gladstone
realtors
village
bellwood
argued
november
decided
april
section
fair
housing
act
act
provides
rights
granted
racial
discrimination
sales
rental
housing
may
enforced
civil
actions
appropriate
district
courts
respondents
village
bellwood
one
negro
four
white
residents
bellwood
one
negro
resident
neighboring
municipality
brought
separate
actions
district
petitioners
two
real
estate
brokerage
firms
certain
employees
alleging
violated
steering
prospective
negro
homeowners
toward
specified
integrated
area
target
area
bellwood
steering
white
customers
away
target
area
alleged
bellwood
injured
housing
market
wrongfully
manipulated
economic
social
detriment
citizens
individual
respondents
denied
right
select
housing
without
regard
race
deprived
social
professional
benefits
living
integrated
society
monetary
injunctive
declaratory
relief
sought
prior
bringing
suit
individual
respondents
purportedly
fact
seeking
purchase
homes
acted
testers
attempt
determine
whether
petitioners
engaged
racial
steering
four
six
individual
respondents
reside
target
area
district
granted
summary
judgment
petitioners
cases
holding
respondents
acted
testers
thus
indirect
victims
alleged
violations
lacked
standing
sue
limited
actions
direct
victims
violations
appeals
reversed
remanded
holding
although
individual
respondents
lacked
standing
capacity
testers
entitled
prove
discriminatory
practices
documented
testing
deprived
residents
adversely
affected
area
social
professional
benefits
living
integrated
society
requirements
art
iii
satisfied
individual
respondents
respondent
village
act
provides
person
aggrieved
violation
act
may
seek
conciliation
secretary
housing
urban
development
hud
conciliation
fails
bring
suit
district
provide
alternative
remedies
available
precisely
class
plaintiffs
conclusion
trafficante
metropolitan
life
ins
standing
extends
broadly
permitted
article
iii
applicable
cases
brought
held
appeals
correctly
interpreted
providing
alternative
remedies
precisely
class
plaintiffs
result
standing
like
broad
permitted
art
iii
trafficante
supra
construction
act
consistent
language
legislative
history
interpretation
hud
agency
primarily
assigned
implement
administer
act
pp
facts
alleged
complaints
revealed
initial
discovery
sufficient
provide
standing
respondents
art
iii
except
respect
two
individual
respondents
reside
within
target
area
thus
summary
judgments
petitioners
entered
pp
alleged
petitioners
sales
practices
actually
begun
rob
bellwood
racial
balance
stability
village
standing
challenge
legality
conduct
pp
allegation
target
area
losing
integrated
character
petitioners
conduct
sufficient
satisfy
art
iii
respect
individual
respondents
reside
area
constitutional
limits
respondents
standing
protest
intentional
segregation
community
vary
simply
community
defined
terms
city
blocks
rather
trafficante
supra
reference
apartment
buildings
instead
determined
presence
absence
distinct
palpable
injury
respondents
warth
seldin
moreover
extent
complaints
allege
economic
injury
respondents
resulting
diminution
value
homes
due
petitioners
conduct
convincing
evidence
decrease
value
sufficient
art
iii
allow
standing
contest
legality
conduct
pp
powell
delivered
opinion
burger
brennan
white
marshall
blackmun
stevens
joined
rehnquist
filed
dissenting
opinion
stewart
joined
post
jonathan
howe
argued
cause
petitioners
briefs
russell
hoover
barry
sullivan
james
mckenna
willis
caruso
argued
cause
respondents
brief
robert
schwemm
deputy
solicitor
general
wallace
argued
cause
amicus
curiae
urging
affirmance
brief
solicitor
general
mccree
assistant
attorney
general
days
harriet
shapiro
walter
barnett
william
north
filed
brief
national
association
realtors
amicus
curiae
urging
reversal
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
charles
bane
thomas
barr
robert
murphy
norman
chachkin
lawyers
committee
civil
rights
law
martin
sloane
national
committee
discrimination
housing
arthur
thorpe
john
gunther
filed
brief
national
league
cities
et
al
amici
curiae
justice
powell
delivered
opinion
title
viii
civil
rights
act
stat
amended
et
commonly
known
fair
housing
act
act
broadly
prohibits
discrimination
housing
throughout
nation
case
presents
statutory
constitutional
questions
concerning
standing
sue
title
viii
petitioners
case
two
real
estate
brokerage
firms
gladstone
realtors
gladstone
robert
hintze
realtors
hintze
nine
