minnesota
clover
leaf
creamery
argued
november
decided
january
stated
purposes
promoting
resource
conservation
easing
solid
waste
disposal
problems
conserving
energy
minnesota
legislature
enacted
statute
banning
retail
sale
milk
plastic
nonreturnable
nonrefillable
containers
permitting
sale
nonreturnable
nonrefillable
containers
paperboard
cartons
respondents
filed
suit
minnesota
district
seeking
enjoin
enforcement
statute
constitutional
grounds
district
held
statute
violated
inter
alia
equal
protection
clause
fourteenth
amendment
commerce
clause
finding
evidence
conclusively
demonstrate
discrimination
plastic
nonrefillables
rationally
related
act
objectives
minnesota
affirmed
equal
protection
ground
without
reaching
commerce
clause
issue
held
ban
plastic
nonreturnable
milk
containers
bears
rational
relation
state
objectives
must
sustained
equal
protection
clause
pp
equal
protection
clause
deny
minnesota
authority
ban
one
type
milk
container
conceded
cause
environmental
problems
merely
another
already
established
type
permitted
continue
use
whether
fact
statute
promote
environmentally
desirable
milk
packaging
question
equal
protection
clause
satisfied
minnesota
legislature
rationally
decided
ban
plastic
milk
jugs
might
foster
greater
use
environmentally
desirable
alternatives
pp
fact
state
legislature
concluded
nonreturnable
nonrefillable
milk
containers
pose
environmental
hazards
decided
ban
recent
entry
field
thus
effect
grandfathered
paperboard
containers
least
temporarily
make
ban
plastic
containers
arbitrary
irrational
cf
new
orleans
dukes
pp
evidence
whether
statute
help
conserve
energy
least
debatable
minnesota
erred
substituting
judgment
legislature
finding
contrary
legislature
production
plastic
nonrefillable
containers
required
less
energy
production
paper
containers
pp
similarly
minnesota
erred
finding
contrary
legislature
finding
based
reputable
study
plastic
milk
jugs
take
less
space
landfills
present
fewer
solid
waste
disposal
problems
paperboard
containers
pp
statute
violate
commerce
clause
constituting
unreasonable
burden
interstate
commerce
pp
statute
discriminate
interstate
intrastate
commerce
regulates
evenhandedly
prohibiting
milk
retailers
selling
products
plastic
containers
without
regard
whether
milk
containers
sellers
outside
state
pp
incidental
burden
imposed
interstate
commerce
statute
excessive
relation
putative
local
benefits
milk
products
may
continue
move
freely
across
minnesota
border
since
dairies
package
products
one
type
container
inconvenience
conform
different
packaging
requirements
minnesota
surrounding
slight
even
granting
plastics
industry
burdened
relatively
heavily
minnesota
pulpwood
industry
burden
clearly
excessive
light
substantial
state
interest
promoting
conservation
energy
natural
resources
easing
solid
waste
disposal
problems
local
benefits
amply
support
minnesota
decision
commerce
clause
pp
brennan
delivered
opinion
burger
stewart
white
marshall
blackmun
joined
powell
filed
opinion
concurring
part
dissenting
part
post
stevens
filed
dissenting
opinion
post
rehnquist
took
part
consideration
decision
case
kenneth
raschke
assistant
attorney
general
minnesota
argued
cause
petitioner
briefs
warren
spannaus
attorney
general
richard
allyn
chief
deputy
attorney
general
douglas
blanke
special
assistant
attorney
general
leonard
keyes
argued
cause
respondents
brief
douglas
skor
andrea
bond
harlon
dalton
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
brief
solicitor
general
mccree
assistant
attorney
general
moorman
deputy
solicitor
general
claiborne
harriet
shapiro
jacques
gelin
anne
shields
stephen
snyder
filed
brief
sierra
club
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
lee
cook
john
berghoff
stephanie
kanwit
manufacturers
institute
et
al
john
cannon
legal
foundation
michael
flanagan
minnesota
dairies
federation
justice
brennan
delivered
opinion
minnesota
legislature
enacted
statute
banning
retail
sale
milk
plastic
nonreturnable
nonrefillable
