lindh murphy warden argued april decided june held since new provisions chapter generally apply cases filed act became effective apply pending noncapital cases lindh pp wisconsin errs arguing whenever new statute face apply litigation events preceding enactment two alternative sources rules determine ultimatetemporal reach either congress express command application landgraf default rule governing retroactivity normal rules construction apply determining statute temporal reach generally whether statute terms produce retroactive effect although landgraf rule deny application retroactive effect otherwise result construction rules may apply remove even possibility retroactivity rendering statutory provision wholly inapplicable particular case lindh argues recognition negative implication pp statute reveals congress general intent apply chapter amendments cases filed enactment act revised chapter habeas proceedings act created entirely new chapter habeas proceedings capital cases special rules favorable meet certain conditions section expressly applies chapter pending cases negative implication chapter amendments meant apply cases filed enactment congress reasonably concerned ensure chapter applied pending cases different intent explains fact enact similar provision chapter chapters evolved separately joined together last minute chapter acquired mandate might possibility congress intended rule chapter careless rough tumble circumstances added chapters introduced single bill section insertion thus illustrates familiar rule negative implications raised disparate provisions strongest portions statute treated differently already joined together considered simultaneously language raising implication inserted see field mans respondent one competing explanation intended fix ambiguity state qualify chapter favorable rules remote displace straightforward inference chapter meant apply pending cases finally new enacted within chapter provides new chapter apply pending chapter cases speak present issue flawless clarity tends confirm interpretation adopted shows congress assumed absence new apply pending cases pp reversed remanded souter delivered opinion stevens ginsburg breyer joined rehnquist filed dissenting opinion scalia kennedy thomas joined notice opinion subject formal revision publication preliminary print reports readers requested notify reporter decisions wash ington typographical formal errors order corrections may made preliminary print goes press aaron lindh petitioner james murphy warden writ certiorari appeals seventh circuit june justice souter delivered opinion antiterrorism effective death penalty act stat signed law april enacted present supp issue case whether new section statute dealing petitions habeas corpus governs applications noncapital cases already pending act passed hold wisconsin tried aaron lindh multiple charges murder attempted murder response insanity defense state called psychiatrist spoken lindh immediately killings later lindh trial come criminal investigation state sexual exploitation patients although trial lindh tried ask psychiatrist investigation hoping suggest witness interest currying favor state trial barred questioning lindh convicted direct appeal lindh claimed violation confrontation clause national constitution despite denial relief lindh sought neither reviewin state collateral review instead july filed habeas corpus application district argued confrontation clause claim relief denied october lindh promptly appealed seventh circuit shortly oral argument however federal habeas statute amended seventh circuit ordered lindh case reheard en banc see whether new statute applied lindh case treated appeals held act amendments chapter title generally apply cases pending date enactment since read statute answering questions whether newly amended version apply pending applications like lindh turned recent decision landgraf usi film products landgraf held statute clearly mandate application retroactive effect determine whether applying terms ostensibly indicated genuinely retroactive effect judicial presumption retroactivity bar application seventh circuit concluded applying new cases already pending genuinely retroactive effect attach new legal consequences events preceding enactment held statute applicable lindh case citing landgraf supra authority new statute denied relief merits seventh circuit decision new version applies pending chapter cases conflicts holdings edens hannigan boria keane per curiam accord theseventh circuit case hunter en banc relying lindh hold certain amendments chapter applicable pending cases granted certiorari limited question whether new applies lindh case reverse getting statute address wisconsin argument whenever new statute face apply litigation events occurred enacted two alternative sources rules determine ultimate temporal reach either express command congress application landgraf default rule landgraf said hen case implicates federal statute enacted events suit first task determine whether congress expressly prescribed statute proper reach congress done course need resort judicial default rules however statute contains express command must determine whether new statute retroactive effect statute operate retroactively traditional presumption teaches govern absent clear congressional intent favoring result landgraf supra wisconsin reading however ignores context language quoted disposed question whether practice applying law stands time