employees
respondents
village
bellwood
municipal
corporation
suburb
chicago
one
negro
four
white
residents
bellwood
one
negro
resident
neighboring
maywood
fall
individual
respondents
persons
consulted
petitioners
stating
interested
purchasing
homes
general
suburban
area
bellwood
part
individual
respondents
fact
seeking
purchase
homes
acting
testers
attempt
determine
whether
petitioners
engaging
racial
steering
directing
prospective
home
buyers
interested
equivalent
properties
different
areas
according
race
october
respondents
commenced
action
act
gladstone
employees
district
northern
district
illinois
alleging
violated
title
viii
simultaneously
respondents
filed
virtually
identical
complaint
hintze
complaints
illuminated
subsequent
discovery
charged
petitioners
steered
prospective
negro
home
buyers
toward
integrated
area
bellwood
approximately
blocks
dimension
away
predominately
white
areas
white
customers
contrast
allegedly
steered
away
integrated
area
bellwood
four
six
individual
respondents
reside
target
area
bellwood
described
complaint
complaints
alleged
village
bellwood
injured
housing
market
wrongfully
illegally
manipulated
economic
social
detriment
citizens
village
individual
respondents
denied
right
select
housing
without
regard
race
deprived
social
professional
benefits
living
integrated
society
app
respondents
requested
monetary
injunctive
declaratory
relief
petitioners
moved
summary
judgment
cases
arguing
respondents
actionable
claim
standing
sue
statutes
relied
upon
complaint
existed
case
controversy
parties
within
meaning
article
iii
constitution
respondents
failed
satisfy
prudential
requirements
standing
applicable
federal
courts
district
judge
presiding
case
gladstone
employees
decided
respondents
within
class
persons
congress
extended
right
sue
expressly
adopted
reasoning
topic
circle
realty
case
involving
facts
similar
topic
ninth
circuit
decided
congress
intended
limit
actions
act
direct
victims
title
viii
violations
even
though
trafficante
metropolitan
life
ins
standing
act
extends
broadest
class
plaintiffs
permitted
art
iii
since
individual
respondents
acting
testers
thus
admittedly
steered
away
homes
might
wished
purchase
concluded
indirect
victims
gladstone
alleged
violations
act
respondents
action
brought
ruled
lacked
standing
terms
act
discuss
gladstone
contention
respondents
lacked
standing
art
iii
prudential
limitations
federal
jurisdiction
district
judge
presiding
case
hintze
adopted
opinion
gladstone
also
granted
summary
judgment
appeals
seventh
circuit
consolidated
cases
appellate
review
first
considered
significance
fact
individual
respondents
merely
testers
genuinely
interested
purchasing
homes
noted
precluded
respondents
arguing
denied
right
select
housing
without
regard
race
testers
generate
evidence
suggesting
perfectly
permissible
inference
petitioners
engaging
complaints
allege
practice
racial
steering
buyer
prospects
come
doors
emphasis
original
thus
although
individual
respondents
lacked
standing
capacity
testers
entitled
prove
discriminatory
practices
documented
testing
deprived
residents
adversely
affected
area
social
professional
benefits
living
integrated
society
appeals
turned
question
whether
art
iii
minima
standing
satisfied
observing
similarity
allegations
injury
accepted
constitutionally
sufficient
trafficante
concluded
individual
respondents
presented
case
controversy
within
meaning
art
iii
also
read
complaints
alleging
economic
injury
village
consequence
claimed
racial
segregation
portion
bellwood
although
aspect
case
directly
controlled
trafficante
found
requirements
art
iii
satisfied
concluded
case
controversy
within
meaning
art
iii
appeals
addressed
district
ruling
act
unlike
affords
standing
directly
injured
discriminatory
acts
challenged
considering
legislative
history
recent
decisions
construing
provisions
concluded
contrary
decision
topic
circle
realty
supra
provide
alternative
remedies
available
precisely
class
plaintiffs
conclusion
trafficante
standing
extends
broadly
permitted
article
iii
constitution
quoting
hackett
mcguire
seen
applicable
cases
brought
appeals
reversed
judgments
district
remanded
proceedings
petitioners
sought
review
granted
certiorari
resolve
conflict
decision
appeals
case
ninth
circuit
topic
consider
important
questions
standing
raised
title
viii
civil
rights
act
limitation
noted
infra
affirm
ii
recent
decisions
considered
