connick
myers
argued
november
decided
april
respondent
employed
assistant
district
attorney
new
orleans
responsibility
trying
criminal
cases
petitioner
district
attorney
proposed
transfer
respondent
prosecute
cases
different
section
criminal
strongly
opposed
transfer
expressing
view
several
supervisors
including
petitioner
shortly
thereafter
prepared
questionnaire
distributed
assistant
district
attorneys
office
concerning
office
transfer
policy
office
morale
need
grievance
committee
level
confidence
supervisors
whether
employees
felt
pressured
work
political
campaigns
petitioner
informed
respondent
terminated
refusal
accept
transfer
also
told
distribution
questionnaire
considered
act
insubordination
respondent
filed
suit
federal
district
supp
alleging
wrongfully
discharged
exercised
constitutionally
protected
right
free
speech
district
agreed
ordered
reinstated
awarded
backpay
damages
attorney
fees
finding
questionnaire
refusal
accept
transfer
real
reason
respondent
termination
held
questionnaire
involved
matters
public
concern
state
clearly
demonstrated
questionnaire
interfered
operation
district
attorney
office
appeals
affirmed
held
respondent
discharge
offend
first
amendment
pp
determining
public
employee
rights
free
speech
problem
arrive
balance
interests
employee
citizen
commenting
upon
matters
public
concern
interest
state
employer
promoting
efficiency
public
services
performs
employees
pickering
board
education
public
employee
speaks
citizen
upon
matters
public
concern
instead
employee
upon
matters
personal
interest
absent
unusual
circumstances
federal
appropriate
forum
review
wisdom
personnel
decision
taken
public
agency
allegedly
reaction
employee
behavior
except
question
respondent
questionnaire
regarding
pressure
upon
employees
work
political
campaigns
questions
posed
fall
rubric
matters
public
concern
pp
district
erred
imposing
unduly
onerous
burden
state
justify
respondent
discharge
requiring
clearly
demonstrate
speech
involved
substantially
interfered
operation
office
state
burden
justifying
particular
discharge
varies
depending
upon
nature
employee
expression
pp
limited
first
amendment
interest
involved
require
petitioner
tolerate
action
reasonably
believed
disrupt
office
undermine
authority
destroy
close
working
relationships
within
office
question
questionnaire
regarding
level
confidence
supervisors
statement
carried
clear
potential
undermining
office
relations
also
fact
respondent
exercised
rights
speech
office
supports
petitioner
fears
function
office
endangered
fact
questionnaire
emerged
immediately
dispute
respondent
petitioner
deputies
requires
additional
weight
given
petitioner
view
respondent
threatened
authority
run
office
pp
white
delivered
opinion
burger
powell
rehnquist
joined
brennan
filed
dissenting
opinion
marshall
blackmun
stevens
joined
post
william
wessel
argued
cause
petitioner
brief
victoria
lennox
bartels
george
strickler
argued
cause
respondent
brief
ann
woolhandler
michael
collins
briefs
amici
curiae
urging
affirmance
filed
mark
rosenblum
nadine
strossen
charles
sims
american
civil
liberties
union
et
al
robert
chanin
laurence
gold
marsha
berzon
national
education
association
et
al
justice
white
delivered
opinion
pickering
board
education
stated
public
employee
relinquish
first
amendment
rights
comment
matters
public
interest
virtue
government
employment
also
recognized
state
interests
employer
regulating
speech
employees
differ
significantly
possesses
connection
regulation
speech
citizenry
general
problem
thought
arriving
balance
interests
employee
citizen
commenting
upon
matters
public
concern
interest
state
employer
promoting
efficiency
public
services
performs
employees
ibid
return
problem
today
consider
whether
first
fourteenth
amendments
prevent
discharge
state
employee
circulating
questionnaire
concerning
internal
office
affairs
respondent
sheila
myers
employed
assistant
district
attorney
new
orleans
five
half
years
served
pleasure
petitioner
harry
connick
district
attorney
orleans
parish
period
myers
competently
performed
responsibilities
trying
criminal
cases
early
part
october
myers
informed
transferred
prosecute
cases
different
section
criminal
myers
strongly
opposed
proposed
transfer
expressed
view
several
supervisors
including
connick
despite
objections
october
myers
notified
transferred
myers
spoke
dennis
waldron
one
first
assistant
district
attorneys
expressing
reluctance