containers
permitting
sale
nonreturnable
nonrefillable
containers
paperboard
milk
cartons
laws
ch
stat
respondents
contend
statute
violates
equal
protection
commerce
clauses
constitution
purpose
minnesota
statute
set
legislature
finds
use
nonreturnable
nonrefillable
containers
packaging
milk
milk
products
presents
solid
waste
management
problem
state
promotes
energy
waste
depletes
natural
resources
legislature
therefore
furtherance
policies
stated
minnesota
statutes
section
determines
use
nonreturnable
nonrefillable
containers
packaging
milk
milk
products
discouraged
use
returnable
reusable
packaging
products
preferred
encouraged
laws
ch
codified
stat
act
introduced
support
state
pollution
control
agency
department
natural
resources
department
agriculture
consumer
services
division
energy
agency
debated
vigorously
houses
state
legislature
proponents
legislation
argued
promote
resource
conservation
ease
solid
waste
disposal
problems
conserve
energy
relying
results
studies
information
stressed
need
stop
introduction
plastic
nonreturnable
container
became
entrenched
market
opponents
act
also
presenting
empirical
evidence
argued
act
promote
goals
asserted
proponents
merely
increase
costs
retail
milk
products
prolong
use
ecologically
undesirable
paperboard
milk
cartons
act
passed
respondents
filed
suit
minnesota
district
seeking
enjoin
enforcement
conducted
extensive
evidentiary
hearings
act
probable
consequences
found
evidence
sharp
conflict
app
nevertheless
finding
obliged
weigh
evaluate
evidence
resolved
evidentiary
conflicts
favor
respondents
concluded
act
succeed
effecting
legislature
published
policy
goals
found
contrary
statement
purpose
actual
basis
act
promote
economic
interests
certain
segments
local
dairy
pulpwood
industries
expense
economic
interests
segments
dairy
industry
plastics
industry
therefore
declared
act
null
void
unenforceable
enjoined
enforcement
basing
judgment
substantive
due
process
fourteenth
amendment
constitution
art
minnesota
constitution
equal
protection
fourteenth
amendment
prohibition
unreasonable
burdens
interstate
commerce
art
constitution
app
state
appealed
minnesota
affirmed
district
federal
equal
protection
due
process
grounds
without
reaching
commerce
clause
issues
unlike
district
state
found
purpose
act
promote
state
interests
encouraging
reuse
recycling
materials
reducing
amount
type
material
entering
solid
waste
stream
acknowledged
legitimacy
purpose
nevertheless
relying
district
findings
fact
full
record
independent
review
documentary
sources
state
held
evidence
conclusively
demonstrates
discrimination
plastic
nonrefillables
rationally
related
act
objectives
ibid
granted
certiorari
reverse
ii
parties
agree
standard
review
applicable
case
equal
protection
clause
familiar
rational
basis
test
see
vance
bradley
new
orleans
dukes
moreover
agree
purposes
act
cited
legislature
promoting
resource
conservation
easing
solid
waste
disposal
problems
conserving
energy
legitimate
state
purposes
thus
controversy
case
centers
narrow
issue
whether
legislative
classification
plastic
nonplastic
nonreturnable
milk
containers
rationally
related
achievement
statutory
purposes
respondents
apparently
challenged
theoretical
connection
ban
plastic
nonreturnables
purposes
articulated
legislature
instead
argued
empirical
connection
two
produced
impressive
supporting
evidence
trial
prove
probable
consequences
ban
plastic
nonreturnable
milk
containers
deplete
natural
resources
exacerbate
solid
waste
disposal
problems
waste
energy
consumers
unable
purchase
milk
plastic
containers
turn
paperboard
milk
cartons
allegedly
environmentally
harmful
product
required
convince
courts
correctness
legislative
judgments
rather
challenging
legislative
judgment
must
convince
legislative
facts
classification
apparently
based
reasonably
conceived
true
governmental
decisionmaker
vance
bradley
see
also
lighting
missouri
henderson
thompson
although
parties
challenging
legislation
equal
protection
clause
may