decision represented retreat occasionally conflicting position retroactivity application new statutes disfavored answer given presumption retroactivity reaffirmed traditional rule requiring retroactive application supported clear statement landgraf thus referred express command unambiguous directive like sought reaffirm clear statement rule see landgraf usi film products supra unambiguous directive necesssary authorize retroactive application statutes construed retroactive effect unless language requires result internal quotation marks citation omitted requiring clear intent assures congress affirmatively considered potential unfairness retroactive application finding clear evidence congressional intent rebut presumption statutory retroactivity scalia concurring judgment agreeing legislative enactment affecting substantive rights apply retroactively absent clear statement contrary determining whether statute terms produce retroactive effect however determining statute temporal reach generally normal rules construction apply although landgraf default rule deny application retroactive effect otherwise result construction rules may apply remove even possibility retroactivity rendering statutory provision wholly inapplicable particular case lindh argues recognition negative implication sum theapplication term retroactive lindh term applied even absence retroactive effect might find term applicable prospective particular degree prospectivity intended act identified normal course order determine whether term apply lindh statute reveals congress intent apply amendments chapter cases filed statute enactment except chapter otherwise makes select provisions chapter applicable pending cases title act stands less independent act titles providing revision federal habeas practice two main things first amends chapter title code governing habeas corpus proceedings federal courts stat habeas proceedings state capital cases creates entirely new chapter special rules favorable state party applicable state meets certain conditions including provision appointment postconviction counsel state proceedings stat act provides chapter shall apply casespending date enactment act stat read provision expressly applying chapter cases pending enactment indicating implicitly amendments chapter assumed meant apply general run habeas cases cases filed date act significance provision application pending cases becomes apparent one realizes chapter applicable substantive well purely procedural effects chapter merely procedural strict sense say setting deadlines filing disposition see supp stat natural expectation apply pending cases landgraf noting procedural changes may often applied suits arising enactment without raising concerns retroactivity chapter revisions prior law change standards proof persuasion way favorable state statute goes beyond mere procedure affect substantive entitlement relief see supp stat incorporating revised legal standard new landgraf speak rules determining temporal reach statute need statute might true retroactive effect neither clearly procedural fall within express albeit qualified approval applying statutes pending cases since landgraf latest word subject act passed congress taken opinion cautious statement procedural statutes silence kind provision exemplified new counseling wisdom explicit wanted provision applied casesalready pending terms may amount clear statement required mandate apply statute disfavored retroactive way serve make clear general matter chapter applies pending cases terms fit cases particular procedural points reached course may well difficult issues may application landgraf default rule necessary settle next point significant purposes everything observed chapter true changes made chapter already noted amended chapter applicable chapter cases governs standards affecting entitlement relief congress reasonably concerned ensure chapter applied pending cases concerned chapter unless different intent latter chapter applied general run pending cases nothing indeed different intent explains different treatment might example two chapters evolved separately congressional process passed together last minute chapter already acquired mandate apply pending cases circumstances might real possibility congress intended rule application chapter rough tumble one thought careful chapter whereas someone else happened think ofinserting provision chapter circumstances although chapters may begun life independently different houses congress joined together introduced single bill senate added chapters therefore mind added anything chapter prior addition made intent apply pending cases less likely similar intent apply chapter anything contrary true discussion indicate insertion different treatments two chapters thus illustrates familiar rule negative implications raised disparate provisions strongest portions statute treated differently already joined together considered simultaneously language raising implication inserted see field mans slip apparently deliberate contrast stronger inference applied example contrasting statutory sections originally enacted simultaneously relevant respects added thoughtful member congress likely intended later reader sees inference strength implication diminished bythe one competing explanation suggested see brief respondent goes follows chapter provides expedited filing adjudication habeas applications capital cases state met certain conditions general terms applications expedited