accept
transfer
number
office
matters
discussed
myers
later
testified
response
waldron
suggestion
concerns
shared
others
office
informed
research
matter
night
myers
prepared
questionnaire
soliciting
views
fellow
staff
members
concerning
office
transfer
policy
office
morale
need
grievance
committee
level
confidence
supervisors
whether
employees
felt
pressured
work
political
campaigns
early
following
morning
myers
typed
copied
questionnaire
also
met
connick
urged
accept
transfer
said
consider
connick
left
office
myers
distributed
questionnaire
assistant
district
attorneys
shortly
noon
dennis
waldron
learned
myers
distributing
survey
immediately
phoned
connick
informed
myers
creating
within
office
connick
returned
office
told
myers
terminated
refusal
accept
transfer
also
told
distribution
questionnaire
considered
act
insubordination
connick
particularly
objected
question
inquired
whether
employees
confidence
rely
word
various
superiors
office
question
concerning
pressure
work
political
campaigns
felt
damaging
discovered
press
myers
filed
suit
supp
contending
employment
wrongfully
terminated
exercised
constitutionally
protected
right
free
speech
district
agreed
ordered
myers
reinstated
awarded
backpay
damages
attorney
fees
supp
ed
la
district
found
although
connick
informed
myers
fired
refusal
accept
transfer
facts
showed
questionnaire
real
reason
termination
proceeded
hold
myers
questionnaire
involved
matters
public
concern
state
clearly
demonstrated
survey
substantially
interfered
operations
district
attorney
office
connick
appealed
appeals
fifth
circuit
affirmed
basis
district
opinion
connick
sought
review
way
certiorari
granted
ii
least
years
settled
state
condition
public
employment
basis
infringes
employee
constitutionally
protected
interest
freedom
expression
keyishian
board
regents
pickering
board
education
perry
sindermann
branti
finkel
task
defined
pickering
seek
balance
interests
employee
citizen
commenting
upon
matters
public
concern
interest
state
employer
promoting
efficiency
public
services
performs
employees
district
thus
appeals
well
misapplied
decision
pickering
consequently
view
erred
striking
balance
respondent
district
got
wrong
foot
case
initially
finding
aken
whole
issues
presented
questionnaire
relate
effective
functioning
district
attorney
office
matters
public
importance
concern
connick
contends
outset
balancing
interests
required
case
myers
questionnaire
concerned
internal
office
matters
speech
upon
matter
public
concern
term
used
pickering
although
agree
myers
communication
case
wholly
without
first
amendment
protection
much
force
connick
submission
repeated
emphasis
pickering
right
public
employee
citizen
commenting
upon
matters
public
concern
accidental
language
reiterated
pickering
progeny
reflects
historical
evolvement
rights
public
employees
realization
government
offices
function
every
employment
decision
became
constitutional
matter
century
unchallenged
dogma
public
employee
right
object
conditions
placed
upon
terms
employment
including
restricted
exercise
constitutional
rights
classic
formulation
position
justice
holmes
sitting
judicial
massachusetts
observed
policeman
may
constitutional
right
talk
politics
constitutional
right
policeman
mcauliffe
mayor
new
bedford
mass
many
years
holmes
epigram
expressed
law
adler
board
education
garner
los
angeles
bd
public
works
public
workers
mitchell
wurzbach
ex
parte
curtis
cast
new
light
matter
series
cases
arising
widespread
efforts
early
require
public
employees
particularly
teachers
swear
oaths
loyalty
state
reveal
groups
associated
wiemann
updegraff
held
state
require
employees
establish
loyalty
extracting
oath
denying
past
affiliation
communists
cafeteria
workers
mcelroy
recognized
government
deny
employment
previous
membership
particular
party
see
also
shelton
tucker
torcaso
watkins
cramp
board
public
instruction
time
sherbert
verner
decided
already
late
day
doubt
liberties
religion
expression
may
infringed
denial
placing
conditions
upon
benefit
privilege
therefore
surprise
keyishian
board
regents
supra
invalidated
new
york
statutes
barring
employment
basis
membership
subversive
organizations
observing
theory
public
employment
may
denied
altogether
may
subjected
conditions
regardless
unreasonable
uniformly
rejected
cases
precedents
pickering
rooted
invalidated
statutes
actions
sought
suppress
rights
public
employees
participate
public