introduce
evidence
supporting
claim
irrational
carolene
products
prevail
long
evident
considerations
presented
legislature
may
take
judicial
notice
question
least
debatable
evidence
legislature
reasonably
supporting
classification
litigants
may
procure
invalidation
legislation
merely
tendering
evidence
legislature
mistaken
district
candidly
admitted
evidence
sharp
conflict
app
resolved
conflict
favor
respondents
struck
statute
minnesota
however
reverse
basis
patent
violation
principles
governing
rationality
analysis
equal
protection
clause
rather
analyzed
statute
afresh
equal
protection
clause
reached
conclusion
statute
constitutionally
invalid
state
contends
analysis
impermissibly
substituted
judgment
legislature
turn
argument
state
identifies
four
reasons
classification
plastic
nonplastic
nonreturnables
rationally
related
articulated
statutory
purposes
one
four
substantiates
state
claim
must
reverse
minnesota
sustain
act
first
state
argues
elimination
popular
plastic
milk
jug
encourage
use
environmentally
superior
containers
serious
doubt
plastic
containers
consume
energy
resources
require
solid
waste
disposal
refillable
bottles
plastic
pouches
environmentally
superior
citing
evidence
plastic
jug
popular
gallon
paperboard
carton
cumbersome
least
well
regarded
package
industry
state
argues
ban
plastic
nonreturnables
buy
time
environmentally
preferable
alternatives
may
developed
promoted
senator
spear
argued
senate
debate
bill
designed
prevent
beginning
another
system
going
difficult
stop
begins
true
alternative
returnable
system
terms
milk
bottles
hopefully
eventually
going
able
move
kind
system
never
going
move
returnable
system
long
allow
another
system
investment
vested
interest
going
involve
begin
transcript
full
senate
floor
discussion
may
reprinted
plaintiffs
exhibit
minnesota
dismissed
asserted
state
interest
speculative
illusory
expressed
doubt
minnesota
legislature
pollution
control
agency
take
steps
promote
environmentally
sound
milk
packaging
stated
evidence
paperboard
cartons
cease
used
minnesota
ibid
find
state
approach
fully
supportable
precedents
made
clear
legislature
need
strike
evils
time
way
semler
oregon
state
board
dental
examiners
legislature
may
implement
program
step
step
adopting
regulations
partially
ameliorate
perceived
evil
deferring
complete
elimination
evil
future
regulations
new
orleans
dukes
see
also
katzenbach
morgan
williamson
lee
optical
railway
express
agency
new
york
equal
protection
clause
deny
state
minnesota
authority
ban
one
type
milk
container
conceded
cause
environmental
problems
merely
another
type
already
established
market
permitted
continue
use
whether
fact
act
promote
environmentally
desirable
milk
packaging
question
equal
protection
clause
satisfied
conclusion
minnesota
legislature
rationally
decided
ban
plastic
nonreturnable
milk
jugs
might
foster
greater
use
environmentally
desirable
alternatives
second
state
argues
ban
plastic
nonreturnable
milk
containers
reduce
economic
dislocation
foreseen
movement
toward
greater
use
environmentally
superior
containers
state
notes
plastic
nonreturnables
recently
introduced
wide
scale
minnesota
time
legislature
considering
act
many
minnesota
dairies
preparing
invest
large
amounts
capital
plastic
container
production
representative
munger
chief
sponsor
bill
house
representatives
explained
minnesota
dairy
market
verge
making
major
change
essentially
paperboard
container
system
system
primarily
single
use
throwaway
plastic
bottles
major
dairies
state
ordered
equipment
manufacture
plant
plastic
milk
bottle
members
house
feel
ideal
time
legislation
one
dairy
state
firmly
established
manufacturing
marketing
throwaway
plastic
milk
bottle
transcript
debate
minnesota
house
representatives
mar
reprinted
plaintiffs
exhibit
moreover
state
explains
ban
plastic
paperboard
nonreturnable
milk
container
cause
enormous
disruption
milk
industry
dairies
able
package
products
refillable
bottles
plastic
pouches
thus
banning
plastic