detail
doctrine
standing
federal
courts
essence
question
standing
whether
litigant
entitled
decide
merits
dispute
particular
issues
inquiry
involves
constitutional
limitations
jurisdiction
prudential
limitations
exercise
dimensions
founded
concern
proper
properly
limited
role
courts
democratic
society
warth
seldin
constitutional
limits
standing
eliminate
claims
plaintiff
failed
make
case
controversy
defendant
order
satisfy
art
iii
plaintiff
must
show
personally
suffered
actual
threatened
injury
result
putatively
illegal
conduct
defendant
duke
power
carolina
environmental
study
group
arlington
heights
metropolitan
housing
dev
simon
eastern
kentucky
welfare
rights
warth
seldin
supra
linda
richard
otherwise
exercise
federal
jurisdiction
gratuitous
thus
inconsistent
art
iii
limitation
simon
eastern
kentucky
welfare
rights
supra
even
case
falls
within
constitutional
boundaries
plaintiff
may
still
lack
standing
prudential
principles
judiciary
seeks
avoid
deciding
questions
broad
social
import
individual
rights
vindicated
limit
access
federal
courts
litigants
best
suited
assert
particular
claim
example
litigant
normally
must
assert
injury
peculiar
distinct
group
part
rather
one
shared
substantially
equal
measure
large
class
citizens
warth
seldin
also
must
assert
legal
interests
rather
third
parties
ibid
accord
arlington
heights
metropolitan
housing
dev
supra
congress
may
legislation
expand
standing
full
extent
permitted
art
iii
thus
permitting
litigation
one
otherwise
barred
prudential
standing
rules
warth
seldin
event
however
may
congress
abrogate
art
iii
minima
plaintiff
must
always
suffered
distinct
palpable
injury
likely
redressed
requested
relief
granted
simon
eastern
kentucky
welfare
rights
supra
iii
petitioners
insisted
throughout
litigation
respondents
lack
standing
terms
act
argument
accepted
district
provides
standing
fullest
extent
permitted
art
iii
see
trafficante
metropolitan
life
ins
respondents
proceed
affords
standing
direct
victims
conduct
proscribed
title
viii
respondents
hand
argue
appeals
correctly
concluded
alternative
remedies
available
precisely
class
plaintiffs
issue
critical
one
district
correctly
understood
applied
reach
question
whether
minimum
requirements
art
iii
satisfied
appeals
correct
however
constitutional
question
squarely
presented
petitioners
argument
centers
two
points
first
uses
term
person
aggrieved
defined
ny
person
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
describe
may
seek
relief
section
contrast
lacks
broad
definition
potential
plaintiffs
referring
explicitly
civil
suits
brought
enforce
rights
granted
elsewhere
act
second
plaintiff
must
first
seek
informal
conciliation
housing
discrimination
disputes
department
housing
urban
development
hud
appropriate
state
agencies
pursuing
judicial
remedy
see
supra
complainant
may
proceed
directly
federal
facts
petitioners
infer
congressional
plan
create
two
distinct
though
overlapping
remedial
avenues
title
viii
argue
congress
intended
reach
victims
direct
indirect
housing
discrimination
referring
generally
aggrieved
order
protect
courts
volume
litigation
plaintiffs
might
generate
make
available
administrative
expertise
state
federal
agencies
involve
state
local
governments
national
fair
housing
goals
congress
interposed
administrative
remedies
prerequisite
invocation
federal
judicial
power
indirect
victims
title
viii
violations
since
specifically
refer
persons
aggrieved
allows
direct
access
courts
invoking
petitioners
argue
congress
must
intended
provision
available
need
quick
authoritative
solution
directly
victimized
wrongful
refusal
rent
sell
dwelling
place
violation
act
construction
accepted
appeals
contend
illogical
permit
plaintiff
simply
ignore
option
scheme
administrative
remedies
set
thus
according
petitioners
direct
victims
may
proceed
either
injured
indirectly
housing
discrimination
may
proceed
former
provision
alone
finally
petitioners
claim
legislative
history
act
supports
view
history
reflects
congress
concerned
title
viii
used
instrument
harassment
petitioners
contend
permitting
individuals
respondents
harmed
directly
petitioners
alleged
conduct
invoke
provides
substantial
opportunity
abuse
kind
find
construction
title
viii
inconsistent
statute
terms
legislative
history
nothing
language
suggests
contemplates
restricted
class
plaintiffs
operative
language
phrased
passive
voice
rights
granted
