greedy
employer
evils
sweating
system
long
hours
low
wages
characteristic
well
known
agree
disputable
question
field
political
economy
far
statutory
requirement
maximum
hours
minimum
wages
may
useful
remedy
evils
whether
may
make
case
oppressed
employee
worse
function
hold
congressional
acts
invalid
simply
passed
carry
economic
views
believes
unwise
unsound
legislatures
adopt
requirement
maximum
hours
minimum
wages
may
presumed
believe
sweating
employers
prevented
paying
unduly
low
wages
positive
law
continue
business
abating
part
profits
wrung
necessities
employees
concede
better
terms
required
law
individual
cases
hardship
may
result
restriction
inure
benefit
general
class
employees
whose
interest
law
passed
community
large
right
legislature
fifth
fourteenth
amendments
limit
hours
employment
score
health
employee
seems
firmly
established
one
think
line
pricked
become
well
formulated
rule
holden
hardy
sup
applied
miners
rested
unfavorable
environment
employment
mining
smelting
lochner
new
york
sup
ann
cas
held
restricting
employed
bakeries
hours
day
arbitrary
invalid
interference
liberty
contract
secured
fourteenth
amendment
followed
number
cases
beginning
muller
oregon
sup
ann
cas
sustaining
validity
limit
maximum
hours
labor
women
shall
hereafter
allude
following
cases
came
bunting
oregon
sup
ann
cas
case
sustained
law
limiting
hours
labor
person
whether
man
woman
working
mill
factory
manufacturing
establishment
hours
day
proviso
hours
shall
hereafter
advert
law
covered
whole
field
industrial
employment
certainly
covered
case
persons
employed
bakeries
yet
opinion
bunting
case
mention
lochner
case
one
suggest
constitutional
distinction
employment
bakery
one
kind
manufacturing
establishment
make
limit
hours
one
invalid
limit
permissible
impossible
reconcile
bunting
case
lochner
case
always
supposed
lochner
case
thus
overruled
sub
silentio
yet
opinion
herein
support
conclusion
quotes
opinion
lochner
case
one
sometimes
distinguished
never
overruled
certainly
attempt
distinguish
bunting
case
however
opinion
herein
overrule
bunting
case
express
terms
therefore
assume
conclusion
case
rests
distinction
minimum
wages
maximum
hours
limiting
liberty
contract
regret
variance
substance
distinction
absolute
freedom
contract
one
term
important
enter
equally
consideration
given
received
restriction
one
greater
essence
kind
one
multiplier
multiplicand
said
long
hours
labor
direct
effect
upon
health
employee
low
wage
respectable
authority
close
observers
disclosed
record
literature
subject
quoted
length
briefs
equally
harmful
regard
congress
took
view
say
warranted
deference
able
opinion
brethren
concur
appears
exaggerate
importance
wage
term
contract
employment
inviolate
terms
conclusion
seems
influenced
fear
concession
power
impose
minimum
wage
must
carry
concession
power
fix
maximum
wage
submit
non
sequitur
line
distinction
like
one
discussion
case
opinion
elsewhere
admits
matter
degree
practical
experience
pure
logic
certainly
wide
difference
prescribing
minimum
wage
maximum
wage
matter
degree
experience
easily
affirmed
moreover
decisions
sustained
legislative
limitations
respect
wage
term
contracts
employment
mclean
arkansas
sup
held
within
legislative
power
make
unlawful
estimate
graduated
pay
miners
weight
screening
coal
knoxville
iron
harbison
sup
held
stores
orders
issued
wages
must
redeemable
cash
patterson
bark
eudora
sup
law
forbidding
payment
wages
advance
held
valid
like
case
strathearn
dillon
sup
impose
minimum
wages
take
away
employee
freedom
agree
fixed
medium
paid
paid
features
might
affect
amount
mode
enjoyment
first
two
really
rested
advantage
employer
dealing
employee
third
deemed
proper
curtailment
sailor
right
contract
interest
proneness
squander
wages
port
sailing
bunting
oregon
supra
employees
mill
factory
manufacturing
establishment
required
worked
hours
day
accept
additional
hours
permitted
less
per
cent
usual
wage
sustained
mild
penalty
imposed
employer
enforce
limitation
hours
necessarily
curtailed
employee
freedom
contract
work
wages
saw
fit
accept
hours
feel
therefore
either
basis
reason
experience
authority
boundary
police
power
drawn
include
maximum
hours
exclude
minimum
wage
without
however
expressing
opinion
minimum
wage
limitation
enacted
adult
men
enough
say
case
us
involves
application
minimum
wage
women
right
thinking
legislature
find
much
support
experience
view
sweating
wage
great
direct
tendency
bring
injury
health
morals
workers
view
long
hours
injure
health
respectfully
submit
muller
oregon
sup
ann
cas
controls
case
law
sustained
forbade
employment
female
mechanical
establishment
factory
laundry
hours
covered
pretty
wide
field
women
work
seem
sound
distinction
case
built
fact
law
us
applies
occupations
women
power
board
make
certain
exceptions
justice
brewer
spoke
muller
oregon
based
conclusion
natural
limit
women
physical
strength
likelihood
long
hours
therefore
injure
health
since
series
cases
may
said
established
rule
decision
riley
massachusetts
sup
miller
wilson
sup
bosley
mclaughlin
sup
cases
covered
restrictions
wide
varying
fields
employment
later
cases
found
objection
particular
law
based
ground
general
application
left
employments
sure
reading
opinion
whether
thinks
authority
muller
oregon
shaken
adoption
nineteenth
amendment
nineteenth
amendment
change
physical
strength
limitations
women
upon
decision
muller
oregon
rests
amendment
give
women
political