container
continuing
permit
paperboard
container
state
able
prevent
industry
becoming
reliant
new
container
avoiding
severe
economic
dislocation
minnesota
directly
address
justification
find
supported
precedents
well
new
orleans
dukes
supra
upheld
city
regulation
banning
pushcart
food
vendors
exempting
ban
two
vendors
operated
city
eight
years
noting
city
reasonably
decide
newer
businesses
less
likely
built
substantial
reliance
interests
continued
operation
held
city
rationally
choose
initially
eliminate
vendors
recent
vintage
accord
maryland
ins
case
significantly
different
state
legislature
concluded
nonreturnable
nonrefillable
milk
containers
pose
environmental
hazards
decided
ban
recent
entry
field
fact
legislature
effect
grandfathered
paperboard
containers
least
temporarily
make
act
ban
plastic
nonreturnables
arbitrary
irrational
third
state
argues
act
help
conserve
energy
points
plastic
milk
jugs
made
plastic
resin
oil
natural
gas
derivative
whereas
paperboard
milk
cartons
primarily
composed
pulpwood
renewable
resource
point
stressed
act
proponents
legislature
senator
luther
commented
energy
crisis
minnesota
know
like
go
without
looking
total
blatant
waste
petroleum
natural
gas
transcript
full
senate
floor
discussion
may
reprinted
plaintiffs
exhibit
representative
munger
said
similar
vein
sweep
plastic
throwaway
bottle
gallon
size
container
alone
use
enough
additional
natural
gas
petroleum
heat
homes
year
minnesota
compared
refillable
system
compared
present
paperboard
system
plastic
containers
made
resource
paperboard
made
minnesota
forest
products
transcript
debate
minnesota
house
representatives
mar
reprinted
plaintiffs
exhibit
minnesota
may
correct
act
sensible
means
conserving
energy
reiterate
legislatures
courts
decide
wisdom
utility
legislation
ferguson
skrupa
since
view
evidence
legislature
question
clearly
least
debatable
carolene
products
minnesota
erred
substituting
judgment
legislature
fourth
state
argues
act
ease
state
solid
waste
disposal
problem
solid
consumer
wastes
minnesota
disposed
landfills
reputable
study
minnesota
legislature
indicated
plastic
milk
jugs
occupy
greater
volume
landfills
nonreturnable
milk
containers
one
legislature
major
concerns
example
introducing
bill
house
representatives
representative
munger
asked
rhetorically
need
legislation
part
answer
query
plastic
containers
increase
problems
solid
waste
state
transcript
debate
minnesota
house
representatives
mar
reprinted
plaintiffs
exhibit
minnesota
found
plastic
milk
jugs
fact
take
less
space
landfills
present
fewer
solid
waste
disposal
problems
paperboard
containers
ruling
point
must
rejected
reason
rejected
ruling
concerning
energy
conservation
function
courts
substitute
evaluation
legislative
facts
legislature
therefore
conclude
ban
plastic
nonreturnable
milk
containers
bears
rational
relation
state
objectives
must
sustained
equal
protection
clause
iii
district
also
held
minnesota
statute
unconstitutional
commerce
clause
imposes
unreasonable
burden
interstate
commerce
agree
legislating
areas
legitimate
local
concern
environmental
protection
resource
conservation
nonetheless
limited
commerce
clause
see
lewis
bt
investment
managers
hunt
washington
apple
advertising
southern
pacific
arizona
ex
rel
sullivan
state
law
purporting
promote
environmental
purposes
reality
simple
economic
protectionism
applied
virtually
per
se
rule
invalidity
philadelphia
new
jersey
even
statute
regulates
evenhandedly
imposes
incidental
burdens
interstate
commerce
courts
must
nevertheless
strike
burden
imposed
commerce
clearly
excessive
relation
putative
local
benefits
pike
bruce
church
moreover
extent
burden
tolerated
course
depend
nature
local
interest
involved
whether
promoted
well
lesser
impact
interstate
activities
ibid
minnesota
statute
effect
simple
protectionism
regulates
evenhandedly
prohibiting
milk
retailers
selling
products
plastic
nonreturnable
milk
containers
without
regard
whether
milk
containers
sellers
outside
state