sectio
may
enforced
civil
actions
appropriate
district
courts
simply
avoiding
need
direct
reference
potential
plaintiff
absence
person
aggrieved
therefore
indicate
standing
limited
provision
contrary
face
contains
particular
statutory
restrictions
potential
plaintiffs
contrary
petitioners
contention
structured
keep
complaints
brought
reaching
federal
courts
even
assure
administrative
process
runs
full
course
section
appears
give
complainant
right
commence
action
federal
whether
secretary
hud
completes
chooses
pursue
conciliation
efforts
thus
complainant
may
resort
federal
merely
dissatisfied
results
delays
conciliatory
efforts
hud
plausible
inference
drawn
title
viii
congress
intended
provide
victims
title
viii
violations
two
alternative
mechanisms
seek
redress
immediate
suit
federal
district
simple
inexpensive
informal
conciliation
procedure
followed
litigation
conciliation
efforts
fail
although
legislative
history
gave
little
help
determining
proper
scope
standing
see
trafficante
provides
substantial
rather
specific
support
view
available
precisely
class
plaintiffs
early
legislative
proposals
fair
housing
legislation
contained
administrative
remedies
nonjudicial
avenue
relief
later
added
theory
provide
expeditious
less
burdensome
method
resolving
housing
complaints
evidence
congress
intended
condition
access
courts
prior
resort
federal
agency
contrary
history
suggests
title
viii
complainants
available
immediate
judicial
review
alternative
administrative
remedy
offered
option
desired
use
apparently
understanding
representative
celler
chairman
house
judiciary
committee
summarized
act
floor
house
similar
perceptions
reflected
reports
proposed
legislation
department
justice
house
judiciary
committee
hud
federal
agency
primarily
assigned
implement
administer
title
viii
consistently
treated
alternative
remedial
provisions
familiar
principles
see
teamsters
daniel
udall
tallman
stated
trafficante
supra
agency
interpretation
statute
ordinarily
commands
considerable
deference
petitioners
identified
nothing
legislative
history
contrary
view
reliance
expressed
intent
title
viii
used
harassment
unconvincing
nowhere
history
act
suggest
congress
attempted
deter
possible
harassment
limiting
standing
indeed
attempt
pointless
given
relatively
easy
access
courts
provided
federal
courts
considered
issue
agree
provide
parallel
remedies
precisely
prospective
plaintiffs
wheatley
heights
neighborhood
coalition
jenna
resales
supp
edny
village
park
forest
fairfax
realty
eohc
pp
nd
fair
housing
council
eastern
bergen
country
multiple
listing
supp
nj
see
also
howard
bill
atkinson
enterprises
supp
wd
miller
poretsky
supp
dc
young
aaa
realty
supp
mdnc
crim
glover
supp
sd
ohio
johnson
decker
supp
nd
cal
brown
lo
duca
supp
ed
notable
exception
ninth
circuit
topic
circle
realty
upon
petitioners
rely
reasons
stated
believe
appeals
case
correctly
declined
follow
topic
standing
like
broa
permitted
article
iii
constitution
trafficante
iv
consider
standing
village
bellwood
individual
respondents
light
art
iii
accept
true
material
allegations
complaint
construe
complaint
favor
complaining
party
warth
seldin
standing
challenged
largely
basis
pleadings
gist
bellwood
complaint
petitioners
racial
steering
effectively
manipulates
housing
market
described
area
village
whites
otherwise
purchase
homes
simply
petitioners
refrain
showing
available
conversely
negroes
purchase
homes
affected
area
solely
petitioners
falsely
lead
believe
suitable
homes
within
desired
price
range
available
elsewhere
general
area
although
complaints
conclusory
abbreviated
good
pleading
suggest
construed
favorably
bellwood
allege
conduct
affecting
village
racial
composition
replacing
presently
integrated
neighborhood
segregated
one
adverse
consequences
attendant
upon
changing
neighborhood
profound
petitioners
steering
practices
significantly
reduce
total
number
buyers
bellwood
housing
market
prices
may
deflected
downward
phenomenon
exacerbated
perceptible
increases
minority
population
directly
attributable
racial
steering
precipitate
exodus
white
residents
cf
zuch
hussey
supp
ed
order
remanding
barrick
realty
city
gary
supp
nd
ind
aff
mitchell
supp
nd
aff
sub
nom
bob
lawrence
realty
cert
denied
significant
reduction
property
values
directly
injures
municipality
diminishing
tax
base
thus
threatening
ability
bear
costs
local
government
provide
services
harms
flowing
