davis
mississippi
argued
decided
april
connection
rape
investigation
meridian
mississippi
police
without
warrants
brought
numerous
negro
youths
police
station
questioning
fingerprinting
petitioner
thus
questioned
fingerprinted
released
thereafter
concededly
without
warrant
probable
cause
arrest
police
drove
petitioner
jackson
confined
jail
overnight
questioned
signed
statement
returned
meridian
jailed
confined
fingerprinted
prints
sent
fbi
comparison
latent
prints
found
victim
home
fingerprint
evidence
admitted
petitioner
trial
rape
objection
product
unlawful
detention
convicted
mississippi
upheld
conviction
held
fingerprint
evidence
exception
rule
evidence
obtained
searches
seizures
violation
constitution
inadmissible
state
pp
fourth
amendment
applies
involuntary
detention
occurring
investigatory
stage
well
accusatory
stage
pp
detentions
sole
purpose
obtaining
fingerprints
subject
constraints
fourth
amendment
determined
whether
fourth
amendment
requirements
met
narrowly
circumscribed
procedures
obtaining
criminal
investigation
fingerprints
persons
probable
cause
arrest
since
attempt
made
case
employ
procedures
might
comply
fourth
amendment
melvyn
zarr
argued
cause
petitioner
brief
jack
greenberg
michael
meltsner
anthony
amsterdam
jack
young
garland
lyell
assistant
attorney
general
mississippi
argued
cause
respondent
brief
joe
patterson
attorney
general
justice
brennan
delivered
opinion
petitioner
convicted
rape
sentenced
life
imprisonment
jury
circuit
lauderdale
county
mississippi
issue
us
whether
fingerprints
obtained
petitioner
excluded
evidence
product
detention
illegal
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
rape
occurred
evening
december
victim
home
meridian
mississippi
victim
give
better
description
assailant
negro
youth
finger
palm
prints
found
sill
borders
window
assailant
apparently
entered
victim
home
constituted
lead
available
outset
police
investigation
beginning
december
period
days
meridian
police
without
warrants
took
least
negro
youths
police
headquarters
questioned
briefly
fingerprinted
released
without
charge
police
also
interrogated
negro
youths
either
police
headquarters
school
street
petitioner
youth
occasionally
worked
victim
yardboy
brought
december
released
fingerprinted
routinely
questioned
december
december
interrogated
police
several
occasions
sometimes
home
car
times
police
headquarters
questioning
apparently
related
primarily
investigation
potential
suspects
several
times
period
petitioner
exhibited
victim
hospital
room
police
officer
testified
confrontations
purpose
sharpening
victim
description
assailant
providing
gauge
go
size
color
victim
identify
petitioner
assailant
confrontations
december
police
drove
petitioner
miles
city
jackson
confined
overnight
jackson
jail
state
conceded
oral
argument
neither
warrant
probable
cause
arrest
next
day
petitioner
yet
afforded
counsel
took
lie
detector
test
signed
statement
returned
confined
meridian
jail
december
confined
petitioner
fingerprinted
second
time
day
december
prints
together
fingerprints
negro
youths
apparently
still
suspicion
sent
federal
bureau
investigation
washington
comparison
latent
prints
taken
window
victim
house
fbi
reported
petitioner
prints
matched
taken
window
petitioner
subsequently
indicted
tried
rape
fingerprint
evidence
admitted
evidence
trial
petitioner
timely
objections
fingerprints
excluded
product
unlawful
detention
mississippi
sustained
admission
fingerprint
evidence
affirmed
conviction
granted
certiorari
reverse
outset
find
merit
suggestion
mississippi
opinion
fingerprint
evidence
trustworthiness
subject
proscriptions
fourth
fourteenth
amendments
decisions
recognize
exception
rule
illegally
seized
evidence
inadmissible
trial
however
relevant
trustworthy
seized
evidence
may
item
proof
exclusionary
rule
fashioned
sanction
redress
deter
overreaching
governmental
conduct
prohibited
fourth
amendment
make
exception
illegally
seized
evidence
trustworthy
fatally
undermine
purposes
thus
mapp
ohio
held
evidence
obtained
searches
seizures
violation
constitution
authority
inadmissible
state
italics
supplied
fingerprint
evidence
exception
comprehensive
rule
agree
adopt
conclusion
appeals
district
columbia
circuit
bynum
app
true
fingerprints
distinguished
statements
given
detention
also
distinguished
articles
taken
prisoner
possession
similarities
differences
type
evidence
others
apparent
three
decisive
common
characteristic
something
evidentiary
value
public
authorities
caused
arrested
person
yield
illegal
detention
one
product
illegal
detention
proscribed
token
proscribed
state
makes
claim
petitioner
voluntarily
accompanied
police
officers
headquarters
december
willingly
submitted
fingerprinting
state
brief
also
candidly
admits
meridian
police
possibly
known
petitioner
time
amount
probable
cause
arrest
state
argues
however
december
detention
type
require
probable
cause
two
rationales
position
suggested
first
argued
detention
occurred
investigatory
rather
accusatory
stage
thus
seizure
requiring
probable
cause
second
related
argument
least
detention
sole
purpose
obtaining
fingerprints
require
probable
cause
true
time
december
detention
police
intention
charging
petitioner
crime
far
making
primary
focus
investigation
argue
fourth
amendment
apply
investigatory
stage
fundamentally
misconceive
purposes
fourth
amendment
investigatory
seizures
subject
unlimited
numbers
innocent
persons
harassment
ignominy
incident
involuntary
detention
nothing
clear
fourth
amendment
meant
prevent
wholesale
intrusions
upon
personal
security
citizenry
whether
intrusions
termed