statute
therefore
unlike
statutes
discriminating
interstate
commerce
consistently
struck
lewis
bt
investment
managers
supra
florida
statutory
scheme
prohibiting
investment
advisory
services
bank
holding
companies
principal
offices
state
hughes
oklahoma
oklahoma
statute
prohibiting
export
natural
minnows
state
philadelphia
new
jersey
supra
new
jersey
statute
prohibiting
importation
solid
liquid
wastes
state
hunt
washington
apple
advertising
supra
north
carolina
statute
imposing
additional
costs
washington
north
carolina
apple
shippers
since
statute
discriminate
interstate
intrastate
commerce
controlling
question
whether
incidental
burden
imposed
interstate
commerce
minnesota
act
clearly
excessive
relation
putative
local
benefits
pike
bruce
church
supra
conclude
burden
imposed
interstate
commerce
statute
relatively
minor
milk
products
may
continue
move
freely
across
minnesota
border
since
dairies
package
products
one
type
containers
inconvenience
conform
different
packaging
requirements
minnesota
surrounding
slight
see
pacific
box
basket
white
within
minnesota
business
presumably
shift
manufacturers
plastic
nonreturnable
containers
producers
paperboard
cartons
refillable
bottles
plastic
pouches
reason
suspect
gainers
minnesota
firms
losers
firms
indeed
two
three
dairies
sole
milk
retailer
sole
milk
container
producer
challenging
statute
litigation
minnesota
firms
pulpwood
producers
minnesota
industry
likely
benefit
significantly
act
expense
firms
respondents
point
plastic
resin
raw
material
used
making
plastic
nonreturnable
milk
jugs
produced
entirely
firms
pulpwood
used
making
paperboard
major
minnesota
product
nevertheless
clear
respondents
exaggerate
degree
burden
interests
plastics
continue
used
production
plastic
pouches
plastic
returnable
bottles
paperboard
pulpwood
producers
presumably
absorb
business
generated
act
even
granting
plastics
industry
burdened
relatively
heavily
minnesota
pulpwood
industry
find
burden
clearly
excessive
light
substantial
state
interest
promoting
conservation
energy
natural
resources
easing
solid
waste
disposal
problems
already
reviewed
context
equal
protection
analysis
see
supra
find
local
benefits
ample
support
minnesota
decision
commerce
clause
moreover
find
approach
lesser
impact
interstate
activities
pike
bruce
church
supra
available
respondents
suggested
several
alternative
statutory
schemes
alternatives
either
burdensome
commerce
act
example
banning
nonreturnables
less
likely
effective
example
providing
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protection
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statute
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stevens
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protection
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minnesota
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skrupa
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products
henderson
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vance
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skrupa
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panama
refining
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hampshire
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supra
indicated
federal
constitution
prevent
federal
courts
reviewing
factual
determinations
made
state
legislature
rejecting
substantive
due
process
cases
earlier
era
stated
system
government
created
constitution
legislatures
courts
decide
wisdom
utility
legislation
returned
original
constitutional
proposition
courts
substitute
social
economic
beliefs
judgment
legislative
bodies
elected
pass
laws
legislative
bodies
broad
scope
experiment
economic
problems
sit
subject
state
intolerable
supervision
hostile
basic
principles
government
wholly
beyond
protection
general
clause
fourteenth
amendment
intended
secure
omitted
although
proposition
well
established
require
citation
authority
abundant
authority
readily
available
see
north