realities
racially
segregated
community
unlikely
said
question
importance
community
promoting
stable
racially
integrated
housing
linmark
associates
willingboro
alleged
petitioners
sales
practices
actually
begun
rob
bellwood
racial
balance
stability
village
standing
challenge
legality
conduct
individual
respondents
appeared
district
two
capacities
first
individuals
acted
testers
petitioners
sales
practices
however
respondents
pressed
claim
standing
sue
testers
see
brief
respondents
therefore
reach
question
second
individual
respondents
claimed
injured
homeowners
community
petitioners
alleged
steering
directed
capacity
claim
standing
pursue
litigation
four
individual
respondents
actually
reside
within
target
area
bellwood
claim
transformation
neighborhood
integrated
predominantly
negro
community
depriving
social
professional
benefits
living
integrated
society
allegation
similar
presented
trafficante
case
negro
white
resident
large
apartment
complex
san
francisco
complained
landlord
exclusion
nonwhites
complex
stigmatized
residents
white
ghetto
deprived
social
professional
advantages
living
integrated
community
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powers
behalf
warth
seldin
emphasis
original
quoting
baker
carr
crucial
elements
standing
injury
fact
causation
demonstrate
personal
stake
litigation
necessary
satisfy
constitution
party
must
suffer
distinct
palpable
injury
warth
seldin
supra
bears
fairly
traceable
causal
connection
challenged
action
duke
power
carolina
environmental
study
group
quoting
arlington
heights
metropolitan
housing
dev
accordingly
objection
party
standing
litigate
federal
constitutionally
based
relevant
inquiry
whether
plaintiff
shown
injury
likely
redressed
favorable
decision
simon
eastern
kentucky
welfare
rights
plaintiff
alleges
sufficient
injury
satisfy
minimum
constitutional
limitations
federal
jurisdiction
may
nonetheless
barred
federal
prudential
standing
rules
asserts
generalized
grievance
shared
substantially
equal
measure
large
class
citizens
schlesinger
reservists
comm
stop
war
seeks
rest
claim
relief
legal
rights
interests
third
parties
rather
warth
seldin
prudential
rules
however
subject
modification
congress
may
grant
person
satisfying
art
iii
minimum
standing
requirements
right
seek
relief
basis
legal
rights
interests
others
indeed
invoke
general
public
interest
support
claim
congress
enacting
title
viii
grants
ny
person
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
right
seek
federal
administrative
judicial
relief
trafficante
supra
held
broad
definition
given
person
aggrieved
indicated
congressional
intent
accord
apartment
dwellers
suffered
discrimination
actionable
right
free
adverse
consequences
flowing
racially
discriminatory
rental
practices
directed
third
parties
plaintiffs
alleged
loss
important
benefits
interracial
associations
sufficient
satisfy
requirement
art
iii
case
us
respondents
village
bellwood
five
residents
one
resident
neighboring
community
brought
suit
petitioner
real
estate
firms
alleging
firms
violated
title
viii
steering
prospective
homebuyers
different
areas
around
bellwood
according
race
like
plaintiffs
trafficante
individual
respondents
allege
petitioners
practice
racial
steering
deprived
social
professional
benefits
living
integrated
society
app
respondent
village
bellwood
alleges
injured
housing
market
wrongfully
illegally
manipulated
economic
social
detriment
citizens
ibid
unlike
plaintiffs
trafficante
however
respondents
proceeded
title
viii
choosing
instead
travel
direct
route
federal
provided
pertinent
part
provides
rights
granted
sections
may
enforced
civil
actions
appropriate
district
courts
without
regard
amount
controversy
appropriate
state
local
courts
general
jurisdiction
stat
ii
term
person
aggrieved
used
throughout
less
four
times
denominate
proper
claimant
contrast
congress
wholly
avoided
use
broadly
defined
term
preferring
instead
familiar
plaintiff
noting
phrased
passive
voice
concludes
absence
person
aggrieved
language
provision
indicate
standing
limited
provision
ante
emphasis
added
point
decision
trafficante
however
presence
person
aggrieved
language
demonstrated
congress
affirmative
intent
abrogate
prudential
standing
rules
expand
standing
section
full
extent
permitted
art
iii
constitution
thus
follows
absence
person
aggrieved
indicates
congress
intend
abrogate
normal
prudential
rules
standing
regard