state benefit state made adequate provision counsel represent indigent habeas applicants state expense thus provides chapter applicable state establishes mechanism appointment compensation payment reasonable litigation expenses competent counsel state proceedings brought indigent prisoners stat ambiguity provision quoted argument runs applies chapter capital cases state establishes mechanism leaving question whether chapter apply state already established mechanism chapter passed idea present tense word establishes might read rule state already established mechanism suggesting added provide chapter apply cases pending meant eliminate ambiguity showing pending cases treated alike explanation significance however plausible first one strain find ambiguity alternative explanation supposed rest congress intent expediting capital habeas cases wanted disfavor state already done part promote sound resolution prisoners petitions way congress sought encourage make sense leave slower track seems unlikely federal courts interpreted second anyone seen ambiguity lurking dispatched far simpler andstraightforward fashion enacting drafter needed insert three words make refer state establishes established mechanism simply plausible anyone sensitive find unlikely ambiguity delphic choose fix indeed ambiguity hypothesis least uncertain language supposed clarify since cases pending read refer cases pending set mechanisms effective date act hypothesis fixing ambiguity remote displace straightforward inference chapter meant apply pending cases finally speak significance new lindh cites confirming reading act speak present issue flawless clarity agree lindh tends confirm interpretation adopt section part new chapter provides ollowing review subject subsections rule claims subject expedited consideration stat said part chapter applying habeas cases generally including cases chapter subsection existed act simply providing habeas remedy held violation federal law although previously subsections lettered dealing presumption correctness accorded state factual findings production state records evidentiary sufficiency challenged respectively act eliminated old relettered old place old inserted new followed new two dealing among things adequacy state factual determinations bearing right tofederal relief presumption correctness given state determinations stat new provisions refers provides chapter determinations shall made subject leaving aside reference moment congress provided specifically chapter determinations shall made subject given fact latter part chapter thus independently apply habeas generally one argument answer lies expedited capital cases specially provides exhaustion requirement subject three exceptions restricting federal habeas claims raised decided merits state courts stat see argument assumes assume sake argument expedited capital cases provision supersedes requirements exhaustion state remedies imposed general matter argumentthen goes explicit applying capital cases order avoid suggestion congress enacted supersede exhaustion congress also meant displace neighboring provisions dealing things status state factual determinations find unlikely first find hard imagine anyone read superseding exhaustion rule address applicability exhaustion requirement provisions effect state factual determinations anyone read special provision exhaustion capital cases supersede general exhaustion provisions evidentiary status presumption provisions well assume congress reasonably meant leave law expedited capital cases favorable fulfill conditions without presumption correctness relevant state factualdeterminations think reasonable reading thus reading congress feared addressed therefore find different function express requirement chapter determinations made accordance continuing state assumption replaces rather complements exhaustion provisions see function providing applicable chapter cases fact supportive negative implication apparent need provide expressly apply temporal reach entirely new provisions chapter new provisions chapters potentially applicable cases pending act took effect well filed later special provision applying cases chapter utility must might apply chapter cases since chapter new sections chapter unquestionably apply alike cases filed act took effect cases chapter apply without express provision must cases already pending act took effect utility therefore providing pending case also expedited capital case subject chapter new provisions apply case provision thus confirms congress assumed absence provision new parts chapter apply pending federal habeas cases analysis consistent turn congress failure make express provision applying subsections deal producing state evidentiary records admissibility evidence congress obviously wanted provisions apply chapter pending cases old provisions already attached pending capital habeas cases letter designations amended congress need make special provision application pending capital habeas cases might immediately later turn covered chapter subsections however new congress wanted apply chapter cases start hypotheses make special provision made subsections reasons congress need made special provisions subsections apply pending chapter cases subsections deal respectively appointment counsel indigent federal proceeding irrelevance habeas relief adequacy counsel performance previous proceedings see stat need make subsection immediately available pending cases capital already