carolina
butler
ward
illinois
eastlake
forest
city
enterprises
hortonville
joint
school
district
hortonville
education
mullaney
wilbur
memorial
hospital
maricopa
county
wardius
oregon
groppi
wisconsin
memorandum
case
state
trial
initially
observed
free
substitute
judgment
legislature
wisdom
desirability
act
app
respect
facts
considered
legislature
however
trial
found
obliged
weigh
evaluate
evidence
much
sharp
conflict
opinion
affirming
trial
decision
minnesota
took
similar
view
function
performed
minnesota
courts
reviewing
minnesota
legislation
aware
deference
accorded
legislature
present
type
statute
analyzed
equal
protection
grounds
nevertheless
inquiry
constitutional
propriety
present
classification
separating
paper
containers
plastic
nonrefillables
dependent
upon
facts
based
upon
relevant
findings
fact
trial
supported
record
upon
independent
review
documentary
sources
believe
evidence
conclusively
demonstrates
discrimination
plastic
nonrefillables
rationally
related
act
objectives
ante
takes
issue
suggestion
action
case
unprecedented
citing
four
cases
reversed
state
decisions
invalidating
provisions
state
law
federal
equal
protection
grounds
see
idaho
dept
employment
smith
per
curiam
arlington
county
board
richards
per
curiam
richardson
ramirez
lehnhausen
lake
shore
auto
parts
cases
however
concluded
state
applied
incorrect
legal
standard
none
reassess
factual
predicate
decision
idaho
dept
employment
idaho
invalidated
statutory
classification
generally
failed
legitimate
state
goals
rather
found
classification
imperfect
since
members
class
denied
unemployment
benefits
fact
available
employment
members
class
entitled
benefits
idaho
statute
see
smith
department
employment
idaho
citing
kerr
department
employment
idaho
disagree
idaho
finding
classification
imperfect
merely
held
imperfection
legally
insufficient
invalidate
statute
equal
protection
clause
arlington
county
board
richards
virginia
recognized
test
appropriate
equal
protection
standard
proceeded
apply
stringent
standard
municipal
ordinance
issue
expressly
noted
municipal
ordinance
may
relieve
parking
problems
directed
however
concluded
means
employed
county
deal
problems
classification
based
upon
residency
created
unconstitutional
invidious
discrimination
see
arlington
county
board
richards
reversed
rejecting
conclusion
ordinance
residency
classification
resulted
invidious
discrimination
richardson
ramirez
voting
rights
case
california
reversed
factual
determinations
california
legislature
found
statutory
discrimination
issue
expressly
authorized
fourteenth
amendment
finally
lake
shore
auto
parts
lehnhausen
illinois
held
essence
classification
used
determining
liability
property
tax
must
constitutional
matter
based
upon
nature
property
issue
upon
corporate
noncorporate
character
property
owner
see
lake
shore
auto
parts
korzen
rejected
principle
finding
inconsistent
prior
decisions
clearly
establishing
distinctions
individuals
corporations
tax
legislation
violated
constitutional
rights
majority
observes
cases
reversed
decisions
state
courts
applied
equal
protection
standard
stringent
sanctioned
quite
frankly
opinion
sound
judicial
policy
four
cases
allow
state
courts
accord
even
greater
protection
within
respective
jurisdictions
federal
constitution
commands
see
dissent
idaho
dept
employment
supra
especially
relevant
fact
none
cases
state
courts
found
full
evidentiary
hearing
factual
predicate
state
law
issue
simply
true
minnesota
courts
case
made
finding
development
extensive
record
minnesota
courts
applied
correct
federal
legal
standard
facts
revealed
record
concluded
statutory
classification
rationally
related
legitimate
state
purpose
read
cases
cited
majority
simply
inapposite
case
research
uncovered
instance
reversed
decision
highest
state
case
state
exceeded
federal
constitutional
limitation
upon
power
review
factual
determinations
state
legislature
never
knowledge
undertaken
define
matter
federal
law
appropriate
relationship
state