consistent
broad
grant
standing
language
chosen
congress
define
scope
civil
action
may
brought
section
person
aggrieved
may
commence
civil
action
appropriate
district
enforce
rights
granted
protected
title
stat
emphasis
added
section
contrast
authorizes
commencement
civil
action
enforce
rights
granted
opposed
rights
granted
protected
clearly
congress
contemplated
suits
instituted
persons
alleging
injury
rights
expressly
secured
enumerated
sections
section
provision
allegedly
offended
petitioners
provides
pertinent
part
shall
unlawful
refuse
sell
rent
making
bona
fide
offer
refuse
negotiate
sale
rental
otherwise
make
unavailable
deny
dwelling
person
race
color
religion
sex
national
origin
discriminate
person
terms
conditions
privileges
sale
rental
dwelling
provision
services
facilities
connection
therewith
race
color
religion
sex
national
origin
represent
person
race
color
religion
sex
national
origin
dwelling
available
inspection
sale
rental
dwelling
fact
available
stat
amended
stat
structure
significant
differences
two
enforcement
provisions
support
conclusion
congress
intended
restrict
access
federal
courts
limited
class
plaintiffs
contemplated
person
aggrieved
proceeding
must
first
file
complaint
secretary
housing
urban
development
authorized
try
eliminate
correct
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practice
informal
methods
conference
conciliation
persuasion
secretary
however
must
defer
appropriate
state
local
agency
whenever
state
local
laws
provide
rights
remedies
substantially
equivalent
secured
title
viii
secretary
may
recommence
action
complaint
upon
certification
action
necessary
protect
rights
parties
interest
justice
secretary
informal
efforts
prove
futile
person
aggrieved
may
commence
civil
action
title
viii
federal
district
comparable
judicial
remedy
substantially
equivalent
state
local
legislation
plaintiff
similarly
encumbered
may
proceed
directly
federal
deferring
neither
secretary
housing
urban
development
state
administrative
judicial
processes
see
district
authorized
appoint
attorney
plaintiff
waive
payment
fees
costs
security
additionally
broader
relief
available
prevailing
plaintiff
may
awarded
permanent
temporary
injunction
temporary
restraining
order
order
actual
damages
punitive
damages
together
costs
reasonable
attorney
fees
section
contrast
makes
allowance
damages
costs
counsel
fees
limiting
victorious
claimant
injunctive
relief
affirmative
action
may
appropriate
contain
provision
similar
provides
proceeding
brought
pursuant
burden
proof
shall
complainant
given
advantages
claimant
proceeding
hard
imagine
anyone
voluntarily
proceed
routes
equally
available
carefully
chosen
language
widely
variant
provisions
thus
compared
logic
title
viii
private
enforcement
mechanism
becomes
clear
immediate
access
federal
judicial
power
reserved
directly
victimized
discriminatory
housing
practice
actually
discriminated
basis
race
color
religion
sex
national
origin
direct
victims
housing
discrimination
deemed
suffer
injuries
sufficient
magnitude
authorize
appointment
counsel
recovery
compensatory
punitive
damages
costs
attorney
fees
discrimination
housing
injure
persons
direct
objects
discrimination
trafficante
congress
believed
statute
goals
served
extending
standing
broadly
constitutionally
permissible
anyone
claiming
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
even
directly
discriminated
authorized
seek
redress
barring
indirect
victims
housing
discrimination
immediate
access
federal
thus
requiring
exhaust
federal
conciliation
procedures
well
viable
state
local
remedies
pursuant
congress
sought
facilitate
informal
resolution
title
viii
disputes
avoid
federal
judicial
intervention
possible
encourage
state
local
involvement
effort
eliminate
housing
discrimination
legislative
history
title
viii
helpful
trafficante
supra
supports
view
standing
commence
civil
action
limited
direct
victims
housing
discrimination
introduced
senate
floor
approved
unchanged
house
title
viii
legislative
history
must
culled
primarily
congressional
record
brief
debate
preceding
adoption
amendment
amended
require
exhaustion
substantially
equivalent
remedies
state
local
laws
prerequisite
filing
title
viii
action
federal
particularly
enlightening
senator
miller
introduced
amendment
explained
provide
second
part
amendment
civil
action
may
brought
district
person
aggrieved
judicial
remedy