authorized appointment counsel cases reason make subsection immediately available state benefit expedited capital cases chapter already dealt matter see stat therefore good fit references inference amendments chapter meant apply subsequently filed cases good reason apply new chapter provision litigation chapter case pending act took effect made applicable reason thing one loose end section anold provision without peculiar relevance chapter cases applicable without need special provision old provision like lettered subsections make express provision applying chapter cases answer leaps us say world silk purses pigs ears act silk purse art statutory drafting upshot analysis accords coherence rival examined enough hold negative implication new provisions chapter generally apply cases filed act became effective lindh case one reverse judgment appeals remand case proceedings consistent opinion ordered aaron lindh petitioner james murphy warden writ certiorari appeals seventh circuit june chief justice rehnquist justice scalia justice kennedy justice thomas join dissenting case conducts truncated inquiry question congressional intent believe reaches wrong result begins uncontroversially enough observing application antiterrorism effective death penalty act aedpa pending cases depends upon congressional intent inquiry intent rely upon normal rules statutory construction ante proceeds however disregard retroactivity case law rather oddly disparages manifestations landgraf default rule favor permissible means controlling negative inference draws statutory text instead interpret aedpa light whole longstanding retroactivity jurisprudence accordingly find amended supp applies pending cases first question must ask whether congress expressly resolved whether provision question applies pending cases landgraf usi film products answer isplainly aedpa clearly state one way whether chapter applies pending cases given congressional silence must still interpret statute interpretation turn guided retroactivity principles developed years relies one canon statutory interpretation expressio unius est exclusio alterius exclusion others opinion rests almost entirely negative inference drawn fact congress expressly made chapter pertaining capital cases applicable pending cases make express provision regards chapter inference however means necessary even clearly best inference possible certainly congress might intended omission signal intent chapter apply pending cases equally plausible alternatives first chapter applicability conditioned upon antecedent events namely state establishing qualifying capital habeas representation procedures congress perceived greater likelihood absent express provision otherwise courts fail apply chapter provisions pending capital cases second characteristically extended pendency collateral attacks capital convictions congress concern perceived acquiescence capital defendants dilatory tactics federal courts evidenced chapter strict time limits adjudication capital cases indeed title statute antiterrorism effective death penalty act congress well desired speak exacting clarity applicability aedpa pending capital cases third congress intending aedpa definitely apply pending capital cases uncertain disagreement many portions chapter apply pending cases congress simply assumed courts sort questions using ordinary retroactivity presumptions none competing inferences clearly superior others rejects first ante implausible solution unlikely ambiguity solution nearly implausible contention order show wished chapter apply pending cases congress chose make chapter expressly applicable cases congress wanted make chapter inapplicable pending cases simplest way say congress instead concerned courts interpret chapter contingent nature applying pending cases direct way solve concern solution adopted expressly stating chapter indeed apply pending cases finds additional support inference new supp believes tends confirm ante analysis section part chapter forbids subject narrow exceptions federal district courts considering claims raised state capital defendants unless claims first raised decided merits state section provides ollowing review subject subsections section contained within chapter shall rule claims properly thissection believe irrelevant question us somewhat tortured interpretation section backhanded way making rest chapter apply pending cases convincing one thing phrased timing provision rather containing temporal language applying select sections pending cases speaks present tense review conducted chapter even tellingly implicitly concedes blandly describes provision loose end ante aedpa alter need express provision making applicable pending cases chapter establishes special procedures capital prisoners section terms makes clear apply chapter proceedings clarification makes sense light replaces exhaustion requirement requirement federal courts consider subject narrow exceptions claims raised decided merits state courts without clarification doubt might exist whether rest still applied capital proceedings petitioner protests read supplanting produce outlandish results brief petitioner conclusion finds plausible ante although ultimately assumes otherwise result outlandish indeed refuse apply language chosen congress result obtain petitioner fail appreciate different litigating incentives facing capital noncapital defendants noncapital defendants serving criminal sentences prison file habeas petitions