affairs
issue
whether
government
employees
prevented
chilled
fear
discharge
joining
political
parties
associations
certain
public
officials
might
find
subversive
explanation
constitution
special
concern
threats
right
citizens
participate
political
affairs
mystery
first
amendment
fashioned
assure
unfettered
interchange
ideas
bringing
political
social
changes
desired
people
roth
new
york
times
sullivan
peech
concerning
public
affairs
essence
garrison
louisiana
accordingly
frequently
reaffirmed
speech
public
issues
occupies
highest
rung
heirarchy
first
amendment
values
entitled
special
protection
naacp
claiborne
hardware
carey
brown
pickering
board
education
supra
followed
understanding
first
amendment
pickering
held
impermissible
first
amendment
dismissal
high
school
teacher
openly
criticizing
board
education
allocation
school
funds
athletics
education
methods
informing
taxpayers
need
additional
revenue
pickering
subject
matter
legitimate
public
concern
upon
free
open
debate
vital
informed
electorate
cases
following
pickering
also
involved
safeguarding
speech
matters
public
concern
controversy
perry
sindermann
arose
failure
rehire
teacher
state
college
system
testified
committees
texas
legislature
become
involved
public
disagreement
whether
college
elevated
status
change
opposed
regents
mt
healthy
city
board
ed
doyle
public
school
teacher
rehired
allegedly
relayed
radio
station
substance
memorandum
relating
teacher
dress
appearance
school
principal
circulated
various
teachers
memorandum
apparently
prompted
view
administration
relationship
teacher
appearance
public
support
bond
issues
indeed
radio
station
promptly
announced
adoption
dress
code
news
item
recently
givhan
western
line
consolidated
school
district
held
first
amendment
protection
applies
public
employee
arranges
communicate
privately
employer
rather
express
views
publicly
although
subject
matter
givhan
statements
issue
clear
statements
concerning
school
district
allegedly
racially
discriminatory
policies
involved
matter
public
concern
pickering
antecedents
progeny
lead
us
conclude
myers
questionnaire
fairly
characterized
constituting
speech
matter
public
concern
unnecessary
us
scrutinize
reasons
discharge
employee
expression
fairly
considered
relating
matter
political
social
concern
community
government
officials
enjoy
wide
latitude
managing
offices
without
intrusive
oversight
judiciary
name
first
amendment
perhaps
government
employer
dismissal
worker
may
fair
ordinary
dismissals
government
service
violate
fixed
tenure
applicable
statute
regulation
subject
judicial
review
even
reasons
dismissal
alleged
mistaken
unreasonable
board
regents
roth
perry
sindermann
supra
bishop
wood
suggest
however
myers
speech
even
touching
upon
matter
public
concern
totally
beyond
protection
first
amendment
first
amendment
protect
speech
assembly
extent
characterized
political
great
secular
causes
smaller
ones
guarded
mine
workers
illinois
bar
quoting
thomas
collins
sense
suggest
speech
private
matters
falls
one
narrow
classes
expression
carries
little
social
value
obscenity
state
prohibit
punish
expression
persons
jurisdiction
see
chaplinsky
new
hampshire
roth
supra
new
york
ferber
example
employee
false
criticism
employer
grounds
public
concern
may
cause
discharge
entitled
protection
libel
action
accorded
identical
statement
made
man
street
hold
public
employee
speaks
citizen
upon
matters
public
concern
instead
employee
upon
matters
personal
interest
absent
unusual
circumstances
federal
appropriate
forum
review
wisdom
personnel
decision
taken
public
agency
allegedly
reaction
employee
behavior
cf
bishop
wood
supra
responsibility
ensure
citizens
deprived
fundamental
rights
virtue
working
government
require
grant
immunity
employee
grievances
afforded
first
amendment
work
state
whether
employee
speech
addresses
matter
public
concern
must
determined
content
form
context
given
statement
revealed
whole
record
case
one
exception
questions
posed
myers
fall
rubric
matters
public
concern
view
questions
pertaining
confidence
trust
myers
possess
various
supervisors
level
office
morale
need
grievance
committee
mere
extensions
myers
dispute
transfer
another
section
criminal
unlike
dissent
post
believe
questions
public
import
evaluating
performance
district
attorney
elected
official
myers
seek
inform
public
district
attorney
office
discharging
governmental
responsibilities
investigation
prosecution