state
local
fair
housing
law
provides
substantially
equivalent
rights
remedies
act
believe
matter
letting
state
local
courts
jurisdiction
senate
know
federal
district
calendars
crowded
enough
without
adding
load
good
remedy
state
law
cong
rec
debate
concerning
allowance
attorney
fees
prevailing
plaintiffs
also
indicates
congressional
understanding
standing
proceed
immediately
federal
limited
discriminatees
senator
hart
commented
authorize
district
waive
payment
fees
costs
security
appropriate
cases
award
damages
costs
reasonable
attorney
fees
prevailing
plaintiffs
reveal
clear
congressional
intent
permit
even
encourage
litigation
afford
redress
specific
wrongs
aimed
color
skin
cong
rec
emphasis
added
meager
legislative
history
marshaled
provides
best
thin
support
expansive
interpretation
standing
references
legislative
history
describing
addition
al
alternative
remedial
provision
ante
nn
hardly
dispositive
one
need
read
two
sections
conclude
provide
alternative
enforcement
mechanisms
alternative
remedial
provisions
however
compel
conclusion
equally
available
potential
title
viii
claimants
piece
legislative
history
arguably
supporting
interpretation
house
judiciary
committee
staff
use
term
aggrieved
person
refer
potential
plaintiffs
ante
single
fleeting
reference
legislative
history
hardly
seems
sufficient
overwhelm
contrary
indications
congressional
intent
found
elsewhere
title
viii
legislative
history
carefully
worded
structured
provisions
think
trafficante
pushed
standing
limit
construing
person
aggrieved
language
join
pressing
narrowly
confined
language
limit
iii
respondents
also
claim
standing
provides
citizens
shall
right
enjoyed
white
citizens
inherit
purchase
lease
sell
hold
convey
real
personal
property
unlike
title
viii
comprehensive
open
housing
law
jones
alfred
mayer
enacted
part
civil
rights
act
section
bars
racial
discrimination
private
public
sale
rental
property
ibid
clear
respondents
suffered
injury
right
secured
right
free
racially
motivated
interference
property
rights
claim
standing
thus
conceptually
indistinguishable
similar
claim
rejected
warth
seldin
plaintiffs
warth
brought
action
town
penfield
members
zoning
planning
town
boards
claiming
town
zoning
ordinance
effectively
excluded
persons
minority
racial
ethnic
groups
one
plaintiffs
nonprofit
corporation
organized
alleviate
housing
shortage
persons
around
penfield
based
standing
challenge
zoning
ordinance
loss
members
residing
penfield
benefits
living
racially
ethnically
integrated
community
rejected
plaintiff
claim
standing
distinguishing
trafficante
ground
unlike
title
viii
give
residents
certain
communities
actionable
right
free
adverse
consequences
racially
discriminatory
practices
directed
immediately
harmful
others
thus
held
plaintiff
attempt
raise
putative
rights
third
parties
barred
prudential
rules
standing
like
plaintiffs
warth
respondents
claim
injured
racially
discriminatory
acts
practiced
others
thus
claim
standing
must
also
fail
think
respondents
standing
litigate
claims
civil
rights
act
reverse
judgment
appeals
section
provides
person
claims
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
believes
irrevocably
injured
discriminatory
housing
practice
occur
hereafter
person
aggrieved
may
file
complaint
secretary
complaints
shall
writing
shall
contain
information
form
secretary
requires
upon
receipt
complaint
secretary
shall
furnish
copy
person
persons
allegedly
committed
commit
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practice
within
thirty
days
receiving
complaint
within
thirty
days
expiration
period
reference
subsection
secretary
shall
investigate
complaint
give
notice
writing
person
aggrieved
whether
intends
resolve
secretary
decides
resolve
complaint
shall
proceed
try
eliminate
correct
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practice
informal
methods
conference
conciliation
persuasion
nothing
said
done
course
informal
endeavors
may
made
public
used
evidence
subsequent
proceeding
title
without
written
consent
persons
concerned
employee
secretary
shall
make
public
information
violation
provision
shall
deemed
guilty
misdemeanor
upon
conviction
thereof
shall
fined
imprisoned
one
year
complaint
subsection
shall
filed
within
one
hundred
eighty
days
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practice
occurred
complaints
shall
writing
shall
state
facts
upon
allegations