seeking released presumably soon aspossible incentive delay circumstances quite reasonably require habeas claims filed first state courts state judicial apparatus may first opportunity address claims contrast capital defendants facing impending execution seek avoid executed incentive therefore utilize every means possible delay carrying sentence therefore outlandish congress concluded circumstances exhaustion needlessly prolong capital proceedings requirement claim raised decided merits state sufficient protection interests exhaustion point analysis stops based weak inference congress designation chapter applying pending cases strained reading concludes congress impliedly intended chapter apply pending cases go apply ordinary retroactivity principles congress doubt assumed first generally applied new procedural rules pending cases landgraf see also beazell ohio ex parte collett dobbert florida collins youngblood rules procedure regulate secondary rather primary conduct landgraf primary conduct occurred lindh murdered two people sheriff office city county building madison wisconsin obviously aedpa way purports regulate past conduct lindh state proceedings constituted secondary conduct retroactivity precedents state proceedings federal applied existing procedural law even though lindh primary conduct occurred time earlier federal habeas proceeding issue sense tertiary conduct actual criminal conduct prohibited law proceeding determine whether defendant fact committed conduct rather collateral proceeding effect attacks judgment prior state proceeding section precise section issue simply alters standard prior judgment evaluated sense entirely procedural cf horning district columbia applying newly enacted harmless error statute changed standard prior judgments evaluated pending case second usually applied changes law prospective forms relief landgraf supra see also duplex printing press deering american steel foundries tri city central trades council hall beals kaiser aluminum chemical bonjorno scalia concurring unlike damages actions quintessentially backward looking landgraf supra writ habeas corpus prospective nature habeas compensate past wrongful incarceration punish state imposing see lane williams instead habeas challenge unlawful custody writ issues prevents illegal custody see preiser rodriguez finally regularly applied statutes ousting jurisdiction pending litigation landgraf supra see also bruner congress altered nature validity petitioner rights government liability simply reduced number tribunals authorized hear determine rights liabilities hallowell commons sherman grinnell assessors osbornes wall ex parte mccardle wall insurance ritchie wall statutes speak power rather rights obligations parties landgraf supra quoting republicnat bank miami thomas concurring see also scalia concurring judgment jurisdiction cases explained think fact purpose provisions conferring eliminating jurisdiction permit forbid exercise judicial power relevant event retroactivity purposes moment power sought exercised principle relevant case hand good argument jurisdictional see brown allen jurisdiction applications federal habeas corpus controlled statute sumner mata present codification federal habeas statute successor first congressional grant jurisdiction federal courts amendments embodied codified amended aedpa intended congress limitations exercise jurisdiction quoting preiser rodriguez cf arkansas farm credit servs central slip explaining tax injunction act operative language similar district courts shall enjoin first foremost vehicle limit drastically federal district jurisdiction interfere important local concern collection taxes internal quotations omitted even jurisdictional shares salient characteristic jurisdictional statutes commands addressed courts rather individuals section address criminal defendants even state prosecutors prescribes proscribes private conduct instead addressed directly federal courts providing application writ habeas corpus behalf person custody pursuant thejudgment state shall granted unless emphasis added whether approach framed terms retroactive effect landgraf majority put terms relevant activity rule regulates justice scalia concurrence put see scalia concurring judgment longstanding practice applying procedural prospective jurisdiction ousting statutes pending cases must play important part decision principles favor application pending cases procedural statute regulating prospective relief addressed directly federal courts removing power give relief specified circumstances cases therefore strongly suggest absent congressional direction otherwise apply pending cases peculiar characteristic intrinsic writ habeas corpus rather modifications federal courts authority issue writ necessarily stripe procedural prospective addressed courts therefore surprising parties pointed us single case found modification scope habeas corpus relief inapplicable pending cases contrary respondent amici pointed instead uniform body cases applying changes pending cases true statutory changes scope writ see gusik schilder applying habeas amendments pending claims smith yeager applying habeas amendments pending claims carafas lavallee felker turpin applying different section aedpa pending case judicial changes see stone powell rejecting petitioner contention change law apply prospectively sumner mata supra applying presumption correctness state findings fact pending case wainwright sykes applying cause