arrests
investigatory
detentions
made
explicit
last
term
terry
ohio
rejected
notions
fourth
amendment
come
play
limitation
upon
police
conduct
officers
stop
short
something
called
technical
arrest
search
detentions
sole
purpose
obtaining
fingerprints
less
subject
constraints
fourth
amendment
arguable
however
unique
nature
fingerprinting
process
detentions
might
narrowly
defined
circumstances
found
comply
fourth
amendment
even
though
probable
cause
traditional
sense
see
camara
municipal
detention
fingerprinting
may
constitute
much
less
serious
intrusion
upon
personal
security
types
police
searches
detentions
fingerprinting
involves
none
probing
individual
private
life
thoughts
marks
interrogation
search
fingerprint
detention
employed
repeatedly
harass
individual
since
police
need
one
set
person
prints
furthermore
fingerprinting
inherently
reliable
effective
tool
eyewitness
identifications
confessions
subject
abuses
improper
third
degree
finally
danger
destruction
fingerprints
limited
detention
need
come
unexpectedly
inconvenient
time
reason
general
requirement
authorization
judicial
officer
obtained
advance
detention
seem
admit
exception
fingerprinting
context
occasion
case
however
determine
whether
requirements
fourth
amendment
met
narrowly
circumscribed
procedures
obtaining
course
criminal
investigation
fingerprints
individuals
probable
cause
arrest
clear
attempt
made
employ
procedures
might
comply
requirements
fourth
amendment
detention
police
headquarters
petitioner
young
negroes
authorized
judicial
officer
petitioner
unnecessarily
required
undergo
two
fingerprinting
sessions
petitioner
merely
fingerprinted
december
detention
also
subjected
interrogation
judgment
mississippi
therefore
reversed
footnotes
fingerprint
evidence
seem
trustworthy
types
evidence
guns
narcotics
gambling
equipment
routinely
excluded
illegally
obtained
brief
respondent
government
argued
bynum
controversy
introduction
evidence
particular
set
fingerprints
much
ado
little
another
set
properly
taken
available
might
used
appeals
rejected
argument
bears
repeating
matter
primary
judicial
concern
cases
type
imposition
effective
sanctions
implementing
fourth
amendment
guarantee
illegal
arrest
detention
neither
fact
evidence
obtained
detention
trustworthy
fact
equivalent
evidence
conveniently
obtained
wholly
proper
way
militates
overriding
consideration
entirely
irrelevant
may
relatively
easy
government
prove
guilt
without
using
product
illegal
detention
important
thing
administering
criminal
law
understand
must
way
app
bynum
retrial
another
set
fingerprints
way
connected
unlawful
arrest
used
convicted
appeals
affirmed
conviction
app
brief
respondent
state
relies
various
statements
cases
approve
general
questioning
citizens
course
investigating
crime
see
miranda
arizona
culombe
connecticut
concurring
opinion
statements
merely
reiterated
settled
principle
police
right
request
citizens
answer
voluntarily
questions
concerning
unsolved
crimes
right
compel
answer
justice
harlan
concurring
join
opinion
one
reservation
dictum
fingerprinting
may
scheduled
time
convenient
citizen
general
requirement
authorization
judicial
officer
obtained
advance
detention
seem
admit
exception
fingerprinting
context
ante
page
concur
sweeping
proposition
may
circumstances
falling
short
dragnet
procedures
employed
case
compelled
submission
fingerprinting
amount
violation
fourth
amendment
even
absence
warrant
leave
question
open
justice
black
dissenting
petitioner
convicted
brutal
rape
woman
committed
home
fingerprints
petitioner
left
window
sill
home
clinching
evidence
bringing
petitioner
conviction
expanding
reach
judicially
declared
exclusionary
rule
ostensibly
resting
fourth
amendment
holds
fingerprint
evidence
constitutionally
inadmissible
thereby
reverses
petitioner
conviction
rape
occurred
december
duty
police
authorities
began
make
searching
investigation
morning
december
raped
woman
originally
able
describe
rapist
young
negro
male
evidence
police
proceeded
interrogate
number
young
negroes
streets
homes
police
station
permitted
go
way
petitioner
among
interrogated
december
time
fingerprints
made
fingerprints
taken
december
record
show
petitioner
young
man
questioned
fingerprinted
ever
made
slightest
objection
apparently
cooperated
police
efforts
find
committed
rape
case
one
list
cases
widely
blowing
fourth
amendment
scope
original
authors
hard
put
recognize
creation
unnecessary
expansion
amendment
compelled
put
chief
reliance
appeals
decision
bynum
app
think
high
time
interest
administration
criminal
justice
made
new
appraisal
language
history
fourth
amendment
cut
intended
size
judicial
action
believe
make
cities
safer
place
men
women
children
live
dissent
reversal
see
bumper
north
carolina
another
rape
case
spinelli
aguilar
texas
recznik
city
lorain
griswold
connecticut
justice
stewart
dissenting
disagree
conclusion
petitioner
arrested
detained
without
probable
cause
follow
fingerprints
inadmissible
trial
fingerprints
evidence
conventional
sense
weapons
stolen
goods
might
like
color
man
eyes
height
physiognomy
tips
fingers
inherent
unchanging
characteristic
man
physical
impressions
fingertips
exactly
endlessly
reproduced
deal
confession
wrongfully
obtained
property
wrongfully
seized
tainted
forever
inadmissible
evidence
defendant
deal
instead
evidence
identically
reproduced
lawfully
used
subsequent
trial
believe
doctrine
mapp
ohio
requires
useless
gesture
reversal
conviction
original
trial
victim
rape
oath
positively
identified
petitioner
assailant
exists
therefore
ample
probable
cause
detain
take
fingerprints