criminal
cases
myers
seek
bring
light
actual
potential
wrongdoing
breach
public
trust
part
connick
others
indeed
questionnaire
released
public
convey
information
fact
single
employee
upset
status
quo
discipline
morale
workplace
related
agency
efficient
performance
duties
focus
myers
questions
evaluate
performance
office
rather
gather
ammunition
another
round
controversy
superiors
questions
reflect
one
employee
dissatisfaction
transfer
attempt
turn
displeasure
cause
celebre
presume
matters
transpire
within
government
office
public
concern
mean
virtually
every
remark
certainly
every
criticism
directed
public
official
plant
seed
constitutional
case
matter
good
judgment
public
officials
receptive
constructive
criticism
offered
employees
first
amendment
require
public
office
run
roundtable
employee
complaints
internal
office
affairs
one
question
myers
questionnaire
however
touch
upon
matter
public
concern
question
inquires
assistant
district
attorneys
ever
feel
pressured
work
political
campaigns
behalf
office
supported
candidates
recently
noted
official
pressure
upon
employees
work
political
candidates
worker
choice
constitutes
coercion
belief
violation
fundamental
constitutional
rights
branti
finkel
elrod
burns
addition
demonstrated
interest
country
government
service
depend
upon
meritorious
performance
rather
political
service
csc
letter
carriers
public
workers
mitchell
given
history
believe
apparent
issue
whether
assistant
district
attorneys
pressured
work
political
campaigns
matter
interest
community
upon
essential
public
employees
able
speak
freely
without
fear
retaliatory
dismissal
one
questions
myers
survey
touched
upon
matter
public
concern
contributed
discharge
must
determine
whether
connick
justified
discharging
myers
district
erred
imposing
unduly
onerous
burden
state
justify
myers
discharge
district
viewed
issue
whether
myers
speech
upon
matter
public
concern
threshold
inquiry
became
government
burden
clearly
demonstrate
speech
involved
substantially
interfered
official
responsibilities
yet
pickering
unmistakably
respondent
agrees
state
burden
justifying
particular
discharge
varies
depending
upon
nature
employee
expression
although
particularized
balancing
difficult
courts
must
reach
appropriate
possible
balance
competing
interests
pickering
balance
requires
full
consideration
government
interest
effective
efficient
fulfillment
responsibilities
public
one
hundred
years
ago
noted
government
legitimate
purpose
promot
ing
efficiency
integrity
discharge
official
duties
maintain
ing
proper
discipline
public
service
ex
parte
curtis
justice
powell
explained
separate
opinion
arnett
kennedy
end
government
employer
must
wide
discretion
control
management
personnel
internal
affairs
includes
prerogative
remove
employees
whose
conduct
hinders
efficient
operation
dispatch
prolonged
retention
disruptive
otherwise
unsatisfactory
employee
adversely
affect
discipline
morale
work
place
foster
disharmony
ultimately
impair
efficiency
office
agency
district
rejected
connick
position
nlike
statement
fact
might
deemed
critical
one
superiors
myers
questionnaire
statement
fact
presentation
solicitation
ideas
opinions
entitled
greater
constitutional
protection
first
amendment
thing
false
idea
ibid
approach
perhaps
relevant
weighing
value
myers
speech
bears
logical
relationship
issue
whether
questionnaire
undermined
office
relationships
questions
less
forcefully
stated
opinions
facts
carry
messages
requires
unusual
insight
conclude
purpose
likely
result
questionnaire
seek
precipitate
vote
confidence
connick
supervisors
thus
question
asked
whether
assistants
confidence
relied
word
five
named
supervisors
statement
carries
clear
potential
undermining
office
relations
also
relevant
manner
time
place
questionnaire
distributed
noted
givhan
western
line
consolidated
school
district
private
expression
may
situations
bring
additional
factors
pickering
calculus
government
employee
personally
confronts
immediate
superior
employing
agency
institutional
efficiency
may
threatened
content
employee
message
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manner
time
place
delivered
questionnaire
prepared
distributed
office
manner
distribution
required
myers
leave
work
others
order
questionnaire
completed
although
latitude
official
work
performed
allowed
professional
employees
involved
myers
violate
announced
office
policy
fact
myers
unlike
pickering