power
makes
certain
legislative
provisions
protection
accord
interests
see
think
warra
ted
varying
constitutional
construction
based
physical
differences
men
women
amendment
inability
agree
general
observations
forcible
opinion
justice
holmes
follows
silent
merely
record
concurrence
says
perhaps
wiser
however
case
importance
separately
give
reasons
dissenting
authorized
say
justice
sanford
concurs
opinion
justice
holmes
dissenting
question
case
broad
one
whether
congress
establish
minimum
rates
wages
women
district
columbia
due
provision
special
circumstances
whether
must
say
congress
power
meddle
matter
notwithstanding
deference
due
prevailing
judgment
power
congress
seems
absolutely
free
doubt
end
remove
conditions
leading
ill
health
immorality
deterioration
race
one
deny
within
scope
constitutional
legislation
means
means
approval
congress
many
governments
learned
greatest
lessons
many
intelligent
persons
studied
matter
us
thought
means
effective
worth
price
seems
impossible
deny
belief
reasonably
may
held
reasonable
men
law
encountered
objection
means
bore
relation
end
cost
much
suppose
anyone
venture
say
bad
agree
course
law
answering
foregoing
requirements
might
invalidated
specific
provisions
constitution
instance
might
take
private
property
without
compensation
present
instance
objection
urged
found
within
vague
contours
fifth
amendment
prohibiting
depriving
person
liberty
property
without
due
process
law
turn
earlier
decisions
upon
words
fourteenth
amendment
began
within
memory
went
farther
unpretentious
assertion
liberty
follow
ordinary
callings
later
innocuous
generality
expanded
dogma
liberty
contract
contract
specially
mentioned
text
construe
merely
example
want
embodied
word
liberty
pretty
much
law
consists
forbidding
men
things
want
contract
exempt
law
acts
without
enumerating
restrictive
laws
upheld
mention
seem
interfered
liberty
contract
quite
seriously
directly
one
us
usury
laws
prohibit
contracts
man
receives
much
interest
money
lends
statutes
frauds
restrict
many
contracts
certain
forms
sunday
laws
prohibit
practically
contracts
whole
life
insurance
rates
may
regulated
german
alliance
ins
lewis
sup
concurred
decision
without
regard
public
interest
insurance
said
clothed
seemed
principle
general
contracts
may
forced
upon
companies
national
union
fire
ins
wanberg
sup
ed
november
employers
miners
may
required
pay
coal
weight
screening
mclean
arkansas
sup
employers
generally
may
required
redeem
cash
store
orders
accepted
employees
payment
knoxville
iron
harbison
sup
payment
sailors
advance
may
forbidden
patterson
eudora
sup
size
loaf
bread
may
established
schmidinger
chicago
sup
ann
cas
responsibility
employers
employees
may
profoundly
modified
new
york
central
white
sup
ann
cas
arizona
employers
liability
cases
sup
finally
women
hours
labor
may
fixed
muller
oregon
sup
ann
cas
riley
massachusetts
sup
hawley
walker
sup
miller
wilson
sup
bosley
mclaughlin
sup
principle
extended
men
allowance
limited
overtime
paid
rate
time
regular
wage
bunting
oregon
sup
ann
cas
confess
understand
principle
power
fix
minimum
wages
women
denied
admit
power
fix
maximum
hours
work
fully
assent
proposition
elsewhere
distinctions
law
distinctions
degree
perceive
difference
kind
degree
interference
liberty
matter
concern
one
case
bargain
equally
affected
whichever
half
regulate
muller
oregon
take
good
law
today
need
nineteenth
amendment
convince
differences
men
women
legislation
take
differences
account
hesitate
take
account
thought
necessary
sustain
act
quong
wing
kirkendall
sup
bunting
oregon
sup
ann
cas
supposed
necessary
lochner
new
york
sup
ann
cas
allowed
deserved
repose
statute
compel
anybody
pay
anything
simply
forbids
employment
rates
fixed
minimum
requirement
health
right
living
safe
assume
women
employed
even
lowest
wages
allowed
unless
earn
unless
employer
business
sustain
burden
short
law
character
operation
like
hundreds
police
laws
upheld
see
greater
objection
using
board
apply
standard
fixed
act
commissions
become
familiar
requirement
license
cases
fact
statute
warrants
classification
like
classifications
may
bear
hard
upon
individuals
exceptional
cases
notwithstanding
power
given
board
issue
special
license
greater
infirmity
incident
law
ground
law
held
fail
fundamental
therefore
unnecessary
consider
matters
detail
criterion
constitutionality
whether
believe
law
public
good
certainly
prepared
deny
reasonable
man
reasonably
might
belief
view
legislation
great
britain
victoria
number
union
belief
fortified
remarkable
collection
documents
submitted
behalf
appellants
material
conceive
showing
belief
reasonably
may
held
australia
power
fix
minimum
wages
case
industrial
disputes
extendi
beyond
limits
one
state
given
president
wrote
interesting
account
operation
harv
law
rev
legislature
adopt
thinks
doctrine
modern
economists
schools
contract
misnomer
applied
contract
employer
ordinary
individual
employee
ibid
pronounce
opinion
agree
impossible
entertained
reasonable
men
legislature
accept
opinion
industrial
peace
best
attained
device
powers
feel
able
contradict
deny
end
justified
restrictive
legislation
quite
adequately
beliefs
concerning
sunday
exploded
theories
usury
doubts
whether
bill
paid
every
gain
although
hidden
interstitial
detriments
greater
gain
worth
matter
decide
opinion
statute
valid
decree
reversed
footnotes
exact
situation
lyons
case
shown
statement
first
part
opinion