prejudice doctrine pending case brecht abrahamson applying actual prejudice standard pending case inquiry incomplete believe reached wrong result case affirm judgment appeals footnotes titles address issues restitution victims crime title ii various aspects international terrorism titles ii iii iv vii viii restrictions various kinds weapons explosives titles vi miscellaneous items title ix see stat section also amends rule federal rules appellate procedure stat section adds technical amendment regarding expert investigative fees defense stat nordic village held existence plausible alternative interpretations statutory language meant language qualify unambiguous expression waiver sovereign immunity cases found truly retroactive effect adequately authorized statute involved statutory language clear sustain one interpretation see graham foster goodcell holding statutory provision manifestly intended operate retroactively according terms tax statute spelled meticulously circumstances defined claims applied alternative interpretation absurd automobile club commissioner finding clear statement authorizing commissioner internal revenue correct tax rulings regulations retroactively statutory authorization commissioner action spoke explicitly terms retroactivity zacks declining give retroactive effect new substantive tax provision reopening claims otherwise barred statute limitations observing congress provided sort retroactivity substantive provisions explicitly creating new grace periods otherwise barred claims brought new substantive law cf seminole tribe florida slip finding clear statement congressional abrogation eleventh amendment immunity federal statute went beyond granting federal jurisdiction hear claim explicitly contemplated state defendant federal numerous provisions act landgraf suggested following language unenacted precursor statute issue case might possibly qualified clear statement retroactive effect act shall apply proceedings pending commenced date enactment act landgraf emphasis added internal quotation marks omitted even language qualify use sort absolute language absent distinguishes cf williams finding waiver sovereign expressed language granting jurisdiction courts ny civil action recovery internal revenue tax alleged erroneously illegally assessed collected emphasis williams internal quotation marks omitted id scalia concurring clear statement rule require explicit waivers given meaning implausible see ca lindh concedes much brief petitioner amendment offered senator dole may added see cong rec may comparison stood may passed senate june substitution amendment reveals part bill dealing habeas corpus reform substantially amendment ways relevant interpretation reasons position replaces rather complements open doubt lindh argues force read replacing exhaustion requirement mean important classes cases categories three exceptions state able insist exhaustion state courts cases raising claims newly discovered evidence example consequence state prevent prisoner going directly federal evading presumption correctness state factual findings well new highly deferential standard evaluating state rulings true state might perfectly content prisoner choice go straight federal cases state free waive exhaustion get result state explained congress wanted deprive exhaustion tools chapter cases hard pressed come areason especially considering act apparent general purpose enhance capacities control adjudications appear state reading also eliminate chapter cases provisions define exhaustion requirement explicitly requiring claim raised every available procedure state newly authorize federal courts deny unexhausted claims merits newly require state waiver exhaustion shown express explanation congress wanted deny advantages apparent offered parties suggests effects intended meant supplement rather replacement nevertheless stated text assume sake argument state understanding replacing rather complementing chapter exhaustion requirements chapter correct one forceful arguments made side need resolve conflict see pet habeas corpus mata describing took nine years three months federal district deny ninth circuit affirm petitioner first federal capital habeas petition conclusion also consistent conclusions powell committee convened address problems capital habeas cases upon whose recommendations chapter substantially based see judicial conference ad hoc committee federal habeas corpus capital cases committee report proposal committee comment proposed tracks aedpa explained follows far new unexhausted claims concerned section represents change exhaustion doctrine articulated rose lundy section bars claims consideration unless one exceptions applicable prisoner return state exhaust even like hand exception applicable district directed conduct evidentiary hearing rule new claim without first exhausting state remedies rose lundy requires existence state procedural default rules exhaustion futile great majority cases serves state interest comity theory practice results delay undermines state interest finality criminal convictions committee believes prefer see litigation go forward capital cases even entails minor subordination interest comity expressed exhaustion doctrine emphasis added although hughes aircraft ex rel schumer recently rejected presumption favoring retroactivity jurisdiction creating statutes see slip nothing hughes disparaged longstanding practice applying jurisdiction ousting statutes pending cases