exercised
rights
speech
office
supports
connick
fears
functioning
office
endangered
finally
context
dispute
arose
also
significant
case
employee
purely
academic
interest
circulated
questionnaire
obtain
useful
research
myers
acknowledges
coincidence
questionnaire
followed
upon
heels
transfer
notice
employee
speech
concerning
office
policy
arises
employment
dispute
concerning
application
policy
speaker
additional
weight
must
given
supervisor
view
employee
threatened
authority
employer
run
office
although
accept
district
factual
finding
myers
reluctance
accede
transfer
order
sufficient
cause
dismissal
thus
constitute
sufficient
defense
mt
healthy
city
board
ed
doyle
render
irrelevant
fact
questionnaire
emerged
persistent
dispute
myers
connick
deputies
office
transfer
policy
iii
myers
questionnaire
touched
upon
matters
public
concern
limited
sense
survey
view
accurately
characterized
employee
grievance
concerning
internal
office
policy
limited
first
amendment
interest
involved
require
connick
tolerate
action
reasonably
believed
disrupt
office
undermine
authority
destroy
close
working
relationships
myers
discharge
therefore
offend
first
amendment
reiterate
however
caveat
expressed
pickering
enormous
variety
fact
situations
critical
statements
public
employees
may
thought
superiors
furnish
grounds
dismissal
deem
either
appropriate
feasible
attempt
lay
general
standard
statements
may
judged
holding
today
grounded
longstanding
recognition
first
amendment
primary
aim
full
protection
speech
upon
issues
public
concern
well
practical
realities
involved
administration
government
office
although
today
balance
struck
government
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see
presented
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reversed
appendix
opinion
plaintiff
exhibit
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freely
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work
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morale
please
feel
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cooperation
survey
footnotes
questionnaire
reproduced
appendix
opinion
petitioner
also
objected
assessment
damages
violation
eleventh
amendment
award
attorney
fees
disposition
case
reach
questions
see
perry
sindermann
mt
healthy
city
board
ed
doyle
givhan
western
line
consolidated
school
district
question
whether
expression
kind
legitimate
concern
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also
standard
determining
whether
action
invasion
privacy
present
see
restatement
second
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see
also
cox
broadcasting
cohn
action
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privacy
maintained
subject
matter
publicity
matter
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record
time
hill
see
clark
holmes
cert
denied
schmidt
fremont
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school
inquiry
protected
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speech
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law
fact
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infra
case
like
givhan
employee
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citizen
matter
general
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jacobellis
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education
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mt
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blackmun
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stevens
join
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myers
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seeking
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effect
petitioner
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morale
overall
work
performance
district
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concludes
dismissal
violate
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hornbook
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board
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perry
sindermann
pickering
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maintenance
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california
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framers
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thornhill
alabama
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