discriminatory
housing
practice
based
complaints
may
reasonably
fairly
amended
time
respondent
may
file
answer
complaint
leave
secretary
shall
granted
whenever
reasonable
fair
may
amend
answer
time
complaints
answers
shall
verified
wherever
state
local
fair
housing
law
provides
rights
remedies
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practices
substantially
equivalent
rights
remedies
provided
title
secretary
shall
notify
appropriate
state
local
agency
complaint
filed
title
appears
constitute
violation
state
local
fair
housing
law
secretary
shall
take
action
respect
complaint
appropriate
state
local
law
enforcement
official
within
thirty
days
date
alleged
offense
brought
attention
commenced
proceedings
matter
done
carries
forward
proceedings
reasonable
promptness
event
shall
secretary
take
action
unless
certifies
judgment
circumstances
particular
case
protection
rights
parties
interests
justice
require
action
within
thirty
days
complaint
filed
secretary
within
thirty
days
expiration
period
reference
subsection
secretary
unable
obtain
voluntary
compliance
title
person
aggrieved
may
within
thirty
days
thereafter
commence
civil
action
appropriate
district
respondent
named
complaint
enforce
rights
granted
protected
title
insofar
rights
relate
subject
complaint
provided
civil
action
may
brought
district
person
aggrieved
judicial
remedy
state
local
fair
housing
law
provides
rights
remedies
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practices
substantially
equivalent
rights
remedies
provided
title
actions
may
brought
without
regard
amount
controversy
district
district
discriminatory
housing
practice
alleged
occurred
occur
respondent
resides
transacts
business
finds
discriminatory
housing
practice
occurred
occur
may
subject
provisions
section
title
enjoin
respondent
engaging
practice
order
affirmative
action
may
appropriate
proceeding
brought
pursuant
section
burden
proof
shall
complaint
whenever
action
filed
individual
either
federal
state
pursuant
section
section
title
shall
come
trial
secretary
shall
immediately
terminate
efforts
obtain
voluntary
compliance
stat
section
provides
rights
granted
sections
title
may
enforced
civil
actions
appropriate
district
courts
without
regard
amount
controversy
appropriate
state
local
courts
general
jurisdiction
civil
action
shall
commenced
within
one
hundred
eighty
days
alleged
discriminatory
housing
practice
occurred
provided
however
shall
continue
civil
case
brought
pursuant
section
section
title
time
time
bringing
trial
believes
conciliation
efforts
secretary
state
local
agency
likely
result
satisfactory
settlement
discriminatory
housing
practice
complained
complaint
made
secretary
local
state
agency
practice
forms
basis
action
provided
however
sale
encumbrance
rental
consummated
prior
issuance
order
issued
authority
act
involving
bona
fide
purchaser
encumbrancer
tenant
without
actual
notice
existence
filing
complaint
civil
action
provisions
act
shall
affected
upon
application
plaintiff
circumstances
may
deem
civil
action
section
brought
may
appoint
attorney
plaintiff
may
authorize
commencement
civil
action
upon
proper
showing
without
payment
fees
costs
security
state
subdivision
thereof
may
likewise
extent
inconsistent
law
procedures
state
subdivision
may
grant
relief
deems
appropriate
permanent
temporary
injunction
temporary
restraining
order
order
may
award
plaintiff
actual
damages
punitive
damages
together
costs
reasonable
attorney
fees
case
prevailing
plaintiff
provided
said
plaintiff
opinion
financially
able
assume
said
attorney
fees
stat
despite
suggestions
contrary
ante
decision
trafficante
clearly
intended
construe
well
opinion
focuses
exclusively
closing
following
statement
give
vitality
generous
construction
gives
standing
sue
housing
unit
injured
racial
discrimination
management
facilities
within
coverage
statute
alleging
injury
right
select
housing
without
regard
race
app
individual
respondents
initially
sought
establish
standing
capacity
testers
respondents
abandoned
claim
standing
testers
electing
stand
fall
allegations
injury
capacity
residents
around
bellwood
indeed
term
found
nowhere
else
title
viii
person
defined
title
viii
one
individuals
corporations
partnerships
associations
labor
organizations
legal
representatives
mutual
companies
companies
trusts
unincorporated
organizations
trustees
trustees
bankruptcy
receivers
fiduciaries