state
legislature
cases
indicated
courts
may
substitute
judgment
legislature
reviewing
decisions
lower
federal
courts
see
new
orleans
dukes
per
curiam
hughes
alexandria
scrap
maryland
ins
per
curiam
firemen
chicago
williamson
lee
optical
secretary
agriculture
central
roig
refining
daniel
family
insurance
clark
paul
gray
south
carolina
state
highway
dept
barnwell
bayside
fish
flour
gentry
borden
farm
products
ten
eyck
sproles
binford
standard
oil
marysville
hebe
shaw
instances
reviewing
decisions
statements
respect
limited
role
judiciary
reviewing
state
legislation
clearly
concerned
authority
act
superlegislature
authority
state
permitted
state
law
see
exxon
governor
maryland
railway
express
agency
new
york
olsen
nebraska
zahn
board
public
works
cusack
chicago
hadacheck
los
angeles
price
illinois
laurel
hill
cemetery
san
francisco
defer
interpretation
state
law
announced
highest
state
even
reasonable
interpretation
apparent
see
skinner
contrary
construction
might
save
state
statute
constitutional
invalidity
see
landmark
communications
virginia
appears
state
attributed
unusually
inflexible
command
legislature
see
kingsley
pictures
regents
majority
notes
evidence
considered
minnesota
courts
conflicting
ante
respondents
produced
impressive
supporting
evidence
trial
indicating
decision
minnesota
legislature
factually
unsound
ante
light
record
clearly
reverse
concurrent
factual
findings
two
state
courts
moreover
since
significant
difference
plastic
containers
paper
containers
terms
environmental
impact
since
one
contends
minnesota
statute
reduce
consumption
dairy
products
difficult
understand
state
judges
skeptical
scrutiny
legislative
ban
use
one
kind
container
without
imposing
present
future
restriction
whatsoever
use
true
carefully
avoids
express
acknowledgment
minnesota
applied
correct
legal
standard
one
word
opinion
however
suggests
disagreement
state
understanding
proper
federal
rule
trial
made
following
findings
fact
despite
purported
policy
statement
published
legislature
basis
enacting
chapter
actual
basis
promote
economic
interests
certain
segments
local
dairy
pulpwood
industries
expense
economic
interests
segments
dairy
industry
plastics
industry
despite
purported
policy
reasons
published
legislature
bases
enacting
chapter
actual
bases
isolate
interstate
competition
interests
certain
segments
local
dairy
pulpwood
industries
economic
welfare
local
interests
promoted
without
remedies
prescribed
chapter
app
relevant
legislative
history
chapter
support
sic
conclusion
real
basis
serve
certain
economic
interests
paper
pulpwood
dairies
expense
competing
economic
groups
plastic
certain
dairies
prohibiting
plastic
milk
bottle
according
majority
decision
address
commerce
clause
question
justified
obvious
factual
connection
rationality
analysis
equal
protection
clause
balancing
interests
commerce
clause
ante
majority
cites
new
york
city
transit
authority
beazer
support
rationale
justification
inadequate
opinion
two
reasons
first
light
trial
factual
finding
minnesota
legislature
enacted
statute
protectionist
rather
environmental
reasons
see
supra
equal
protection
clause
commerce
clause
inquiries
necessarily
similar
suggests
majority
acknowledges
state
law
purports
promote
environmental
goals
actually
protectionist
design
virtually
automatic
rule
invalidity
test
applied
see
ante
see
also
new
orleans
dukes
second
beazer
reviewed
decision
lower
federal
state
discretion
may
elect
deprive
lower
federal
courts
opportunity
decide
particular
statutory
questions
seems
respect
minnesota
highest
sovereign
state
dictates
casually
divest
authority
decide
constitutional
question
properly
declined
comment
case
first
deference
especially
appropriate
analysis
commerce
clause
issue
requires
rejection
state
trial
findings
fact
noted
part
supra
rejects
minnesota
findings
without
support
record
clearly
adequately
supported
see
supra
feels
minnesota
without
authority
anything
endorse
factual
conclusions
minnesota
legislature